Bottom-up risk regulation? How nanotechnology risk knowledge gaps challenge federal and state environmental agencies

Nanotechnologies have been called the "Next Industrial Revolution." At the same time, scientists are raising concerns about the potential health and environmental risks related to the nano-sized materials used in nanotechnologies. Analyses suggest that current U.S. federal regulatory structures are not likely to adequately address these risks in a proactive manner. Given these trends, the premise of this paper is that state and local-level agencies will likely deal with many "end-of-pipe" issues as nanomaterials enter environmental media without prior toxicity testing, federal standards, or emissions controls. In this paper we (1) briefly describe potential environmental risks and benefits related to emerging nanotechnologies; (2) outline the capacities of the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act to address potential nanotechnology risks, and how risk data gaps challenge these regulations; (3) outline some of the key data gaps that challenge state-level regulatory capacities to address nanotechnologies' potential risks, using Wisconsin as a case study; and (4) discuss advantages and disadvantages of state versus federal approaches to nanotechnology risk regulation. In summary, we suggest some ways government agencies can be better prepared to address nanotechnology risk knowledge gaps and risk management.

Top-down or bottom-up: the real choice for public services

This article considers two contrasting approaches to reforming public services in order to meet the needs of people living in poverty. The first approach is top-down, involves categorising individuals (as 'hard to help', 'at risk', etc) and invokes scientific backing for justification. The second approach is bottom-up, emancipatory, relates to people as individuals and treats people who have experience of poverty and social exclusion as experts. The article examines each approach through providing brief examples in the fields of unemployment and parenting policy - two fields that have been central to theories of 'cycles of deprivation'. It is suggested here that the two approaches differ in terms of their scale, type of user involvement and type of evidence that is used for their legitimation. While the article suggests that direct comparison between the two approaches is difficult, it highlights the prevalence of top-down approaches towards services for people living in poverty, despite increasing support for bottom-up approaches in other policy areas.

Bottom-up growth of fully transparent contact layers of indium tin oxide nanowires for light-emitting devices

Thin layers of indium tin oxide are widely used as transparent coatings and electrodes in solar energy cells, flat-panel displays, antireflection coatings, radiation protection and lithium-ion battery materials, because they have the characteristics of low resistivity, strong absorption at ultraviolet wavelengths, high transmission in the visible, high reflectivity in the far-infrared and strong attenuation in the microwave region. However, there is often a trade-off between electrical conductivity and transparency at visible wavelengths for indium tin oxide and other transparent conducting oxides. Here, we report the growth of layers of indium tin oxide nanowires that show optimum electronic and photonic properties and demonstrate their use as fully transparent top contacts in the visible to near-infrared region for light-emitting devices.

An overview of top-down vs. bottom-up models for informal settlement upgrading in South Africa

The paper explores informal settlement upgrading approaches in South Africa and presents a review of top-down vs. bottom-up models, using experience and lessons learned from the Durban metropolitan area. Reflections on past upgrading efforts suggest that top-down policies in South Africa have not been successful to date. By contrast, participatory techniques, such as planning activism, can be used to enhance community empowerment and a sense of local ownership. This paper reveals that although the notion of ‘bottom-up’, participatory methods for community improvement is often discussed in international development discourses, the tools, processes and new knowledge needed to ensure a successful upgrade are under-utilised. Participation and collaboration can mean various things for informal housing upgrading and often the involvement of local communities is limited to providing feedback in already agreed development decisions from local authorities and construction companies. The paper concludes by suggesting directions for ‘co-producing’ knowledge with communities through participatory, action-research methods and integrating these insights into upgrading mechanisms and policies for housing and infrastructure provision. The cumulative impacts emerging from these approaches could aggregate into local, regional, and national environmental, social and economic benefits able to successfully transform urban areas and ensure self-reliance for local populations.

Processi bottom-up per la rigenerazione di luoghi abbandonati. Una strategia per Villa Ghigi.

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è quello di approfondire i processi di rigenerazione cosiddetti bottom-up o dal basso, poiché sono promossi da gruppi di cittadini, associazioni, cooperative o altre forme del terzo settore, che, esprimendo le proprie esigenze ed idee innovative, ottengono poi approvazione dall’amministrazione o dai proprietari dei beni. Si tratta di un fenomeno ancora poco presente in letteratura, poiché piuttosto recente e tuttora riscontrabile in maniera spontanea e disorganica. Per questo motivo una congrua parte della ricerca si è concentrata sull’analisi di casi studio italiani, per i quali sono state eseguite interviste ai protagonisti e sopralluoghi al fine di comprendere nel dettaglio il processo di riattivazione. A questi, si sono poi studiati alcuni esempi di realtà associative che mirano a mappare e a sistematizzare il fenomeno dell’abbandono architettonico. Sebbene le esperienze si siano dimostrate differenti tra loro e specifiche per il contesto e il territorio in cui sono collocate. si sono tuttavia individuate caratteristiche e dinamiche comuni che inducono a pensare a una tipologia di processo. Alla luce delle analisi dei casi studio, si è formulata una strategia possibile per un edificio che pur serbando valore storico e grandi potenzialità, si trova in stato di abbandono da più di quaranta anni: Villa Ghigi a Bologna. Si tratta di un’ex-villa padronale, all’interno di uno dei più importanti parchi pubblici bolognesi per la sua varietà vegetale e animale e per la sua posizione prossima al centro storico. Il progetto-processo che si propone si fonda su ipotesi realistiche e concrete di rigenerazione e si sviluppa secondo cinque fasi temporali differenti. Nell’iter si è infatti previsto l’alternarsi di momenti più astratti, incentrati sul networking e la definizione di prospettive, con tempi più fisici. dedicati all’intervento architettonico e alle trasformazioni concrete.

Aplicación y comparación de la metodología de diseño Top Down y Bottom Up

Este proyecto estudia y compara las metodologías Bottom Up y Top Down, utilizadas en el desarrollo de productos dentro de un departamento de manufactura en un ambiente colaborativo -- Se desarrolló un producto mediante ambas metodologías, posteriormente se analizó su incidencia en el comportamiento de indicadores de gestión, que miden el desempeño de una organización -- Se destacan también los beneficios del Top Down en la manufactura de grandes ensambles, tomando como ejemplo un torno

All Island All Active: An innovative top-down/bottom-up cross-border approach to increasing physical activity levels

National Institute of Health Sciences Research Bulletin: Volume 6, Issue 3 - June 2012

Étude intracrânienne sur les mécanismes cérébraux permettant la reconnaissance d’objets

La reconnaissance d’objets est une tâche complexe au cours de laquelle le cerveau doit assembler de manière cohérente tous les éléments d’un objet accessible à l’œil afin de le reconnaître. La construction d’une représentation corticale de l’objet se fait selon un processus appelé « bottom-up », impliquant notamment les régions occipitales et temporales. Un mécanisme « top-down » au niveau des régions pariétales et frontales, facilite la reconnaissance en suggérant des identités potentielles de l’objet à reconnaître. Cependant, le mode de fonctionnement de ces mécanismes est peu connu. Plusieurs études ont démontré une activité gamma induite au moment de la perception cohérente de stimuli, lui conférant ainsi un rôle important dans la reconnaissance d’objets. Cependant, ces études ont utilisé des techniques d’enregistrement peu précises ainsi que des stimuli répétitifs. La première étude de cette thèse vise à décrire la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’activité gamma induite à l’aide de l’électroencéphalographie intracrânienne, une technique qui possède des résolutions spatiales et temporelles des plus précises. Une tâche d’images fragmentées a été conçue dans le but de décrire l’activité gamma induite selon différents niveaux de reconnaissance, tout en évitant la répétition de stimuli déjà reconnus. Afin de mieux circonscrire les mécanismes « top-down », la tâche a été répétée après un délai de 24 heures. Les résultats démontrent une puissante activité gamma induite au moment de la reconnaissance dans les régions « bottom-up ». Quant aux mécanismes « top-down », l’activité était plus importante aux régions occipitopariétales. Après 24 heures, l’activité était davantage puissante aux régions frontales, suggérant une adaptation des procédés « top-down » selon les demandes de la tâche. Très peu d’études se sont intéressées au rythme alpha dans la reconnaissance d’objets, malgré qu’il soit bien reconnu pour son rôle dans l’attention, la mémoire et la communication des régions neuronales distantes. La seconde étude de cette thèse vise donc à décrire plus précisément l’implication du rythme alpha dans la reconnaissance d’objets en utilisant les techniques et tâches identiques à la première étude. Les analyses révèlent une puissante activité alpha se propageant des régions postérieures aux régions antérieures, non spécifique à la reconnaissance. Une synchronisation de la phase de l’alpha était, quant à elle, observable qu’au moment de la reconnaissance. Après 24 heures, un patron similaire était observable, mais l’amplitude de l’activité augmentait au niveau frontal et les synchronies de la phase étaient davantage distribuées. Le rythme alpha semble donc refléter des processus attentionnels et communicationnels dans la reconnaissance d’objets. En conclusion, cette thèse a permis de décrire avec précision la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’activité gamma induite et du rythme alpha ainsi que d’en apprendre davantage sur les rôles potentiels que ces deux rythmes occupent dans la reconnaissance d’objets.

Amorçage cognitif pour amélioration de l’acquisition de la connaissance dans un système tutoriel intelligent

Cette thèse vise à définir une nouvelle méthode d’enseignement pour les systèmes tutoriels intelligents dans le but d’améliorer l’acquisition des connaissances. L’apprentissage est un phénomène complexe faisant intervenir des mécanismes émotionnels et cognitifs de nature consciente et inconsciente. Nous nous intéressons à mieux comprendre les mécanismes inconscients du raisonnement lors de l’acquisition des connaissances. L’importance de ces processus inconscients pour le raisonnement est bien documentée en neurosciences, mais demeure encore largement inexplorée dans notre domaine de recherche. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons la mise en place d’une nouvelle approche pédagogique dans le domaine de l’éducation implémentant une taxonomie neuroscientifique de la perception humaine. Nous montrons que cette nouvelle approche agit sur le raisonnement et, à tour de rôle, améliore l’apprentissage général et l’induction de la connaissance dans un environnement de résolution de problème. Dans une première partie, nous présentons l’implémentation de notre nouvelle méthode dans un système tutoriel visant à améliorer le raisonnement pour un meilleur apprentissage. De plus, compte tenu de l’importance des mécanismes émotionnels dans l’apprentissage, nous avons également procédé dans cette partie à la mesure des émotions par des capteurs physiologiques. L’efficacité de notre méthode pour l’apprentissage et son impact positif observé sur les émotions a été validée sur trente et un participants. Dans une seconde partie, nous allons plus loin dans notre recherche en adaptant notre méthode visant à améliorer le raisonnement pour une meilleure induction de la connaissance. L’induction est un type de raisonnement qui permet de construire des règles générales à partir d’exemples spécifiques ou de faits particuliers. Afin de mieux comprendre l’impact de notre méthode sur les processus cognitifs impliqués dans ce type de raisonnement, nous avons eu recours à des capteurs cérébraux pour mesurer l’activité du cerveau des utilisateurs. La validation de notre approche réalisée sur quarante-trois volontaires montre l’efficacité de notre méthode pour l’induction de la connaissance et la viabilité de mesurer le raisonnement par des mesures cérébrales suite à l’application appropriée d’algorithmes de traitement de signal. Suite à ces deux parties, nous clorons la thèse par une discussion applicative en décrivant la mise en place d’un nouveau système tutoriel intelligent intégrant les résultats de nos travaux.

Bipolar Disorder: Recent Advances And Future Trends In Bioanalytical Developments For Biomarker Discovery.

In this manuscript we briefly describe bipolar disorder (a depressive and manic mental disease), its classification, its effects on the patient, which sometimes include suicidal tendencies, and the drugs used for treatment. We also address the status quo with regard to diagnosis of bipolar disorder and recent advances in bioanalytical approaches for biomarker discovery. These approaches focus on blood samples (serum and plasma) and proteins as the main biomarker targets, and use various strategies for protein depletion. Strategies include use of commercially available kits or other homemade strategies and use of classical proteomics methods for protein identification based on bottom-up or top-down approaches, which used SELDI, ESI, or MALDI as sources for mass spectrometry, and up-to-date mass analyzers, for example Orbitrap. We also discuss some future objectives for treatment of this disorder and possible directions for the correct diagnosis of this still-unclear mental illness.

Abundance of sedentary consumers and sessile organisms along the wave exposure gradient of subtropical rocky shores of the south-west Atlantic

Sedentary consumers play an important role on populations of prey and, hence, their patterns of abundance, distribution and coexistence on shores are important to evaluate their potential influence on ecosystem dynamics. Here, we aimed to describe their spatio-temporal distribution and abundance in relation to wave exposure in the intertidal rocky shores of the south-west Atlantic to provide a basis for further understanding of ecological processes in this system. The abundance and composition of the functional groups of sessile organisms and sedentary consumers were taken by sampling the intertidal of sheltered and moderately exposed shores during a period of one year. The sublittoral fringe of sheltered areas was dominated by macroalgae, while the low midlittoral was dominated by bare rock and barnacles. In contrast, filter-feeding animals prevailed at exposed shores, probably explaining the higher abundance of the predator Stramonita haemastoma at these locations. Limpets were more abundant at the midlittoral zone of all shores while sea urchins were exclusively found at the sublittoral fringe of moderately exposed shores, therefore, adding grazing pressure on these areas. The results showed patterns of coexistence, distribution and abundance of those organisms in this subtropical area, presumably as a result of wave action, competition and prey availability. It also brought insights on the influence of top-down and bottom-up processes in this area.

Source populations in coastal crabs: parameters affecting egg production

Benthic marine invertebrates may form metapopulations connected via propagule dispersal. Conservation efforts often target potential source coastlines to indirectly benefit areas depending on allochthonous offspring production. Besides population density, adult size structure, sex ratio, brooding frequency and the proportion of breeding individuals may significantly influence the reproductive output of benthic populations, but these effects have seldom been tested. We used rocky shore crabs to assess the spatial variability of such parameters at relevant scales for conservation purposes and to test their consistency over 2 consecutive years; we then used the data to address whether bottom-up processes or biological interactions might explain the patterns observed. We decomposed egg production rates into their components for the 2 most abundant brachyuran species inhabiting the intertidal rocky habitat. Adult density and brooding frequency varied consistently among shores for both species and largely explained the overall spatial trends of egg production. Temporally consistent patterns also included among-shore differences in the size of ovigerous females of the grapsid Pachygrapsus transversus and between-bay differences in the fecundity of the spider crab Epialtus brasiliensis. Sex ratio was remarkably constant in both. We found no positive or negative correlations between adult density and brooding frequency to support either the existence of a component Allee effect (lack of mate encounters) or an effect of intra-specific competition. Likewise, shore-specific potential growth in P. transversus does not negatively correlate with frequency of ovigerous individuals, as would be expected under a critical balance between these 2 processes. The patterns observed suggest that bottom-up drivers may best explain spatial trends in the reproductive output of these species.

Do economists ‘compose’ economics? A comparison of the creative processes of artists and economists

This is a draft for a chapter of the book version of my Ph.D thesis. The chapter addresses the following question: Are the creative processes of musical composers and academic economists essentially the same, or are there significant differences? The paper finds that there are deep similarities between the creative processes of theoretical economists and the creative processes of artists. The chapter builds a process oriented lifecycle account of creative activity, drawing on testimonial material from the arts and the sciences, and relates the model to the creative work of economists developing economic theory.