Biofilms on exposed monumental stones: mechanism of formation and development of new control methods

Within the stone monumental artefacts artistic fountains are extremely favorable to formation of biofilms, giving rise to biodegradation processes related with physical-chemical and visual aspect alterations, because of their particular exposure conditions. Microbial diversity of five fountains (two from Spain and three from Italy) was investigated. It was observed an ample similarity between the biodiversity of monumental stones reported in literature and that one found in studied fountains. Mechanical procedures and toxic chemical products are usually employed to remove such phototrophic patinas. Alternative methods based on natural antifouling substances are recently experimented in the marine sector, due to their very low environmental impact and for the bio settlement prevention on partially immersed structures of ships. In the present work groups of antibiofouling agents (ABAs) were selected from literature for their ability to interfere, at molecular level, with the microbial communication system “quorum sensing”, inhibiting the initial phase of biofilm formation. The efficacy of some natural antibiofoulants agents (ABAs) with terrestrial (Capsaicine - CS, Cinnamaldehyde - CI) and marine origin (Zosteric Acid - ZA, poly-Alkyl Pyridinium Salts – pAPS and Ceramium botryocarpum extract - CBE), incorporated into two commercial coatings (Silres BS OH 100 - S and Wacker Silres BS 290 - W) commonly used in stone conservation procedures were evaluated. The formation of phototrophic biofilms in laboratory conditions (on Carrara marble specimens and Sierra Elvira stone) and on two monumental fountains (Tacca’s Fountain 2 - Florence, Italy and Fountain from Patio de la Lindaraja - Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain) has been investigated in the presence or absence of these natural antifouling agents. The natural antibiofouling agents, at tested concentrations, demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect. The silane-siloxane based silicone coating (W) mixing with ABAs was more suitable with respect to ethyl silicate coating (S) and proved efficacy against biofilm formation only when incompletely cured. The laboratory results indicated a positive action in inhibiting the patina formation, especially for poly-alkyl pyridinium salts, zosteric acid and cinnamaldehyde, while on site tests revealed a good effect for zosteric acid.

Multi-pollutants impact on modern cement built heritage

It is well known that the deposition of gaseous pollutants and aerosols plays a major role in causing the deterioration of monuments and built cultural heritage in European cities. Despite of many studies dedicated to the environmental damage of cultural heritage, in case of cement mortars, commonly used in the 20th century architecture, the deterioration due to air multipollutants impact, especially the formation of black crusts, is still not well explored making this issue a challenging area of research. This work centers on cement mortars – environment interactions, focusing on the diagnosis of the damage on the modern built heritage due to air multi-pollutants. For this purpose three sites, exposed to different urban areas in Europe, were selected for sampling and subsequent laboratory analyses: Centennial Hall, Wroclaw (Poland), Chiesa dell'Autostrada del Sole, Florence (Italy), Casa Galleria Vichi, Florence (Italy). The sampling sessions were performed taking into account the height from the ground level and protection from rain run off (sheltered, partly sheltered and exposed areas). The complete characterization of collected damage layer and underlying materials was performed using a range of analytical techniques: optical and scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffractometry, differential and gravimetric thermal analysis, ion chromatography, flash combustion/gas chromatographic analysis, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The data were elaborated using statistical methods (i.e. principal components analyses) and enrichment factor for cement mortars was calculated for the first time. The results obtained from the experimental activity performed on the damage layers indicate that gypsum, due to the deposition of atmospheric sulphur compounds, is the main damage product at surfaces sheltered from rain run-off at Centennial Hall and Casa Galleria Vichi. By contrast, gypsum has not been identified in the samples collected at Chiesa dell'Autostrada del Sole. This is connected to the restoration works, particularly surface cleaning, regularly performed for the maintenance of the building. Moreover, the results obtained demonstrated the correlation between the location of the building and the composition of the damage layer: Centennial Hall is mainly undergoing to the impact of pollutants emitted from the close coal power stations, whilst Casa Galleria Vichi is principally affected by pollutants from vehicular exhaust in front of the building.

L'Ars Analytica di Francois Viete: Isagoge, Notae Priores, Zeteticorum libri.

L'elaborato consiste nella prima traduzione italiana delle tre opere cardine dell'Ars Analytica di François Viète. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di condurre un’analisi, attraverso la traduzione, il commento e l’interpretazione di Isagoge in Artem analyticem, Ad Logisticem Speciosam Notae Priores, Zeteticorum libri quinque, testi fondamentali per lo sviluppo dell’algebra come disciplina autonoma e obiettiva, prestando particolare attenzione anche alle interpretazioni geometriche proposte dagli allievi di Viète. Infine vengono analizzati gli zetetici, cioè i problemi, riguardanti la risoluzione delle equazioni diofantee di secondo e terzo grado alla luce delle osservazioni riportate da Fermat nella sua copia dell’Aritmetica (edizione di Claude Gaspard Bacheti, 1621). Fermat, infatti propone un’analisi del testo diofanteo che va al di là di una semplice traduzione, ottenendo risultati che sono ben noti agli storici della matematica e ai matematici.

Le Traduzioni del Corano in Occidente

Ho deciso di documentarmi e di scrivere riguardo la traduzione del Corano e la sua storia in Occidente, in particolare in Italia, per poter comprendere meglio la cultura e il punto di vista di un popolo tanto simile quanto diverso dal mio. In seguito alla mia esperienza personale in Giordania e agli studi svolti fin’ora, mi sono resa conto di come la conoscenza di questo testo, anche se parziale, sia indispensabile per chiunque desideri entrare in contatto col mondo arabo. Riconoscendo le mie lacune in materia e intenzionata a proseguire con lo studio della lingua araba, ho deciso di rimediare scrivendo una tesi che potesse essere uno strumento utile per me, ma anche per tutti gli studenti futuri che, come me, desidereranno approfondire lo studio della cultura araba, oltre a quello della lingua. Dopo una breve introduzione sulla struttura e sulle origini storico-religiose del testo maomettano, proseguirò dunque la mia tesi sulla traduzione del Corano, concentrandomi sulle primissime versioni tradotte in Occidente e, in particolare, sulla prima traduzione italiana del testo sacro all’Islam. Fondamentale per lo studio del Corano e della sua traduzione è stato lo studio della storia, specialmente l’analisi del XVI secolo. Il passaggio dalla fine del Medioevo all’inizio dell’Età moderna porta infatti una serie di cambiamenti, rivoluzioni tecnologiche e filosofiche uniche nella storia europea e mondiale. Oltre ad aver ricercato la storia e tutte le informazioni utili sulle prime traduzioni del Corano in Europa, mi sono anche documentata sulle versioni più moderne, citando sia quelle di traduttori europei in generale, che quelle di autori italiani. Infine ho confrontato le due versioni de ‘Il Corano’ tradotte in lingua italiana da Bausani e Riccardo Hamza Piccardo: il primo studioso attento e traduttore esperto, il secondo religioso che rifiuta la traduzione classica per la traduzione interpretativa.

Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Al-Niffarī mistico speculativo ovvero poeta mistico

Dopo una breve scheda bio-bibliografica su Niffarī, la ricerca si sviluppa in quattro capitoli: il primo esplora i primi secoli detti di ‘formazione’ del misticismo musulmano in una prospettiva storico speculativa e storico linguistica fino alla fine del decimo secolo e alle soglie dell’undicesimo, attraverso i mistici più significativi che elaborano una grammatica e un linguaggio tecnico che esprime l’esperienza mistica – indispensabili per cogliere la statura e l’originalità del mistico in oggetto. Nel capitolo successivo, si delineano i tratti del pensiero di Niffarī attraverso i suoi scritti, con attenzione all’aspetto speculativo, e confronti con testi di altri sufi contemporanei o precedenti. Il terzo capitolo affronta Niffarī sotto l’aspetto poetico, cioè dell’espressione, dell’innovazione e della modernità rispetto al suo tempo e al nostro, in analogia con un ambito artistico. Infine l’ultimo capitolo propone una prima versione italiana dall’arabo, di un breve trattato di Niffarī sull’Amore.

Disorganization and timing of motor behavior : insight from gesture impairments and movement patterns in schizophrenia

Background: Motor symptoms are frequent phenomena across the entire course of schizophrenia1. Some have argued that disorganized behavior was associated with aberrant motor behavior. We have studied the association of motor disturbances and disorganization in two projects focusing on the timing of movements. Method: In two studies, we assessed motor behavior and psychopathology. The first study applied a validated test of upper limb apraxia in 30 schizophrenia patients2,3. We used standardized video assessments of hand gestures by a blinded rater. The second study tested the stability of movement patterns using time series analysis in actigraphy data of 100 schizophrenia patients4. Both stability of movement patterns and the overall amount of movement were calculated from data of two hours with high degrees of social interaction comparable across the 100 subjects. Results: In total, 67% of the patients had gesture performance deficits3. Most frequently, they made spatial, temporal and body-part-as-object errors. Gesture performance relied on frontal lobe function2. Poor gesture performance was associated with increased disorganization scores. In the second study, we found disorganization to be predicted only by more irregular movement patterns irrespective of the overall amount of movement4. Conclusion : Both studies provide evidence for a link between aberrant timing of motor behavior and disorganization. Disturbed movement control seems critical for disorganized behavior in schizophrenia.

Increment thickness versus dentin bond strength of bulk fill flowables

Objectives: The aim was to investigate the influence of increment thickness on shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin of a conventional and two bulk fill flowable composites. Methods: A total of 135 specimens of ground human dentin were produced (n=15/group; 3 increment thicknesses; 3 flowable composites) and the dentin surfaces were treated with the adhesive system OptiBond FL (Kerr) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Split Teflon molds (inner diameter: 3.6 mm) of 2 mm, 4 mm, or 6 mm height allowing three increment thicknesses were clamped on the dentin surfaces and filled with either the conventional flowable Filtek Supreme XTE ((XTE); 3M ESPE) or the bulk fill flowables Filtek Bulk Fill ((FBF); 3M ESPE) or SDR ((SDR); DENTSPLY Caulk). The flowable composites were light-cured for 20 s (Demi LED; Kerr) and the specimens stored for 24 h (37°C, 100% humidity). Specimens were then subjected to a SBS-test in a universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min (Zwick Z010; Zwick GmbH & Co.). SBS-values were statistically analysed with a nonparametrical ANOVA followed by exact Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α=0.05). Failure mode of the specimens was determined under a stereomicroscope at 25× magnification. Results: SBS-values (MPa) at 2 mm/4 mm/6 mm increment thicknesses (mean value [standard deviation]) were for XTE: 18.8 [2.6]/17.6 [1.6]/16.7 [3.1], for FBF: 20.6 [2.7]/17.8 [2.7]/18.7 [2.9], and for SDR: 21.7 [2.6]/18.5 [2.6]/20.3 [3.0]. For all three flowable composites, 2 mm increments yielded the highest SBS-values whereas for increments of 4 mm and 6 mm no differences were detected. All specimens presented failure modes involving cohesive failure in dentin. Conclusion: The influence of increment thickness on dentin SBS was less pronounced than expected. However, the high number of cohesive failures in dentin, reflecting the efficiency of the adhesive system, suggests a limited discriminatory power of the SBS-test.

Output processing and automatic reporting with Stata

This talk illustrates how results from various Stata commands can be processed efficiently for inclusion in customized reports. A two-step procedure is proposed in which results are gathered and archived in the first step and then tabulated in the second step. Such an approach disentangles the tasks of computing results (which may take long) and preparing results for inclusion in presentations, papers, and reports (which you may have to do over and over). Examples using results from model estimation commands and various other Stata commands such as tabulate, summarize, or correlate are presented. Users will also be shown how to dynamically link results into word processors or into LaTeX documents.

A low cost and widely applicable methodology of digital imagen analysis of ores for mineral and envirommental engineering

Technological and environmental problems related to ore processing are a serious limitation for sustainable development of mineral resources, particularly for countries / companies rich in ores, but with little access to sophisticated technology, e.g. in Latin America. Digital image analysis (DIA) can provide a simple, unexpensive and broadly applicable methodology to assess these problems, but this methodology has to be carefully defined, to produce reproducible and relevant information.