The metal ion binding protein Cnnm4 is mutated in rod-cone dystrophy/amelogenesis imperfecta syndrome

Purpose:To identify the gene causing rod-cone dystrophy/amelogenesis imperfecta Methods:Homozygosity mapping was performed using the Affymetrix 50K XbaI array in one family and candidate genes in the linked interval were sequenced with ABI Dye Terminator, vers. 1 in the index patient of 3 families. The identified mutations were screened in normal control individuals. Expression analyses were performed on RNA extracted from the brain, various parts of the eye and teeth; immunostaining was done on mouse eyes and jaw and knock-down experiments were carried out in zebrafish embroys. Results:Sequencing the coding regions of ancient conserved domain protein 4 (CNNM4), a metal ions transporter, revealed a 1-base pair duplication (p.L438fs) in family A, a p.R236Q mutation in family B and a p.L324P in family C. All these mutations were homozygous and involved very conserved amino acids in paralogs and orthologs. Immunostaining and RT-PCR confirmed that CNNM4 was strongly expressed in various parts of the eye and in the teeth. Morpholino experiments in zebrafish showed a loss of ganglion cells at 5 days post fertilization. Conclusions:The rod-cone dystrophy/amelogenesis imperfecta syndrome is caused by mutation in CNNM4 and is due to aberrant metal ion homeostasis.

Surfactant protein A, exposure to endotoxin, and asthma in garbage collectors and in wastewater workers.

Endotoxin causes an inflammation at the bronchial and alveolar level. The inflammation-induced increase in permeability of the bronchoalveolar epithelial barrier is supposed to cause a leakage of pneumoproteins. Therefore, their concentrations are expected to increase in the bloodstream.This study aimed at examining the association between occupational exposure to endotoxin and a serum pneumoprotein, surfactant protein A, to look for nonoccupational factors capable of confounding this association, and examine the relation between surfactant protein A and spirometry. There were 369 control subjects, 325 wastewater workers, and 84 garbage collectors in the study. Exposure to endotoxin was assessed through personal sampling and the Limulus amebocytes lysate assay. Surfactant protein A was determined by an in house sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 697 subjects. Clinical and smoking history were ascertained and spirometry carried out according to American Thoracic Society criteria. Multiple linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Exposure was fairly high during some tasks in wastewater workers but did not influence surfactant protein A. Surfactant protein A was lower in asthmatics. Interindividual variability was large. No correlation with spirometry was found. Endotoxin has no effect on surfactant protein A at these endotoxin levels and serum surfactant protein A does not correlate with spirometry. The decreased surfactant protein A secretion in asthmatics requires further study.

ANIBAL, stable isotope-based quantitative proteomics by aniline and benzoic acid labeling of amino and carboxylic groups

Identification and relative quantification of hundreds to thousands of proteins within complex biological samples have become realistic with the emergence of stable isotope labeling in combination with high throughput mass spectrometry. However, all current chemical approaches target a single amino acid functionality (most often lysine or cysteine) despite the fact that addressing two or more amino acid side chains would drastically increase quantifiable information as shown by in silico analysis in this study. Although the combination of existing approaches, e.g. ICAT with isotope-coded protein labeling, is analytically feasible, it implies high costs, and the combined application of two different chemistries (kits) may not be straightforward. Therefore, we describe here the development and validation of a new stable isotope-based quantitative proteomics approach, termed aniline benzoic acid labeling (ANIBAL), using a twin chemistry approach targeting two frequent amino acid functionalities, the carboxylic and amino groups. Two simple and inexpensive reagents, aniline and benzoic acid, in their (12)C and (13)C form with convenient mass peak spacing (6 Da) and without chromatographic discrimination or modification in fragmentation behavior, are used to modify carboxylic and amino groups at the protein level, resulting in an identical peptide bond-linked benzoyl modification for both reactions. The ANIBAL chemistry is simple and straightforward and is the first method that uses a (13)C-reagent for a general stable isotope labeling approach of carboxylic groups. In silico as well as in vitro analyses clearly revealed the increase in available quantifiable information using such a twin approach. ANIBAL was validated by means of model peptides and proteins with regard to the quality of the chemistry as well as the ionization behavior of the derivatized peptides. A milk fraction was used for dynamic range assessment of protein quantification, and a bacterial lysate was used for the evaluation of relative protein quantification in a complex sample in two different biological states

Protein-binding microarrays: probing disease markers at the interface of proteomics and genomics.

DNA-binding proteins mediate a variety of crucial molecular functions, such as transcriptional regulation and chromosome maintenance, replication and repair, which in turn control cell division and differentiation. The roles of these proteins in disease are currently being investigated using microarray-based approaches. However, these assays can be difficult to adapt to routine diagnosis of complex diseases such as cancer. Here, we review promising alternative approaches involving protein-binding microarrays (PBMs) that probe the interaction of proteins from crude cell or tissue extracts with large collections of synthetic or natural DNA sequences. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of these novel PBM approaches to provide rapid and unbiased characterization of DNA-binding proteins as molecular markers of disease, for example cancer progression or infectious diseases.

The fasting-induced adipose factor/angiopoietin-like protein 4 is physically associated with lipoproteins and governs plasma lipid levels and adiposity.

Proteins secreted from adipose tissue are increasingly recognized to play an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, much less is known about their effect on lipid metabolism. The fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF/angiopoietin-like protein 4/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma angiopoietin-related protein) was previously identified as a target of hypolipidemic fibrate drugs and insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones. Using transgenic mice that mildly overexpress FIAF in peripheral tissues we show that FIAF is an extremely powerful regulator of lipid metabolism and adiposity. FIAF overexpression caused a 50% reduction in adipose tissue weight, partly by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and uncoupling in fat. In addition, FIAF overexpression increased plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, glycerol, total cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Functional tests indicated that FIAF overexpression severely impaired plasma triglyceride clearance but had no effect on very low density lipoprotein production. The effects of FIAF overexpression were amplified by a high fat diet, resulting in markedly elevated plasma and liver triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids, and plasma glycerol levels, and impaired glucose tolerance in FIAF transgenic mice fed a high fat diet. Remarkably, in mice the full-length form of FIAF was physically associated with HDL, whereas truncated FIAF was associated with low density lipoprotein. In human both full-length and truncated FIAF were associated with HDL. The composite data suggest that via physical association with plasma lipoproteins, FIAF acts as a powerful signal from fat and other tissues to prevent fat storage and stimulate fat mobilization. Our data indicate that disturbances in FIAF signaling might be involved in dyslipidemia.

Fast quantification of ten psychotropic drugs and metabolites in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring.

A sensitive and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for the fast quantification of ten psychotropic drugs and metabolites in human plasma for the needs of our laboratory (amisulpride, asenapine, desmethyl-mirtazapine, iloperidone, mirtazapine, norquetiapine, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine and risperidone). Stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used for all analytes, to compensate for the global method variability, including extraction and ionization variations. Sample preparation was performed by generic protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 3.0min on an Acquity UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column (2.1mm×50mm; 1.7μm), using a gradient elution of 10mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.0 and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4ml/min. The compounds were quantified on a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive electrospray ionization mode, using multiple reaction monitoring. The method was fully validated according to the latest recommendations of international guidelines. Eight point calibration curves were used to cover a large concentration range 0.5-200ng/ml for asenapine, desmethyl-mirtazapine, iloperidone, mirtazapine, olanzapine, paliperidone and risperidone, and 1-1500ng/ml for amisulpride, norquetiapine and quetiapine. Good quantitative performances were achieved in terms of trueness (93.1-111.2%), repeatability (1.3-8.6%) and intermediate precision (1.8-11.5%). Internal standard-normalized matrix effects ranged between 95 and 105%, with a variability never exceeding 6%. The accuracy profiles (total error) were included in the acceptance limits of ±30% for biological samples. This method is therefore suitable for both therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.

A validated assay by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantification of elvitegravir and rilpivirine in HIV positive patients.

Because of the large variability in the pharmacokinetics of anti-HIV drugs, therapeutic drug monitoring in patients may contribute to optimize the overall efficacy and safety of antiretroviral therapy. An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous assay in plasma of the novel antiretroviral agents rilpivirine (RPV) and elvitegravir (EVG) has been developed to that endeavor. Plasma samples (100 μL) extraction is performed by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, and the supernatant is subsequently diluted 1:1 with 20-mM ammonium acetate/MeOH 50:50. After reverse-phase chromatography, quantification of RPV and EVG, using matrix-matched calibration samples, is performed by electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by selected reaction monitoring detection using the positive mode. The stable isotopic-labeled compounds RPV-(13) C6 and EVG-D6 were used as internal standards. The method was validated according to FDA recommendations, including assessment of extraction yield, matrix effects variability (<6.4%), as well as EVG and RPV short and long-term stability in plasma. Calibration curves were validated over the clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 5 to 2500 ng/ml for RPV and from 50 to 5000 ng/ml for EVG. The method is precise (inter-day CV%: 3-6.3%) and accurate (3.8-7.2%). Plasma samples were found to be stable (<15%) in all considered conditions (RT/48 h, +4°C/48 h, -20°C/3 months and 60°C/1 h). Selected metabolite profiles analysis in patients' samples revealed the presence of EVG glucuronide, that was well separated from parent EVG, allowing to exclude potential interferences through the in-source dissociation of glucuronide to parent drug. This new, rapid and robust LCMS/MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of plasma concentrations of these two major new anti-HIV drugs EVG and RPV offers an efficient analytical tool for clinical pharmacokinetics studies and routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Temporal quantification of MAPK induced expression in single yeast cells.

The quantification of gene expression at the single cell level uncovers novel regulatory mechanisms obscured in measurements performed at the population level. Two methods based on microscopy and flow cytometry are presented to demonstrate how such data can be acquired. The expression of a fluorescent reporter induced upon activation of the high osmolarity glycerol MAPK pathway in yeast is used as an example. The specific advantages of each method are highlighted. Flow cytometry measures a large number of cells (10,000) and provides a direct measure of the dynamics of protein expression independent of the slow maturation kinetics of the fluorescent protein. Imaging of living cells by microscopy is by contrast limited to the measurement of the matured form of the reporter in fewer cells. However, the data sets generated by this technique can be extremely rich thanks to the combinations of multiple reporters and to the spatial and temporal information obtained from individual cells. The combination of these two measurement methods can deliver new insights on the regulation of protein expression by signaling pathways.

Efficient targeted transcript discovery via array-based normalization of RACE libraries.

Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a widely used approach for transcript identification. Random clone selection from the RACE mixture, however, is an ineffective sampling strategy if the dynamic range of transcript abundances is large. To improve sampling efficiency of human transcripts, we hybridized the products of the RACE reaction onto tiling arrays and used the detected exons to delineate a series of reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCRs, through which the original RACE transcript population was segregated into simpler transcript populations. We independently cloned the products and sequenced randomly selected clones. This approach, RACEarray, is superior to direct cloning and sequencing of RACE products because it specifically targets new transcripts and often results in overall normalization of transcript abundance. We show theoretically and experimentally that this strategy leads indeed to efficient sampling of new transcripts, and we investigated multiplexing the strategy by pooling RACE reactions from multiple interrogated loci before hybridization.

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and sensitive bioassay methods for quantification of posaconazole plasma concentrations after oral dosing.

Posaconazole (POS) is a new antifungal agent for prevention and therapy of mycoses in immunocompromised patients. Variable POS pharmacokinetics after oral dosing may influence efficacy: a trough threshold of 0.5 ?g/ml has been recently proposed. Measurement of POS plasma concentrations by complex chromatographic techniques may thus contribute to optimize prevention and management of life-threatening infections. No microbiological analytical method is available. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new simplified ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method and a sensitive bioassay for quantification of POS over the clinical plasma concentration range. The UPLC-MS/MS equipment consisted of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, and a C(18) analytical column. The Candida albicans POS-hypersusceptible mutant (MIC of 0.002 ?g/ml) ?cdr1 ?cdr2 ?flu ?mdr1 ?can constructed by targeted deletion of multidrug efflux transporters and calcineurin genes was used for the bioassay. POS was extracted from plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile-methanol (75%/25%, vol/vol). Reproducible standard curves were obtained over the range 0.014 to 12 (UPLC-MS/MS) and 0.028 to 12 ?g/ml (bioassay). Intra- and interrun accuracy levels were 106% ± 2% and 103% ± 4% for UPLC-MS/MS and 102% ± 8% and 104% ± 1% for bioassay, respectively. The intra- and interrun coefficients of variation were 7% ± 4% and 7% ± 3% for UPLC-MS/MS and 5% ± 3% and 4% ± 2% for bioassay, respectively. An excellent correlation between POS plasma concentrations measured by UPLC-MS/MS and bioassay was found (concordance, 0.96). In 26 hemato-oncological patients receiving oral POS, 27/69 (39%) trough plasma concentrations were lower than 0.5 ?g/ml. The UPLC-MS/MS method and sensitive bioassay offer alternative tools for accurate and precise quantification of the plasma concentrations in patients receiving oral posaconazole.

Small proline-rich protein 1A is a gp130 pathway- and stress-inducible cardioprotective protein.

The interleukin-6 cytokines, acting via gp130 receptor pathways, play a pivotal role in the reduction of cardiac injury induced by mechanical stress or ischemia and in promoting subsequent adaptive remodeling of the heart. We have now identified the small proline-rich repeat proteins (SPRR) 1A and 2A as downstream targets of gp130 signaling that are strongly induced in cardiomyocytes responding to biomechanical/ischemic stress. Upregulation of SPRR1A and 2A was markedly reduced in the gp130 cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout mice. In cardiomyocytes, MEK1/2 inhibitors prevented SPRR1A upregulation by gp130 cytokines. Furthermore, binding of NF-IL6 (C/EBPbeta) and c-Jun to the SPRR1A promoter was observed after CT-1 stimulation. Histological analysis revealed that SPRR1A induction after mechanical stress of pressure overload was restricted to myocytes surrounding piecemeal necrotic lesions. A similar expression pattern was found in postinfarcted rat hearts. Both in vitro and in vivo ectopic overexpression of SPRR1A protected cardiomyocytes against ischemic injury. Thus, this study identifies SPRR1A as a novel stress-inducible downstream mediator of gp130 cytokines in cardiomyocytes and documents its cardioprotective effect against ischemic stress.

Using digital RNA counting and flow cytometry to compare mRNA with protein expression in acute leukemias.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of malignant hematologic diseases has become increasingly complex during the last decade. It is based on the interpretation of results from different laboratory analyses, which range from microscopy to gene expression profiling. Recently, a method for the analysis of RNA phenotypes has been developed, the nCounter technology (Nanostring® Technologies), which allows for simultaneous quantification of hundreds of RNA molecules in biological samples. We evaluated this technique in a Swiss multi-center study on eighty-six samples from acute leukemia patients. METHODS: mRNA and protein profiles were established for normal peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. Signal intensities of the various tested antigens with surface expression were similar to those found in previously performed Affymetrix microarray analyses. Acute leukemia samples were analyzed for a set of twenty-two validated antigens and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for nCounter and flow cytometry results was calculated. RESULTS: Highly significant values between 0.40 and 0.97 were found for the twenty-two antigens tested. A second correlation analysis performed on a per sample basis resulted in concordant results between flow cytometry and nCounter in 44-100% of the antigens tested (mean = 76%), depending on the number of blasts present in a sample, the homogeneity of the blast population, and the type of leukemia (AML or ALL). CONCLUSIONS: The nCounter technology allows for fast and easy depiction of a mRNA profile from hematologic samples. This technology has the potential to become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of acute leukemias, in addition to multi-color flow cytometry.

Profiling of signal transduction in human memory T cells

Résumé pour un large public: La vaccination a eu un impact énorme sur la santé mondiale. Mais, quel est le principe d'un vaccin? Il est basé sur la 'mémoire immunologique', qui est une particularité exclusive des systèmes immunitaires des organismes évolués. Suite à une infection par un pathogène, des cellules spécialisées de notre système immunitaire (les lymphocytes) le reconnaissent et initient une réaction immunitaire qui a pour but son élimination. Pendant cette réaction se développent aussi des cellules, appelées cellules lymphocytaires mémoire, qui persistent pour longue durée et qui ont la capacité de stimuler une réaction immunitaire très efficace immédiatement après une seconde exposition à ce même pathogène. Ce sont ces cellules mémoires (lymphocytes B et T) qui sont à la base de la 'mémoire immunologique' et qui sont stimulées lors de la vaccination. Chez l'homme, deux populations distinctes des lymphocytes T mémoires ont été identifiées: les cellules centrales (CM) et effectrices (EM) mémoires. Ces populations sont fonctionnellement hétérogènes et exercent des rôles distincts et essentiels dans l'immunité protectrice. Typiquement, les cellules effectrices mémoires sont capables de tuer immédiatement le pathogène tandis que les cellules centrales mémoires sont responsables d'initier une réponse immunitaire complète. Pourtant, les mécanismes biochimiques qui contrôlent les fonctions de ces cellules ont été jusqu'à présent peu étudiés à cause de la faible fréquence de ces cellules et de la quantité limitée de tissus humains disponibles pour les analyses. La compréhension de ces mécanismes est cruciale pour la réalisation de vaccins efficaces et pour le développement de nouveaux médicaments capables de moduler la réponse immunitaire lymphocytaire. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d'abord développé et amélioré une technologie appelée 'protéine array en phase inverse' qui possède un niveau de sensibilité beaucoup plus élevé par rapport aux technologies classiquement utilisées dans l'étude des protéines. Grâce à cette technique, nous avons pu comparer la composition protéique du système de transmission des signaux d'activation des cellules CM et EM humaines. L'analyse de 8 à 13 sujets sains a montré que ces populations des cellules mémoires possèdent un système de signalisation protéique différent. En effet, les cellules EM possèdent, par rapport aux cellules CM, des niveaux réduits d'une protéine régulatrice (appelée c-Cbl) que nous avons démontré comme étant responsable des fonctions spécifiques de ces cellules. En effet, en augmentant artificiellement l'expression de cette protéine régulatrice dans les cellules EM jusqu'au niveau de celui des cellules CM, nous avons induit dans les cellules EM des capacités fonctionnelles caractéristiques des cellules CM. En conclusion, notre étude a identifié, pour la première fois chez l'homme, un mécanisme biochimique qui contrôle les fonctions des populations des cellules mémoires. Résumé en Français: Les cellules mémoires persistent inertes dans l'organisme et produisent des réactions immunitaires rapides et robustes contre les pathogènes précédemment rencontrés. Deux populations distinctes des cellules mémoires ont été identifiées chez l'homme: les cellules centrales (CM) et effectrices (EM) mémoires. Ces populations sont fonctionnellement hétérogènes et exercent des rôles distincts et critiques dans l'immunité protectrice. Les mécanismes biochimiques qui contrôlent leurs fonctions ont été jusqu'à présent peu étudiés, bien que leur compréhension soit cruciale pour le développement des vaccins et des nouveaux traitements/médicaments. Les limites majeures à ces études sont la faible fréquence de ces populations et la quantité limitée de tissus humains disponibles. Dans cette thèse nous avons d'abord développé et amélioré la technologie de 'protéine array en phase inverse' afin d'analyser les molécules de signalisation des cellules mémoires CD4 et CD8 humaines isolées ex vivo. L'excellente sensibilité, la reproductibilité et la linéarité de la détection, ont permis de quantifier des variations d'expression protéiques supérieures à 20% dans un lysat équivalent à 20 cellules. Ensuite, grâce à l'analyse de 8 à 13 sujets sains, nous avons prouvé que les cellules mémoires CD8 ont une composition homogène de leur système de signalisation tandis que les cellules CD4 EM expriment significativement de plus grandes quantités de SLP-76 et des niveaux réduits de c-Cbl, Syk, Fyn et LAT par rapport aux cellules CM. En outre, l'expression réduite du régulateur négatif c-Cbl est corrélée avec l'expression des SLP-76, PI3K et LAT uniquement dans les cellules EM. L'évaluation des propriétés fonctionnelles des cellules mémoires a permis de démontrer que l'expression réduite du c-Cbl dans les cellules EM est associé à une diminution de leur seuil d'activation. En effet, grâce a la technique de transduction cytosolique, nous avons augmenté la quantité de c-Cbl des cellules EM à un niveau comparable à celui des cellules CM et constaté une réduction de la capacité des cellules EM à proliférer et sécréter des cytokines. Ce mécanisme de régulation dépend principalement de l'activité d'ubiquitine ligase de c-Cbl comme démontré par l'impact réduit du mutant enzymatiquement déficient de c-Cbl sur les fonctions de cellules EM. En conclusion, cette thèse identifie c-Cbl comme un régulateur critique des réponses fonctionnelles des populations de cellules T mémoires et fournit, pour la première fois chez l'homme, un mécanisme contrôlant l'hétérogénéité fonctionnelle des ces cellules. De plus, elle valide l'utilisation combinée des 'RPP arrays' et de la transduction cytosolique comme outil puissant d'analyse quantitative et fonctionnel des protéines de signalisation. Summary : Memory cells persist in a quiescent state in the body and mediate rapid and vigorous immune responses toward pathogens previously encountered. Two subsets of memory cells, namely central (CM) and effector (EM) memory cells, have been identified in humans. These subsets display high functional heterogeneity and assert critical and distinct roles in the control of protective immunity. The biochemical mechanisms controlling their functional properties remain so far poorly investigated, although their clarification is crucial for design of effective T-cell vaccine and drug development. Major limitations to these studies lie in the low frequency of memory T cell subsets and the limited amount of human specimen available. In this thesis we first implemented the innovative reverse phase protein array approach to profile 15 signalling components in human CD8 and CD4 memory T cells isolated ex vivo. The high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility and linearity achieved, allowed an excellent quantification of variations in protein expression higher than 20% in as few as 20-cell equivalent per spot. Based on the analysis of 8 to 13 healthy subjects, we showed that CD8 memory cells have a homogeneous composition of their signaling machinery while CD4 EM cells express statistically significant increased amounts of SLP-76 and reduced levels of c- Cbl, Syk, Fyn and LAT as compared to CM cells. Moreover, in EM but not CM cells, reduced expression of negative regulator c-Cbl correlated with the expression of SLP-76, PI3K and LAT. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the higher functional properties and the lower functional threshold of EM cells is associated with reduced expression of c-Cbl. Indeed, by increasing c-Cbl content of EM cells to the same level of CM cells using cytosolic transduction, we impaired their proliferation and cytokine production. This regulatory mechanism was primarily dependent on c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity as evidenced by the weaker impact of enzymatically deficient c-Cbl C381A mutant on EM cell functions. Together, these results identify c-Cbl as a critical regulator of the functional responses of memory T cell subsets and provides, for the first time in humans, a mechanism controlling the functional heterogeneity of memory CD4 cells. Moreover it validates the combined use of RPP arrays and cytosolic transduction approaches as a powerful tool to quantitatively analyze signalling proteins and functionally assess their roles.

Lentiviral vectors efficiently transduce the EGFP gene into cardiomyocytes in vivo : immunohistology and Elisa quantification of the transgene

RESUME Les maladies cardio-vasculaires représentent la cause la plus importante de mortalité et de morbidité dans les pays occidentaux. La thérapie génique offre une nouvelle approche au traitement de ces maladies. L'expression de gènes protecteurs dans le myocarde par des technologies de transfert génique peut améliorer la fonction ventriculaire lors de l'insuffisance cardiaque ou stimuler la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux dans la maladie coronarienne. Etant donné qu'une majorité des maladies cardiaques sont des maladies chroniques, l'expression durable du gène thérapeutique introduit dans le coeur est souhaitable dans de nombreux cas. Malheureusement, l'utilité des vecteurs de transfert génique les plus utilisés en thérapie génique cardiovasculaire est limitée par une performance faible (ADN plasmidique) et une courte durée d'expression (adénovirus). Récemment, des vecteurs de transfert génique dérivés des lentivirus, une sous-famille des rétrovirus, ont retenu l'attention de la communauté scientifique en raison de leur capacité à exprimer des gènes à long terme. Contrairement aux vecteurs rétroviraux traditionnels, les vecteurs lentiviraux transduisent des gènes même dans des cellules qui ne se divisent pas, ce qui est le cas des cardiomyocytes adultes. Ces vecteurs présentent un profil de biosécurité comparable à celui des vecteurs rétroviraux traditionnels. Nous avons donc décidé de tester l'utilité des vecteurs lentiviraux pour le transfert génique dans des cardiomyocytes de rat adulte in vitro et in vivo. Plusieurs versions de vecteurs lentiviraux contenant différent promoteurs ont été construites. Ces vecteurs contenant le gène marqueur EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) ont été testés dans des cardiomyocytes de rat in vitro, ainsi que dans des coeurs de rat in vivo. Le but de ces expériences était de déterminer la durée de l'expression du transgène après injection intramyocardique chez le rat. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé une technique ELISA pour détecter la protéine EGFP dans des extraits de tissu cardiaque. Les résultats ont montré que la protéine EGFP était encore présente à des niveaux significatifs jusqu'à dix semaines après l'injection de vecteurs lentiviraux, alors que l'expression transgénique obtenue avec un vecteur adénoviral traditionnel a été plus limitée dans le temps. Ces résultats démontrent la capacité des vecteurs lentiviraux à exprimer des gènes d'intérêt de manière performante et stable dans le cœur de rat adulte in vivo. SUMMARY Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Gene therapy offers a new approach to these diseases. Expression of therapeutic genes in the myocardium by gene transfer technologies can improve ventricular function in heart failure and stimulate neovascularization in coronary disease. Chronic heart diseases likely require sustained expression of the therapeutic gene within the heart itself. Unfortunately, the most commonly used vectors in cardiovascular gene therapy, i.e. plasmid DNA and recombinant adenovirus vectors, are limited by poor DNA uptake and transient transgene expression, respectively. Recently, lentivirus-derived vectors have attracted much interest because of their ability to achieve long-term transgene expression. In contrast to traditional retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors are also able to transduce non- dividing cells, while presenting a comparable biosafety profile. Adult cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells that do not divide under normal conditions. For these reasons, we have decided to evaluate the efficiency of lentiviral vectors for gene-transduction of adult cardiomyocytes both in vitro and in vivo. We constructed various types of lentiviral vectors containing various promoters. Vectors encoding EGFP as a reporter gene were tested in rat cardiomyocytes in vitro and in rat hearts in vivo. The aim of the experiments involved in this thesis work was to determine the duration of the expression of the transgene after rat intramyocardial injection using a quantitative assay. Therefore, an ELISA technique was set up to measure the EGFP protein in rat heart tissue extracts. Our results showed that the EGFP protein was still present at significant levels at ten weeks after lentiviral vector injection, whereas the duration of expression with adenoviral vectors was shorter. These results demonstrate that lentiviral vectors efficiently deliver genes and achieve sustained transgene expression in adult rat cardiomyocytes in vivo.

Streptavidin - A Versatile Binding Protein for Solid-Phase Immunoassays

Streptavidin, a tetrameric protein secreted by Streptomyces avidinii, binds tightly to a small growth factor biotin. One of the numerous applications of this high-affinity system comprises the streptavidin-coated surfaces of bioanalytical assays which serve as universal binders for straightforward immobilization of any biotinylated molecule. Proteins can be immobilized with a lower risk of denaturation using streptavidin-biotin technology in contrast to direct passive adsorption. The purpose of this study was to characterize the properties and effects of streptavidin-coated binding surfaces on the performance of solid-phase immunoassays and to investigate the contributions of surface modifications. Various characterization tools and methods established in the study enabled the convenient monitoring and binding capacity determination of streptavidin-coated surfaces. The schematic modeling of the monolayer surface and the quantification of adsorbed streptavidin disclosed the possibilities and the limits of passive adsorption. The defined yield of 250 ng/cm² represented approximately 65 % coverage compared with a modelled complete monolayer, which is consistent with theoretical surface models. Modifications such as polymerization and chemical activation of streptavidin resulted in a close to 10-fold increase in the biotin-binding densities of the surface compared with the regular streptavidin coating. In addition, the stability of the surface against leaching was improved by chemical modification. The increased binding densities and capacities enabled wider high-end dynamic ranges in the solid-phase immunoassays, especially when using the fragments of the capture antibodies instead of intact antibodies for the binding of the antigen. The binding capacity of the streptavidin surface was not, by definition, predictive of the low-end performance of the immunoassays nor the assay sensitivity. Other features such as non-specific binding, variation and leaching turned out to be more relevant. The immunoassays that use a direct surface readout measurement of time-resolved fluorescence from a washed surface are dependent on the density of the labeled antibodies in a defined area on the surface. The binding surface was condensed into a spot by coating streptavidin in liquid droplets into special microtiter wells holding a small circular indentation at the bottom. The condensed binding area enabled a denser packing of the labeled antibodies on the surface. This resulted in a 5 - 6-fold increase in the signal-to-background ratios and an equivalent improvement in the detection limits of the solid-phase immunoassays. This work proved that the properties of the streptavidin-coated surfaces can be modified and that the defined properties of the streptavidin-based immunocapture surfaces contribute to the performance of heterogeneous immunoassays.