Examination of Curing Criteria for Cold In-Place Recycling, TR-553, 2008

Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR) has been used widely in rehabilitating the rural highways because it improves a long-term pavement performance. A CIR layer is normally covered by a hot mix asphalt (HMA) overlay in order to protect it from water ingress and traffic abrasion and obtain the required pavement structure and texture. Curing is the term currently used for the period of time that a CIR layer should remain exposed to drying conditions before an HMA overlay is placed. The industry standard for curing time is 10 days to 14 days or a maximum moisture content of 1.5 percent, which appear to be very conservative. When the exposed CIR layer is required to carry traffic for many weeks before the wearing surface is placed, it increases the risk of a premature failure in both CIR layer and overlay. This study was performed to explore technically sound ways to identify minimum in-place CIR properties necessary to permit placement of the HMA overlay. To represent the curing process of CIR pavement in the field construction, three different laboratory curing procedures were examined: 1) uncovered, 2) semi-covered and 3) covered specimens. The indirect tensile strength of specimens in all three curing conditions did not increase during an early stage of curing but increased during a later stage of curing usually when the moisture content falls below 1.5%. Dynamic modulus and flow number increased as curing time increased and moisture contents decreased. For the same curing time, CIR-foam specimens exhibited the higher tensile strength and less moisture content than CIR-emulsion. The laboratory test results concluded that the method of curing temperature and length of the curing period significantly affect the properties of the CIR mixtures. The moisture loss index was developed to predict the moisture condition in the field and, in the future, this index be calibrated with the measurements of temperature and moisture of a CIR layer in the field.

Examination of Curing Criteria for Cold In-Place Recycling Phase 2: Measuring Temperature, Moisture, Deflection and Distress from CIR Test Section, TR-590, 2009

The previous research performed laboratory experiments to measure the impacts of the curing on the indirect tensile strength of both CIR-foam and CIR-emulsion mixtures. However, a fundamental question was raised during the previous research regarding a relationship between the field moisture content and the laboratory moisture content. Therefore, during this research, both temperature and moisture conditions were measured in the field by embedding the sensors at a midpoint and a bottom of the CIR layer. The main objectives of the research are to: (1) measure the moisture levels throughout a CIR layer and (2) develop a moisture loss index to determine the optimum curing time of CIR layer before HMA overlay. To develop a set of moisture loss indices, the moisture contents and temperatures of CIR-foam and CIR-emulsion layers were monitored for five months. Based on the limited field experiment, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The moisture content of the CIR layer can be monitored accurately using the capacitance type moisture sensor. 2. The moisture loss index for CIR layers is a viable tool in determining the optimum timing for an overlay without measuring actual moisture contents. 3. The modulus back-calculated based on the deflection measured by FWD seemed to be in a good agreement with the stiffness measured by geo-gauge. 4. The geo-gauge should be considered for measuring the stiffness of CIR layer that can be used to determine the timing of an overlay. 5. The stiffness of CIR-foam layer increased as a curing time increased and it seemed to be more influenced by a temperature than moisture content. The developed sets of moisture loss indices based on the field measurements will help pavement engineers determine an optimum timing of an overlay without continually measuring moisture conditions in the field using a nuclear gauge.

Examination of Curing Criteria for Cold In-Place Recycling (Phase 3: Calibration of Moisture Loss Indices and Development of Stiffness Gain Model), TR-609, 2011

In the previous study, moisture loss indices were developed based on the field measurements from one CIR-foam and one CIR-emulsion construction sites. To calibrate these moisture loss indices, additional CIR construction sites were monitored using embedded moisture and temperature sensors. In addition, to determine the optimum timing of an HMA overlay on the CIR layer, the potential of using the stiffness of CIR layer measured by geo-gauge instead of the moisture measurement by a nuclear gauge was explored. Based on the monitoring the moisture and stiffness from seven CIR project sites, the following conclusions are derived: 1. In some cases, the in-situ stiffness remained constant and, in other cases, despite some rainfalls, stiffness of the CIR layers steadily increased during the curing time. 2. The stiffness measured by geo-gauge was affected by a significant amount of rainfall. 3. The moisture indices developed for CIR sites can be used for predicting moisture level in a typical CIR project. The initial moisture content and temperature were the most significant factors in predicting the future moisture content in the CIR layer. 4. The stiffness of a CIR layer is an extremely useful tool for contractors to use for timing their HMA overlay. To determine the optimal timing of an HMA overlay, it is recommended that the moisture loss index should be used in conjunction with the stiffness of the CIR layer.

Reggies/flotillins interact with Rab11a and SNX4 at the tubulovesicular recycling compartment and function in transferrin receptor and E-cadherin trafficking.

The lipid raft proteins reggie-1 and -2 (flotillins) are implicated in membrane protein trafficking but exactly how has been elusive. We find that reggie-1 and -2 associate with the Rab11a, SNX4, and EHD1-decorated tubulovesicular recycling compartment in HeLa cells and that reggie-1 directly interacts with Rab11a and SNX4. Short hairpin RNA-mediated down-regulation of reggie-1 (and -2) in HeLa cells reduces association of Rab11a with tubular structures and impairs recycling of the transferrin-transferrin receptor (TfR) complex to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of constitutively active Rab11a rescues TfR recycling in reggie-deficient HeLa cells. Similarly, in a Ca(2+) switch assay in reggie-depleted A431 cells, internalized E-cadherin is not efficiently recycled to the plasma membrane upon Ca(2+) repletion. E-cadherin recycling is rescued, however, by overexpression of constitutively active Rab11a or SNX4 in reggie-deficient A431 cells. This suggests that the function of reggie-1 in sorting and recycling occurs in association with Rab11a and SNX4. Of interest, impaired recycling in reggie-deficient cells leads to de novo E-cadherin biosynthesis and cell contact reformation, showing that cells have ways to compensate the loss of reggies. Together our results identify reggie-1 as a regulator of the Rab11a/SNX4-controlled sorting and recycling pathway, which is, like reggies, evolutionarily conserved.

Field Evaluation of Cold In-Place Recycling of Asphalt Concrete, HR-303, Construction Report, 1990

There are still many vintage portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements, 18 ft wide (5.4 m), dating back to pre-World War II era in use today. Successive overlays have been placed to cover joints and to improve rideability. The average thickness of the existing asphalt cement concrete (ACC) along route E66 in Tama County, Iowa, was 6.13 in. (15.6 cm). The rehabilitation strategy called for widening the base using the top 3 in. (7.6 cm) of the existing ACC by a recycling process involving cold milling and mixing with additional emulsion/rejuvenator. The material was then placed into a widening trench and compacted to match the level of the milled surface. This project was undertaken to develop a rehabilitation methodology to widen these older pavements economically and to have a finished surface capable of carrying traffic with little or no additional work.

Intracellular targeting of GLUT4 in transfected insulinoma cells: evidence for association with constitutively recycling vesicles distinct from synaptophysin and insulin vesicles.

In adipocytes and muscle cells, the GLUT4 glucose transporter isoform is present in intracellular vesicles which continuously recycle between an intracytoplasmic location and the plasma membrane. It is not clear whether the GLUT4-vesicles represent a specific kind of vesicle or resemble typical secretory granules or synaptic-like microvesicles. To approach this question, we expressed GLUT4 in the beta cell line RINm5F and determined its intracellular localization by subcellular fractionation and by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. GLUT4 was not found in insulin granules but was associated with a subpopulation of smooth-surface vesicles present in the trans-Golgi region and in vesicular structures adjacent to the plasma membrane. In the trans-Golgi region, GLUT4 did not colocalize with synaptophysin or TGN38. Incubation of the cells with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) led to colocalization of HRP and GLUT4 in some endosomal structures adjacent to the plasma membrane and in occasional trans-Golgi region vesicles. When cells were incubated in the presence of Bafilomycin A, analysis by confocal microscopy revealed GLUT4 in numerous large spots present throughout the cytoplasm, many of which costained for TGN38 and synaptophysin. By immunoelectron microscopy, numerous endosomes were observed which stained strongly for GLUT4. Together our data demonstrate that ectopic expression of GLUT4 in insulinoma cells reveals the presence of a subset of vesicular structures distinct from synaptic-like vesicles and insulin secretory granules. Furthermore, they indicate that GLUT4 constitutively recycles between the plasma membrane and its intracellular location by an endocytic route also taken by TGN38 and synaptophysin.

Polarized cell growth in Arabidopsis requires endosomal recycling mediated by GBF1-related ARF exchange factors.

Polarized tip growth is a fundamental cellular process in many eukaryotic organisms, mediating growth of neuronal axons and dendrites or fungal hyphae. In plants, pollen and root hairs are cellular model systems for analysing tip growth. Cell growth depends on membrane traffic. The regulation of this membrane traffic is largely unknown for tip-growing cells, in contrast to cells exhibiting intercalary growth. Here we show that in Arabidopsis, GBF1-related exchange factors for the ARF GTPases (ARF GEFs) GNOM and GNL2 play essential roles in polar tip growth of root hairs and pollen, respectively. When expressed from the same promoter, GNL2 (in contrast to the early-secretory ARF GEF GNL1) is able to replace GNOM in polar recycling of the auxin efflux regulator PIN1 from endosomes to the basal plasma membrane in non-tip growing cells. Thus, polar recycling facilitates polar tip growth, and GNL2 seems to have evolved to meet the specific requirement of fast-growing pollen in higher plants.

KIAA1985, a Protein Mutant in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy, Links Peripheral Nerve Myelination to Endosomal Recycling Pathways

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT) represents a heterogenous group of inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system. One form of autosomal recessive demyelinating CMT (CMT4C, 5q32) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding KIAA1985, a protein of so far unknown function. Here we show that KIAA1985 is exclusively expressed in Schwann cells. KIAA1985 is tethered to cellular membranes through an N-terminal myristic acid anchor and localizes to the perinuclear recycling compartment. A search for proteins that interact with KIAA1985 identified the small GTPase Rab11, a key regulator of recycling endosome functions. CMT4C-related missense mutations disrupt the KIAA1985/Rab11 interaction. Protein binding studies indicate that KIAA1985 functions as a Rab11 effector, as it interacts only with active forms of Rab11 (WT and Q70L) and does not interact with the GDP locked mutant (S25N). Consistent with a function of Rab11 in Schwann cell myelination, myelin formation was strongly impaired when dorsal root ganglion neurons were co-cultured with Schwann cells infected with Rab11 S25N. Our data indicate that the KIAA1985/Rab11 interaction is relevant for peripheral nerve pathophysiology and place endosomal recycling on the list of cellular mechanisms involved in Schwann cell myelination.

El mito clásico en la novela pastoril: Jorge de Montemayor y Gaspar Gil Polo

Este artículo intenta analizar y sistematizar la huella del mito clásico en algunos autores del siglo XVI, cuyo aparato crítico es una herramienta importante para determinar el grado de continuación de elementos griegos y latinos en la novela pastoril, y establecer de esta manera un balance de la utilización mítica de este género de la literatura española.

A modular tethering complex for endosomal recycling.

How proteins migrate through the interconnected organelles of the endolysosomal system is poorly understood. A piece of the puzzle has been added with the identification of a complex of tethering factors that functions in the recycling of proteins towards the cell surface.

Biochemical treatment of brown grade rejects in recycling process

Ruskeisiin kierrätysmassoihin kuuluu kulutuksen kannalta tärkeimpänä laatuna OCC (old corrugated containers). OCC sisältää noin 70-100% aaltopahvia eli pääasiassa se koostuu valkaisemattomasta kemiallisesta massasta. OCC uusiomassan ensisijainen käyttökohde on aaltopahvin valmistus. OCC:n kierrätyskuituprosessissa syntyy merkittäviä määriä rejektiä. Rejektin määrä riippuu paljolti kierrätettävän materiaalin laadusta ja puhtaudesta, mutta myös tulevan massan käyttötarkoituksesta sekä prosessiolosuhteista. OCC-prosessissa rejektoituvan aineksen määrä voi nousta korkeaksi, mikäli kierrätettävä materiaali sisältää märkälujaliimoja tai muuten raskaasti liimattuja komponentteja sekä runsaasti kontaminantteja, kuten muoveja, teippejä ja metalleja. Keskimäärin OCC-rejekti sisältää 30-60% kiinteää ainesta, 30-90% (kuivapaino) kuituja, 5-70% (kuivapaino) muoveja ja 1-10% (kuivapaino) tuhkaa. Syntynyt rejekti voidaan polttaa energiaksi tai käyttää maantäyttöaineena. Harvinaisempia sovelluksia rejektin käsittelyssä ovat rejektin kuitujen talteenotto uudelleenprosessointia varten tai alkoholin ja levuliinihapon tuottamiseen. Rejektin asianmukaisella käsittelyllä voidaan vähentää kaatopaikkakustannuksia, sekä parantaa kierrätysprosessin tuottavuutta. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia biokemiallisen käsittelyn mahdollisuudet OCC-rejektin hajotuksessa. Alustavissa laboratoriomittakaavan kokeissa etsittiin sopiva käsittelytapa, joka toteutettiin sitten pilot plant -mittakaavassa. Tulokset osoittavat, että biokemiallisen käsittelyn avulla rejekti voidaan hajottaa jolloin jätteenkäsittelykustannukset pienenevät ja kierrätyskuituprosessin taloudellisuus paranee.

Mitotic regulation by Polo-like kinase 1 and the Chromosomal Passenger Complex

During mitosis, the duplicated genome must be accurately divided between two daughter cells. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora B kinase, together with its binding partners Incenp, Survivin and Borealin (chromosomal passenger complex, CPC), have key roles in coordinating mitotic events. The accuracy of cell division is safeguarded by a signaling cascade termed the mitotic spindle checkpoint (SC), which ensures that chromosomes are not physically separated before correct bipolar attachments have been formed between kinetochores and spindle microtubules (MT). An inhibitory “wait anaphase” signal, which delays chromosome separation (anaphase onset), is created at individual kinetochores and broadcasted throughout the cell in response to lack of kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachment or proper interkinetochore tension. It is believed that the fast turnover of SC molecules at kinetochores contributes to the cell’s ability to produce this signal and enables rapid responses to changing cellular conditions. Kinetochores that lack MT attachment and tension express a certain phosphoepitope called the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope, which has been linked to SC signaling. In the experimental part, we investigated the regulation of the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope, analyzed whether CPC molecules turn over at centromeres, and dissected the mitotic roles of the CPC using a microinjection technique that allowed precise temporal control over its function. We found that the kinetochore 3F3/2 phosphoepitope is created by Plk1, and that CPC proteins exhibit constant exchange at centromeres. Moreover, we found that CPC function is necessary in the regulation of chromatid movements and spindle morphology in anaphase. In summary, we identified new functions of key mitotic regulators Plk1 and CPC, and provided insighs into the coordination of mitotic events.