Increased serum pigment epithelium-derived factor is associated with microvascular complications, vascular stiffness and inflammation in Type 1 diabetes

To determine in Type 1 diabetes patients if levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), an anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant factor, are increased in individuals with complications and positively related to vascular and renal dysfunction, body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, lipids, inflammation and oxidative stress.

Biocompatibilité des microcapsules d'alginate : purification d'alginate, réaction immunitaire de l'hôte et protection du receveur

L’immuno-isolation des îlots de Langerhans est proposée comme moyen d’effectuer des transplantations sans prise d’immunosuppresseurs par le patient. Cette immuno-isolation, par l’entremise d’une microcapsule composée d’alginate et de poly-L-lysine (microcapsule APA), protège le greffon d’une éventuelle attaque du système immunitaire du receveur grâce à sa membrane semi-perméable. Cette membrane empêche le système immunitaire du receveur de pénétrer la microcapsule tout en laissant diffuser librement les nutriments, le glucose et l’insuline. Avant l’application de cette technique chez l’humain, quelques défis doivent encore être relevés, dont la biocompatibilité de ce système. La biocompatibilité fait ici référence à la biocompatibilité du biomatériau utilisé pour la fabrication des microcapsules, l’alginate, mais aussi la biocompatibilité des microcapsules reliée à leur stabilité. En effet, il a été remarqué que, lors d’implantation in vivo de microcapsules fabriquées avec de l’alginate non purifiée, ceci induisait un phénomène nommé Réaction de l’Hôte contre la Microcapsule (RHM). De plus, il est connu que la stabilité des microcapsules APA peut influencer leur biocompatibilité puisqu’une microcapsule endommagée ou brisée pourrait laisser s’échapper les cellules du greffon chez le receveur. Nous croyons qu’une compréhension des processus d’initiation de la RHM en fonction de l’efficacité des procédés de purification d’alginate (et donc des quantités de contaminants présents dans l’alginate) ainsi que l’augmentation de la stabilité des microcapsules APA pourront améliorer la biocompatibilité de ce dispositif, ce que tente de démontrer les résultats présentés dans cette thèse. En effet, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les protéines qui contaminent l’alginate jouent un rôle clé dans l’initiation de la RHM et qu’en diminuant ces quantités de protéines par l’amélioration des procédés de purification d’alginate, on améliore la biocompatibilité de l’alginate. Afin d’augmenter la stabilité des microcapsules APA, nous décrivons une nouvelle technique de fabrication des microcapsules qui implique la présence de liaisons covalentes. Ces nouvelles microcapsules APA réticulées sont très résistantes, n’affectent pas de façon négative la survie des cellules encapsulées et confinent les cellules du greffon à l’intérieur des microcapsules. Cette dernière caractéristique nous permet donc d’augmenter la biocompatibilité des microcapsules APA en protégeant le receveur contre les cellules du greffon.

Antigen and superantigen presentation as defined by the MHCII-accessory proteins and associated-peptides

MHCII molecules expose a weave of antigens, which send survival or activation signals to T lymphocytes. The ongoing process of peptide binding to the MHC class II groove implicates three accessory molecules: the invariant chain, DM and DO. The invariant chain folds and directs the MHCII molecules to the endosomal pathway. Then, DM exchanges the CLIP peptide, which is a remnant of the degraded invariant chain, for peptides of better affinity. Expressed in highly specialized antigen presenting cells, DO competes with MHCII molecules for DM binding and favors the presentation of receptor-internalized antigens. Altogether, these molecules exhibit potential immunomodulatory properties that can be exploited to increase the potency of peptide vaccines. DO requires DM for maturation and to exit the ER. Interestingly, it is possible to monitor this interaction through a conformation change on DOβ that is recognized by the Mags.DO5 monoclonal antibody. Using Mags.DO5, we showed that DM stabilizes the interactions between the DO α1 and β1 chains and that DM influences DO folding in the ER. Thus, the Mags.DO5+ conformation correlates with DO egress from the ER. To further evaluate this conformation change, directed evolution was applied to DO. Of the 41 unique mutants obtained, 25% were localized at the DM-DO binding interface and 12% are at the solvent-exposed β1 domain, which is thought to be the Mags.DO5 epitope. In addition, I used the library to test the ability of HLA-DO to inhibit HLA-DM and sorted for the amount of CLIP. Interestingly, most of the mutants showed a decrease inhibitory effect, supporting the notion that the intrinsic instability of DO is a required for its function. Finally, these results support the model in which DO competes against classical MHCII molecules by sequestering DM chaperone’s function. MHCII molecules are also characterized by their ability to present superantigens, a group of bacterial or viral toxins that coerces MHCII-TCR binding in a less promiscuous fashion than what is observed in a canonical setting. While the mechanism of how bacterial superantigens form trimeric complexes with TCR and MHCII is well understood, the mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens (vSAG) are poorly defined. In the absence of a crystal structure, I chose a functional approach to examine the relation between vSAG, MHCII and TCR with the goal of uncovering the overall trimolecular architecture. I showed that TCR concomitantly binds both the MHCII α chain and the vSAG and that TCR-MHCII docking is almost canonical when coerced by vSAGs. Because many peptides may be tolerated in the MHCII groove, the pressure exerted by vSAG seems to tweak conventional TCR-MHCII interactions. Furthermore, my results demonstrate that vSAG binding to MHCII molecules is conformation-dependent and abrogated by the CLIP amino-terminal residues extending outside the peptide-binding groove. In addition, they also suggest that vSAGs cross-link adjacent MHCIIs and activate T cells via a TGXY motif.

Low Temperature Curing of NBR for Property Improvement

Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl xanthates are prepared in the laboratory, and the effect of these xanthates with zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of HAF-filled nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds has been studied at different temperatures. The cure times of these compounds have been compared with that of NBR compounds containing TMTD/MBTS. The rubber compounds with the three xanthate accelerators and ZDC are cured at various temperatures from 60 to 150°C. The sheets are molded and properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, cross-link density, elongation at break, compression set, abrasion resistance, flex resistance, etc. have been evaluated. The properties show that zinc salt of the xanthate/ZDC accelerator system has a positive synergistic effect on the cure rate and mechanical properties of NBR compounds.

Synergism of Xanthate/Dithiocarbamate Accelerator in Carbon Black Filled NR Compounds

Zinc salts of ethyl, isopropyl and butyl xanthates were prepared in the laboratory. The effect of these xanthates with zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDC) on the vulcanization of HAF filled NR compound has been studied at different temperatures. The rubber compounds with the three xanthate accelerators and ZDC were cured at various temperatures from 60°C to 150°C. The sheets were moulded and properties such as tensile strength , tear strength , cross-link density, elongation -at-break, compression set, heat build up, abrasion resistance, flex resistance , etc. were evaluated . The properties showed that zinc xanthate/ZDC accelerator combination has a positive synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of NR compounds. The curing of HAF filled NR compound containing zinc xanthate /ZDC is slightly slower than the curing of the corresponding gum compounds . It is observed that, by gradually increasing the amount of the accelerator, the cure time of black filled NR compound can be made equal to that of the gum compou

Mechanical effects of plant cell wall enzymes on xyloglucan/cellulose composites

Xyloglucan-acting enzymes are believed to have effects on type I primary plant cell wall mechanical properties. In order to get a better understanding of these effects, a range of enzymes with different in vitro modes of action were tested against cell wall analogues (bio-composite materials based on Acetobacter xylinus cellulose and xyloglucan). Tomato pericarp xyloglucan endo transglycosylase (tXET) and nasturtium seed xyloglucanase (nXGase) were produced heterologously in Pichia pastoris. Their action against the cell wall analogues was compared with that of a commercial preparation of Trichoderma endo-glucanase (EndoGase). Both 'hydrolytic' enzymes (nXGase and EndoGase) were able to depolymerise not only the cross-link xyloglucan fraction but also the surface-bound fraction. Consequent major changes in cellulose fibril architecture were observed. In mechanical terms, removal of xyloglucan cross-links from composites resulted in increased stiffness (at high strain) and decreased visco-elasticity with similar extensibility. On the other hand, true transglycosylase activity (tXET) did not affect the cellulose/xyloglucan ratio. No change in composite stiffness or extensibility resulted, but a significant increase in creep behaviour was observed in the presence of active tXET. These results provide direct in vitro evidence for the involvement of cell wall xyloglucan-specific enzymes in mechanical changes underlying plant cell wall re-modelling and growth processes. Mechanical consequences of tXET action are shown to be complimentary to those of cucumber expansin.

Design of redundant drive joint with adjustable stiffness and damping mechanism to improve joint admittance

Improving admittance of robotic joints is the key issue for making rehabilitation robots safe. This paper describes a design of Redundant Drive Joint (RD-Joint) which allows greater flexibility in the design of robotic mechanisms. The design strategy of the RD-Joint employs a systematic approach which consists of 1) adopting a redundant joint mechanism with internal kinematical redundancy to reduce effective joint inertia, and 2) adopting an adjustable admittance mechanism with a novel Cross link Reduction Mechanism and mechanical springs and dampers as a passive second actuator. First, the basic concepts used to construct the redundant drive joint mechanism are explained, in particular the method that allows a reduction in effective inertia at the output joint. The basic structure of the RD-Joint is introduced based on the idea of reduced inertia along with a method to include effective stiffness and damping. Then, the basic design of the adjustable admittance mechanism is described. Finally, a prototype of RD-joint is described and its expected characteristics are discussed.

Effect of the anti-neoplastic drug doxorubicin on XPD-mutated DNA repair-deficient human cells

Doxorubicin (DOX), a member of the anthracycline group, is a widely used drug in cancer therapy. The mechanisms of DOX action include topoisomerase II-poisoning, free radical release, DNA adducts and interstrand cross-link (ICL) formation. Nucleotide excision repair(NER) is involved in the removal of helix-distorting lesions and chemical adducts, however, little is known about the response of NER-deficient cell lines to anti-tumoral drugs like DOX. Wild type and XPD-mutated cells, harbouring mutations in different regions of this gene and leading to XP-D, XP/CS or TTD diseases, were treated with this drug and analyzed for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by comet assay. The formation of DSBs was also investigated by determination of gamma H2AX foci. Our results indicate that all three NER-deficient cell lines tested are more sensitive to DOX treatment, when compared to wild type cells or XP cells complemented by the wild type XPD cDNA, suggesting that NER is involved in the removal of DOX-induced lesions. The cell cycle analysis showed the characteristic G2 arrest in repair-proficient MRC5 cell line after DOX treatment, whereas the repair-deficient cell lines presented significant increase in sub-G1 fraction. The NER-deficient cell lines do not show different patterns of DNA damage formation as assayed by comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX foci formation. Knock-down of topoisomerase II alpha with siRNA leads to increased survival in both MRC5 and XP cells, however, XP cell line still remained significantly more sensitive to the treatment by DOX. Our study suggests that the enhanced sensitivity is due to DOX-induced DNA damage that is subject to NER, as we observed decreased unscheduled DNA synthesis in XP-deficient cells upon DOX treatment. Furthermore, the complementation of the XPD-function abolished the observed sensitivity at lower DOX concentrations, suggesting that the XPD helicase activity is involved in the repair of DOX-induced lesions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural parameters of polyacrylamide hydrogels obtained by the Equilibrium Swelling Theory

In this paper, the synthesis and structural characterization of a series of polyacrylamide hydrogels with different degrees of reticulation are reported. Although the Equilibrium Swelling Theory was recognized as a simple and reliable tool for the determination of structural hydrogels network parameters like equilibrium degree of swelling, cross-link ratio and mesh size, this is the first application of this methodology for polyacrylamide hydrogels. By changing the total monomer content in the synthesis solution (%T) from 5 to 30%, at a fixed value of cross-linker content in the total monomer amount (%C) of 5%, the final parameter obtained, the mesh size, can be tuned from 2 to 0.3 nm. It was also possible to change the mesh size (0.19-0.35) by varying %C from 5 to 12% (at %T = 20%). Scanning Electron Microscopy images for the most different formulations are shown and corroborate data obtained from the theory. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cytotoxicity and Regenerative Proliferation as the Mode of Action for Diuron-Induced Urothelial Carcinogenesis in the Rat

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relationships between the curing conditions and some mechanical properties of hybrid thermosetting materials

The relationship between the heat of polymerization (ΔH) and activation energy (Ea) parameters, obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the ratio of epoxy resin to hardener of the thermosetting materials based on an organic-inorganic hybrid epoxy resin (OG) was investigated. Activation energy (Ea) and heat of polymerization (ΔH) increased with an increasing OG content, up to 70 wt%. Further increase in OG content to 80wt% reduced Ea and ΔH. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that the maximum cross-link density is obtained at 83 wt% OG, whereas fracture toughness and tensile modulus mechanical properties are maximized at 70 wt% OG. ©2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.

Caracterização de filmes de féculas modificadas de mandioca como subsídios para aplicação em pós-colheita de hortículas

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Eletrodos impressos modificados com poli-histidina aplicados na construção de sensores eletroquímicos para crômio(VI) e fármacos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise combinada dos efeitos dos revestimentos nas propriedades de fibras ópticas comerciais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Thermal and structural study of glasses in the binary system TeO2-Pb(PO3)(2)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)