Energy band alignment of SiO2/ZnO interface determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Thin SiO2 interlayer is the key to improving the electroluminescence characteristics of light emitting diodes based on ZnO heterojunctions, but little is known of the band offsets of SiO2/ZnO. In this letter, energy band alignment of SiO2/ZnO interface was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band offset Delta E-V of SiO2/ZnO interface is determined to be 0.93 +/- 0.15 eV. According to the relationship between the conduction band offset Delta E-C and the valence band offset Delta E-V Delta E-C=E-g(SiO2)-E-g(ZnO)-Delta E-V, and taking the room-temperature band-gaps of 9.0 and 3.37 eV for SiO2 and ZnO, respectively, a type-I band-energy alignment of SiO2/ZnO interface with a conduction band offset of 4.70 +/- 0.15 eV is found. The accurate determination of energy band alignment of SiO2/ZnO is helpful for designing of SiO2/ZnO hybrid devices and is also important for understanding their carrier transport properties. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI 10.1063/1.3204028]

Localized-Surface-Plasmon Enhanced the 357 nm Forward Emission from ZnMgO Films Capped by Pt Nanoparticles

The Pt nanoparticles (NPs), which posses the wider tunable localized-surface-plasmon (LSP) energy varying from deep ultraviolet to visible region depending on their morphology, were prepared by annealing Pt thin films with different initial mass-thicknesses. A sixfold enhancement of the 357 nm forward emission of ZnMgO was observed after capping with Pt NPs, which is due to the resonance coupling between the LSP of Pt NPs and the band-gap emission of ZnMgO. The other factors affecting the ultraviolet emission of ZnMgO, such as emission from Pt itself and light multi-scattering at the interface, were also discussed. These results indicate that Pt NPs can be used to enhance the ultraviolet emission through the LSP coupling for various wide band-gap semiconductors.

Enhancement of field emission of the ZnO film by the reduced work function and the increased conductivity via hydrogen plasma treatment

The ZnO films deposited by magnetron sputtering were treated by H/O plasma. It is found that the field emission (FE) characteristics of the ZnO film are considerably improved after H-plasma treatment and slightly deteriorated after O-plasma treatment. The improvement of FE characteristics is attributed to the reduced work function and the increased conductivity of the ZnO H films. Conductive atomic force microscopy was employed to investigate the effect of the plasma treatment on the nanoscale conductivity of ZnO, these findings correlate well with the FE data and facilitate a clearer description of electron emission from the ZnO H films.

Carbon nanotubes as materials in nanotechnology

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow tubes of sp2-hybridised carbon with diameters of the order of nanometres. Due to their unique physical properties, which include ballistic transport and high mechanical strength, they are of significant interest for technological applications. The electronic properties of CNTs are of particular interest for use as gas sensors, interconnect materials in the semi-conductor industry and as the channel material in CNT based field effect transistors. The primary difficulty associated with the use of CNTs in electronic applications is the inability to control electronic properties at the growth stage; as grown CNTs consist of a mixture of metallic and semi-conducting CNTs. Doping has the potential to solve this problem and is a focus of this thesis. Nitrogen-doped CNTs typically have defective structures; the usual hollow CNT structure is replaced by a series of compartments. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results, we propose an explanation for the defective structures obtained, based on the stronger binding of N to the growth catalyst in comparison to C. In real electronic devices, CNTs need to be contacted to metal, we generate the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of metal-contacted CNTs considering both the effect of dopants and the structure of the interface region on electronic properties. We find that substitutionally doped CNTs produce Ohmic contacts and that scattering at the interface is strongly influenced by structure. In addition, we consider the effect of the common vacancy defects on the electronic properties of large diameter CNTs. Defects increase scattering in the CNT, with the greatest scattering occurring for the largest defect (555777). We validate the independent scattering approximation for small diameter CNTs, which enables mean free paths in large diameter CNTs to be calculated, with a smaller mean free paths found for larger defects.

Zeros and Os:Silence, Absence and Erasure in an Intercultural O-thello

The performative function of sound and music has received little attention in performance theory and criticism and certainly much less so in studies of intercultural theatre. Such an absence is noteworthy particularly since interculturalism is an appropriative Western theatrical form that absorbs Eastern sources to re-create the targeted Western mise en scene. Consequently, a careful consideration of the employment of sound and music are imperative for sound and music form the vertebrae of Asian traditional performance practices. In acoustemological and ethnomusicological studies, sound and music demarcate cultural boundaries and locate cultures by an auditory (dis)recognition. In the light of this need for a more considered understanding of the performative function of sound and music in intercultural performance, this paper seeks to examine the soundscapes of an intercultural production of Shakespeare’s Othello – Desdemona. Directed by Singaporean Ong Keng Sen, Desdemona was a re-scripting of Shakespeare’s text and a self-conscious performance an identity politics. Staged with a multi-ethnic, multi-national cast, Desdemona employed various Asian performance traditions such as Sanskrit Kutiyattam, Myanmarese puppetry, and Korean p’ansori to create the intercultural spectacle. The spectacle was not only a visual aesthetic but an aural one as well. By examining the soundscapes of fractured silences and eruptive cultural sounds the paper hopes to establish the ways in which Desdemona performs absences and erasures of ‘Asia’ in a simultaneous act of performing an Asian Shakespeare.

A Document in Madness:Ophelia's Music of Insanity

This paper considers the musicological aspects of the songs performed by Ophelia in Shakespeare's Hamlet. It proposes a reconsideration of the concept of madness and insanity by an attentive, attuned and learned listening to the songs sung by Ophelia and the ways in which they are performed and received.

Qualidade do processo de supervisão da investigação doutoral - desenho de um referencial para a sua avaliação e monitorização

Face à existência de um vazio teórico-conceptual e empírico no contexto investigativo português no que concerne à supervisão da investigação doutoral, este trabalho visa contribuir para a compreensão integrada deste fenómeno. Especificamente, com este estudo pretendemos construir um referencial de qualidade do processo de supervisão da investigação doutoral, em particular na ‘corporização’ dos perfis de qualidade dos dois mais importantes intervenientes - supervisores e estudantes de doutoramento – pela identificação de competências transversais às mais variadas áreas disciplinares. Desta forma, será possível desenhar-se, num futuro próximo, não só recomendações a nível institucional de índole mais praxiológica, como também um processo de avaliação e de monitorização adequado. Tendo em consideração o contexto português e o objetivo central do estudo, foram revisitados (i) discursos da política educativa de Ensino Superior de âmbito europeu e (ii) discursos fundamentados na investigação de índole internacional. Ambos permitiram contextualizar o fenómeno, perceber as tendências existentes, sintetizar as contribuições de variados referenciais e modelos existentes, e planear, em específico, a investigação, particularmente em termos de recolha de dados. A investigação, predominantemente de cariz qualitativo, foi conduzida na Universidade de Aveiro, tendo sido seguido o método de estudo de caso: baseou-se nas ‘vozes’ de supervisores e estudantes de doutoramento desta instituição relativamente ao que deve estar presente no processo de supervisão de investigação doutoral. A recolha de dados iniciou-se com entrevistas semiestruturadas, de âmbito exploratório, a especialistas em supervisão pedagógica - o tema semântica e epistemologicamente mais próximo do fenómeno em estudo. Foi realizada, pois, uma primeira aproximação ao ‘terreno’ a nível nacional e foram depuradas as dimensões que deveriam estar presentes no instrumento de recolha de dados do momento subsequente. Em seguida, foram realizados focus groups com supervisores e estudantes de doutoramento da Universidade de Aveiro. As conceções partilhadas em grupo puderam ser categorizadas segundo (i) o enquadramento do processo supervisivo e investigativo de doutoramento, nomeadamente no que concerne à natureza e ao valor do doutoramento atribuídos pelos participantes, assim como ao processo de transformação que experienciam; (ii) a qualidade do processo supervisivo e investigativo de doutoramento, consoante aspectos intrínsecos, dos quais se ressalta o perfil desejável de qualidade do supervisor e do estudante, pela identificação de um conjunto de competências fulcrais, e aspectos extrínsecos aos indivíduos; e (iii) os problemas do processo supervisivo e investigativo de doutoramento, considerando, novamente, aspectos intrínsecos e extrínsecos aos indivíduos. O último momento de recolha de dados foi realizado através da aplicação de questionários a supervisores e estudantes da Universidade de Aveiro. Assim, foi possível debruçarmo-nos especificamente sobre os perfis de qualidade de estudantes e supervisores. As competências integradas nos questionários foram provenientes dos resultados dos focus groups, tendo sido consideradas as mais importantes. Nos questionários foi solicitado aos respondentes que revelassem o seu grau de concordância relativamente às competências que deveriam fazer parte dos perfis de qualidade. Foi, então, possível proceder a uma análise e reflexão sobre o estabelecimento de uma hierarquia de competências, numa tentativa de depurar os perfis de qualidade dos elementos da díade supervisiva. Assim, conclui-se que há variáveis que podem influenciar o estabelecimento dessa hierarquia, reforçando que o processo supervisivo, quando refletido, avaliado e monitorizado, deve considerar diversos ‘contextos’ que o poderão influenciar. Todavia, há um conjunto de competências que parecem ‘isentas’ de influências, apesar de serem necessários estudos mais aprofundados para esclarecer esta assunção. Face a todo o percurso investigativo, apresenta-se, no final, um referencial de qualidade integrado e sistematizado, considerando o enquadramento teórico e o estudo empírico, assim como um sistema articulado de competências referente aos perfis de qualidade que supervisores e estudantes de doutoramento devem demonstrar e desenvolver.

Exploring and Improving Access to Direct Payments by People with Dementia Living in Rural Communities

Direct payments are cash payments made to individuals eligible for social care services which allow them to manage their own social care. Research suggests that direct payments can enable people with dementia to stay in their own home for longer and experience greater choice, flexibility and an improved social life. However uptake of direct payments is currently low. The first objective of this research was to explore the experiences of people with dementia living in rural communities, in relation to their access to direct payments. 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted with people with dementia in receipt of social care services in the community, and their carers and social workers. Focus groups were carried out with two community social work teams. Direct payments appeared to afford particular benefits to people with dementia and to those living in rural communities in terms of flexibility, continuity of care and access to local facilities. However it was found that many service users were daunted by the thought of managing their own social care budget. The second objective of the research was to design and pilot test an intervention aimed at increasing uptake of direct payments by people with dementia. This comprised a session delivered to a team of social workers, aimed at encouraging them to offer combined direct payments to service users as a potentially less daunting alternative to full direct payments. Combined direct payments enable service users to receive part of their social care budget as a direct payment while the remainder is retained and managed by the Local Authority. In order to evaluate the intervention direct payment uptake will be examined for the six-month period before and after the intervention session, and social workers in the intervention team will be interviewed about their experiences of offering combined direct payments to service users.