Diagnóstico ambiental de duas empresas

Mestrado em Engenharia Química - Ramo Tecnologias de Protecção Ambiental

Environmental performance policy indicators for the public sector: The case of the defence sector

Journal of Environmental Management, nº 82 p. 410–432

Implementação do Sistema de Gestão Ambiental na Unidade Industrial de Gouveia, da Sumol+Compal

Esta dissertação descreve o levantamento da gestão de uma unidade fabril no âmbito do engarrafamento de águas, para a implementação de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental (SGA) recorrendo á Norma NP EN ISO 14001:2012 tendo como objetivo proporcionar a melhoria contínua dos processos implementados na empresa bem como todos os benefícios que este referencial pressupõe. Foi realizada, numa primeira fase, uma auditoria diagnóstico com uma visita á fabrica no âmbito da implementação da ISO 14001, e posteriormente realizado todo o trabalho de aplicação ao referencial. Este trabalho consistiu a abordagem a todos os requisitos da norma ISO 14001 com principal foco na fase de Planeamento de um SGA, procurando-se responder essencialmente ao requisito 4.3 da referida norma. Procedeu-se á identificação das atividades da empresa (entradas e saídas), dos aspetos ambientais associados (respetiva significância) e levantamento dos requisitos legais aplicáveis (obrigações). Os restantes requisitos foram abordados e fez-se uma sugestão para o seu cumprimento, para além de que muitos já se encontram em cumprimento por compatibilidade com a norma ISO 9001 da qual a empresa já se encontra certificada. Esta dissertação pretende discutir e apresentar propostas para a implementação do SGA, possíveis vantagens daí decorrentes e as barreiras a ultrapassar (aspetos ambientais significativos) de maneiras a por em prática os requisitos do referencial normativo que venha a ser adotado. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica destas temáticas e, ainda que estas medidas propostas não tenham sido implementadas, assim que implementadas esperam-se ganhos na economia de recursos como também outros benefícios descritos ao longo da dissertação que permita, com implementação do SGA não só enquanto estratégia, ser inovadora e competitiva.

Estudio de gestión de la finca La Esperanza, municipio de Pueblo Nuevo, Nicaragua

El presente proyecto tiene como finalidad el análisis de la Finca la Esperanza, en la localidad de Pueblo Nuevo, en la República de Nicaragua. En dicho análisis se estudian parámetros edáficos, calidad de agua y económicos, con el objetivo de poder plantear una propuesta de mejora en los rendimientos de la finca tanto a nivel económico como ambiental. La iniciativa de realizar este estudio surge de las necesidades del propio agricultor, que plantea el desarrollo rural sobre la base de actividades respetuosas con el medio. Las estrategias a los problemas sociales originados por la producción agraria industrial, como el éxodo rural, la pérdida de la agricultura convencional, la nueva función de los espacios agrarios de la sociedad, etc., se formalizaron en el denominado Desarrollo Sostenible. A nivel de finca cualquier concepción de sustentabilidad necesita que el agrosistema sea considerado como un ecosistema, en el que la investigación y la producción busquen no solamente altos rendimientos sino la optimización del sistema como un todo. Tal propósito requiere armonizar una viabilidad económica con otras variables, como estabilidad ecológica y equidad social. Para ello, los principios básicos de un sistema sostenible son: la conservación de los recursos renovables, la adaptación del cultivo al ambiente y el mantenimiento de un moderado pero sostenible nivel de producción. Como resultado de los análisis y observaciones hechas a lo largo de la estancia en la finca, se propone un plan de actuación de 10 años de duración en los cuales se procura alcanzar no únicamente unas cuotas máximas de rendimiento sino también la supervivencia de los recursos, base de la familia Videa Vanegas, propietarios.

Cap a l'autosuficiència energètica: barri La Plana, Sitges

En el present estudi s’ha analitzat si és possible l’autosuficiència energètica al barri projectat de La Plana de Sitges a partir de fonts renovables d’energia. S’ha realitzat un anàlisi de l’oferta potencial del barri de La Plana, format per habitatges unifamiliars i plurifamiliars, serveis i equipaments i s’ha comparat el potencial de producció energètica dels recursos renovables locals a cada subsistema i pel sistema de La Plana. Diferenciant si són una Oferta estàndard (4.000 MWh/a) seguint la Normativa d’ecoeficiència de Sitges o bé una Oferta renovable (19.000 MWh/a) segons un Ecobarri proposat en aquest projecte a partir d’energia solar fotovoltaica i tèrmica. En l’estudi de la demanda, diferenciant entre una Demanda estàndard (39.000 MWh/a), respon al total de La Plana seguint el consum d’un habitatge tipus de la mitjana catalana (ICAEN, 2002) i una Demanda eficient (20.800 MWh/a) seguint un model de baix consum projectat en un Ecobarri de Barcelona. (Vallbona, 2009). Per analitzar de forma detallada les variables d’oferta i demanda, s’han proposat quatre escenaris diferents on es valoren l’autosuficiència energètica del sistema de la Plana i aspectes ambientals d’emissions derivades de la utilització de l’energia. El primer escenari és l’estàndard i és el resultat d’analitzar conjuntament una oferta i una demanda estàndard. Al segon escenari conflueixen una Oferta Estàndard i una Demanda Eficient. En el tercer escenari coincideixen una Oferta Renovable i una Demanda Estàndard. El quart i últim escenari respon a la proposta d’Ecobarri on l’Oferta és renovable i la Demanda eficient. Tanmateix, s’ha realitzat un estudi sobre els aspectes econòmics de La Plana que s’estimen en uns beneficis per la venda de l’energia d’uns 5 milions d’euros anuals i uns costos d’instal·lació de 80 milions d’euros. Finalment s’ha constatat que és possible assolir una autosuficiència del 90% a l’escenari Ecobarri (oferta renovable - demanda eficient). Mitjançant la instal·lació de sistemes de captació solar a les cobertes, cobrint el 100% de la demanda d’ACS, i captadors solars FV, ambdues estratègies són viables i representen beneficis econòmics i una reducció d’emissions de l’ordre de 13.700 Tn CO2 equivalents anuals que suposen un estalvi del 88% respecte un escenari d’oferta i demanda estàndard.

Dialyse et écologie: est-il possible de faire mieux à l'avenir [Dialysis and ecology: can we do better in the future?].

Development of dialysis has saved the lives of many patients. However, haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are very demanding in resources such as water and electricity, and generate a large amount of waste. In this article, we will review the environmental aspects of dialysis. Different solutions will be discussed, such as recycling of water discharged during reverse osmosis, the integration of solar energy, recycling of waste plastics, and the use of other techniques such as sorbent dialysis. In a world where natural resources are precious and where global warming is a major problem, it is important that not only dialysis, but all branches of medicine become more attentive to ecology.

The capital gains from trade are not enough: Evidence from the environmental accounts of Venezuela and Mexico

In principle, a country can not endure negative genuine savings for longperiods of time without experiencing declining consumption. Nevertheless,theoreticians envisage two alternatives to explain how an exporter ofnon-renewable natural resources could experience permanent negativegenuine savings and still ensure sustainability. The first one allegesthat the capital gains arising from the expected improvement in theterms of trade would suffice to compensate for the negative savings ofthe resource exporter. The second alternative points at technologicalchange as a way to avoid economic collapse. This paper uses the dataof Venezuela and Mexico to empirically test the first of these twohypotheses. The results presented here prove that the terms oftrade do not suffice to compensate the depletion of oil reservesin these two open economies.

The significant behavioral aspects of adopted children within successful adoption in Romania

The human behavior is giving the entire picture of a person. The behavior is based on a complex combination of personal innate factors, experience and education and the social network within which the individual is integrated. Each moment the complex individual factors face external and internal environmental aspects which in turn, generate proactive and retroactive reactions. The adoption process is an important and challenging social experiment, bringing to the adopted child a new affiliation, social network, experiences and educational standards. This comes in his/her life after the trauma of losing his biological affiliation and social and emotional support. Which are the significant characteristics of the adopted child's behavior? Which are the behavioral characteristics of the adoptive child that guarantee the success of the domestic adoptions in Romania? These are the questions we are going to answer here based on the research done within FISAN(6) project. The 32 children, 11-16 years old, adopted by Romanian families, during the early ages (0-4 years), were evaluated with complex evaluation tools for children and parents. The adoptive families participating in the research live in the Western counties of Romania.Successful adoption is defined as secure attachment of the adopted child. The conclusions emphasize the importance of: the pro-social behavior, the loving behavior showed to the parents, the assertive behavior, the differentiations between parents and people outside the family, and between the two parents, and the humor. These behaviors displayed by the adopted children are the ingredients of a successful integration within the adoptive family.

Evaluation of statistical and geostatistical models of digital soil properties mapping in tropical mountain regions

Soil properties have an enormous impact on economic and environmental aspects of agricultural production. Quantitative relationships between soil properties and the factors that influence their variability are the basis of digital soil mapping. The predictive models of soil properties evaluated in this work are statistical (multiple linear regression-MLR) and geostatistical (ordinary kriging and co-kriging). The study was conducted in the municipality of Bom Jardim, RJ, using a soil database with 208 sampling points. Predictive models were evaluated for sand, silt and clay fractions, pH in water and organic carbon at six depths according to the specifications of the consortium of digital soil mapping at the global level (GlobalSoilMap). Continuous covariates and categorical predictors were used and their contributions to the model assessed. Only the environmental covariates elevation, aspect, stream power index (SPI), soil wetness index (SWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and b3/b2 band ratio were significantly correlated with soil properties. The predictive models had a mean coefficient of determination of 0.21. Best results were obtained with the geostatistical predictive models, where the highest coefficient of determination 0.43 was associated with sand properties between 60 to 100 cm deep. The use of a sparse data set of soil properties for digital mapping can explain only part of the spatial variation of these properties. The results may be related to the sampling density and the quantity and quality of the environmental covariates and predictive models used.

Energy Information Report, 2011

In its 2007 Session, the Iowa General Assembly passed, and Governor Culver signed into law, extensive and far-reaching state energy policy legislation. This legislation created the Iowa Office of Energy Independence and the Iowa Power Fund. It also required a report to be issued each year detailing: • The historical use and distribution of energy in Iowa. • The growth rate of energy consumption in Iowa, including rates of growth for each energy source. • A projection of Iowa’s energy needs through the year 2025 at a minimum. • The impact of meeting Iowa’s energy needs on the economy of the state, including the impact of energy production and use on greenhouse gas emissions. • An evaluation of renewable energy sources, including the current and future technological potential for such sources. Much of the energy information for this report has been derived from the on-line resources of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the United States Department of Energy (USDOE). The EIA provides policy-independent data, forecasts and analyses on energy production, stored supplies, consumption and prices. For complete, economy-wide information, the most recent data available is for the year 2008. For some energy sectors, more current data is available from EIA and other sources and, when available, such information has been included in this report.

Iowa Power Fund Board Project Report Update, July 20, 2009

The technology used in this proposal is Bioprocess Algae’s Vertical Mounted Photo bioreactor.  Inputs to this system are CO2 from a rich source, here an ethanol plant, nutrients, wastewater from the ethanol  plant, sunlight and waste heat if available.  The outputs from this system are algae oil, which is similar to  other vegetable oils, dilapidated algae meal, and dry whole algae.  Application use of the oil will be  biodiesel feedstock, an alternative feedstock for ethanol or as a feedstock for other energy production  processes. 

Iowa Office of Energy Independence Annual Report, 2010

The Office of Energy Independence (Office) is the state agency responsible for setting the strategic direction, directing policy, conducting energy related outreach and administering programs that optimize energy production and efficiency to secure Iowa’s clean energy future. The Office performed its duties as set forth in Iowa Code 469.3(2), managed the Iowa Power Fund and federal U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) grants funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), as well as an annual federal appropriation that supports the Office’s operational costs. As part of the national network for energy security, the Office is responsible for ensuring state emer- gency preparedness and quick recovery and restoration from any energy supply disruptions.

Iowa Power Fund Economic Impact Study, December 2010

This report presents a summary of the economic impact of the 31 projects supported by the Iowa Power Fund from 2008 through September 2010. The focus of the report is on the economic and fiscal impacts resulting from the projects supported by the Iowa Power Fund. As a part of the study, project related construction impacts were estimated for projects including a construction phase. In addition, Impact Data Source developed projections to estimate the potential long‐term impacts of the project for the State of Iowa and the nation. Using data reported by project managers on economic impact data sheets, information gathered from the project’s application and conversations conducted with the project manager, an individual impact analysis was produced for each of the 31 projects.    Renewable Energy Research and Iowa  All of the research and commercialization projects funded by the Iowa Power Fund contribute to reducing the  state’s reliance on fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable energy. These projects focus on many  different types of renewable energy and various aspects of energy efficiency and conservation. Overall, the  research supported by the Iowa Power Fund seeks to capitalize on Iowa’s resources and economic base to help  the state become a leader in renewable energy.     Iowa is the nation’s leader in corn production and, not surprisingly also the nation’s leader in ethanol  production. A number of funded projects seek to increase or improve ethanol production through utilizing more  parts of the corn plant or improving the drying processes related to production. Several biodiesel projects seek  new ways to produce biodiesel and utilize more of the co‐products in livestock feed. One project is  demonstrating electricity generation from farm and other industrial waste at a large scale. While these  advancements in biofuels and renewable energy may be replicated outside of the state, the funded projects will  disproportionately benefit Iowa in the long run, given how these projects are so tied to Iowa’s strong agriculture  industry.     The manufacturing industry is the leading employment sector in Iowa and the state’s focus on renewable energy  may help strengthen this industry. Many of the projects supported by the Iowa Power Fund are researching  ways to improve wind turbine manufacturing or reduce the cost of solar energy. Manufacturing related to  renewable energy will likely grow in Iowa and help support a transitioning economy.