Seawater carbonate chemistry, fertilization and early development of the coral eating crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci in a laboratory experiment

Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, contribute to major declines of coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. As the oceans warm and decrease in pH due to increased anthropogenic CO2 production, coral reefs are also susceptible to bleaching, disease and reduced calcification. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming may be exacerbated by COTS predation, but it is not known how this major predator will fare in a changing ocean. Because larval success is a key driver of population outbreaks, we investigated the sensitivities of larval A. planci to increased temperature (2-4 °C above ambient) and acidification (0.3-0.5 pH units below ambient) in flow-through cross-factorial experiments (3 temperature × 3 pH/pCO2 levels). There was no effect of increased temperature or acidification on fertilization or very early development. Larvae reared in the optimal temperature (28 °C) were the largest across all pH treatments. Development to advanced larva was negatively affected by the high temperature treatment (30 °C) and by both experimental pH levels (pH 7.6, 7.8). Thus, planktonic life stages of A. planci may be negatively impacted by near-future global change. Increased temperature and reduced pH had an additive negative effect on reducing larval size. The 30 °C treatment exceeded larval tolerance regardless of pH. As 30 °C sea surface temperatures may become the norm in low latitude tropical regions, poleward migration of A. planci may be expected as they follow optimal isotherms. In the absence of acclimation or adaptation, declines in low latitude populations may occur. Poleward migration will be facilitated by strong western boundary currents, with possible negative flow-on effects on high latitude coral reefs. The contrasting responses of the larvae of A. planci and those of its coral prey to ocean acidification and warming are considered in context with potential future change in tropical reef ecosystems.

The bookbinders' price-book, calculated for the different modes of binding, as agreed upon at a general meeting of the trade, in December, 1812, at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, Strand. To commence January 1st, 1813.

Xerox copy.

Remarks on the life and death of the fam'd Mr. Blood : giving an account [brace]of his plot in Ireland, to surprize Dublin Castle; several transactions in his head-quarters in the city; rescue of Captain Mason at Doncaster; attempt on the person of his Grace the Duke of Ormond; seizing on the crown and scepter in the Tower; coming into favour with his Prince; concern about his Grace the Duke of Buckingham; sickness, death, and twice interment : published for publick information.

Leaf A₂ mis-signed as A₁.

The effort of the Danish kings to recover the English crown after the death of Harthacnut,

Mode of access: Internet.

Registration appeals : determined by the Court of Common Pleas, under the 6 Vict. c. 18 : argued during Michaelmas term, 1843.

Includes index.

Lex maneriorum: or, The law and customs of England, relating to manors and lords of manors, their stewards, deputies, tenants, and others ... The whole being a methodical collection of the cases dispersed in the several volumes of the law relating to copyhold estates, and to every thing depending on that tenure. To which is added, an Appendix of all the modern entries of declarations, pleas ... demurrers, issues, special verdicts, writs of recordari, certiorari, &c., relating to the said cases. With proper tables to the whole.

Mode of access: Internet.

Decisions of the Courts of Pennsylvania [Supreme, Superior and Common Pleas] in Workmen's Compensation Cases]

Title Varies: 1916/18, 1924- , Decisions of the Courts of Pennsylvania (Supreme, Superior and Common Pleas) In Workmen's Compensation Cases; 1919-1920, the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1915 as Amended, the Rules of Procedure of M O R E

How we are governed : or, the crown, the senate, and the bench : a handbook of the constitution, government, laws, and power of Great Britain /

Mode of access: Internet.

The connexion between the kingdom of Ireland and the crown of England.

Mode of access: Internet.

Harrison's Analytical digest of all the reported cases determined in the House of lords, the several courts of common law, in banc and nisi prius, and the Court of bankruptcy: from Michaelmas term, 1856, to Easter term 1843; including also the crown cases reserved, and a full selection of equity decisions: with the manuscript cases cited in the best modern treaties not elsewhere reported: to which is added a Supplement continuing work to the year 1846.

Mode of access: Internet.

Report of the case of Timothy Upham against Hill & Barton, publishers of the New-Hampshire patriot, for alleged libels, at the Court of common pleas, Rockingham county, March and October terms, 1830.

Mode of access: Internet.

A new and accurate history of South-America : containing a particular account of some accidents leading to the discovery of the New World, of the discovery made by Columbus, and other adventures ... : with a full description of the spanish provinces of Chili, Paraguay, and Terra Firma : of Guiana, particularly of Surinam ..., and of Cayenne belonging to the french : of Brazil, subject to the Crown of Portugal : of that part of Paraguay possessed by the Jesuits, where they have established a new monarchy ... : including the geographical, natural, political, and commercial history of every province, with the religion, manners, and customs of the inhabitants : with Dissertations on the british, spanish, portuguese, french, dutch, and indian settlements /

Sabin,

Abstract and index of the records of the Inferior court of pleas (Suffolk county court) held at Boston, 1680-1698 /

"List of sources": p. 18.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the Court of Common Pleas, and other courts : from Michaelmas term, 48 Geo. III. 1807, to [Hilary term, 59 Geo. III. 1819] both inclusive. With tables of the cases and principal matters /

Includes index.

Reports of adjudged cases in the Court of Common Pleas. During the time Lord Chief Justice Willes presided in that court [1737-1758]; together with some few cases of the same period determined in the House of Lords, Court of Chancery, and Exchequer Chamber.

Includes index.