Glacial-interglacial record of ODP Site 181-1119 in the Canterbury Bright, Southwest Pacific Ocean

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1119 is located at water depth 395 m near the subtropical front (STF; here represented by the Southland Front), just downslope from the shelf edge of eastern South Island, New Zealand. The upper 86.19 metres composite depth (mcd) of Site 1119 sediment was deposited at an average sedimentation rate of 34 cm/kyr during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1-8 (0-252 ka), and is underlain across a ~25 kyr intra-MIS 8 unconformity by MIS 8.5-11 (277-367 ka) and older sediment deposited at ~14 cm/kyr. A time scale is assigned to Site 1119 using radiocarbon dates for the period back to ~39 ka, and, prior to then, by matching its climatic record with that of the Vostok ice core, which it closely resembles. Four palaeoceanographic proxy measures for surface water masses vary together with the sandy-muddy, glacial-interglacial (G/I) cyclicity at the site. Interglacial intervals are characterised by heavy delta13C, high colour reflectance (a proxy for carbonate content), low Q-ray (a proxy for clay content) and light delta18O; conversely, glacial intervals exhibit light delta13C, low reflectance, high Q-ray and heavy delta18O signatures. Early interglacial intervals are represented by silty clays with 10-105-cm-thick beds of sharp-based (Chondrites-burrowed), shelly, graded, fine sand. The sands are rich in foraminifera, and were deposited distant from the shoreline under the influence of longitudinal flow in relatively deep water. Glacial intervals comprise mostly micaceous silty clay, though with some thin (2-10 cm thick) sands present also at peak cold periods, and contain the cold-water scallop Zygochlamys delicatula. Interglacial sandy intervals are characterised by relatively low sedimentation rates of 5-32 cm/kyr; cold climate intervals MIS 10, 6 and 2 have successively higher sedimentation rates of 45, 69 and 140 cm/kyr. Counter-intuitively,and forced by the bathymetric control of a laterally-moving shoreline during G/I and I/G transitions, the 1119 core records a southeasterly (seaward) movement of the STF during early glacial periods, accompanied by the incursion of subtropical water (STW) above the site, and northwesterly (landward) movement during late glacial and interglacial times, resulting in a dominant influence then of subantarctic surface water (SAW). The history of passage of these different water masses at the site is clearly delineated by their characteristic delta13C values. The intervals of thin, graded sands-muds which occur within MIS 2-3, 6, 7.4 and 10 indicate the onset at times of peak cold of intermittent bottom currents caused by strengthened and expanded frontal flows along the STF, which at such times lay near Site 1119 in close proximity to seaward-encroaching subantarctic waters within the Bounty gyre. In common with other nearby Southern Hemisphere records, the cold period which represents the last glacial maximum lasted between ~23-18 ka at Site 1119, during which time the STF and Subantarctic Front (SAF) probably merged into a single intense frontal zone around the head of the adjacent Bounty Trough.

Bivalve mollusks in the sediments of the Anapa Bay Bar (Black Sea) in October 2010

Sandy beaches of the Anapa Bay Bar are a unique natural resource, but they are gradually being degrade under both natural and anthropogenic factors. Emissions of sand and shelly ground from the adjacent sea bottom partly compensate for this process. Concentration of carbonates may reach up to 50% in beach sands, and most of these carbonates are of mollusk origin. The major deposit formation role belongs to the key bivalve species: Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758). Average biomass of this mollusk species reaches up to 450 g/m**2 at depths 5-10 m. The other two subdominating mollusk species, bivalve Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846), may impact as 16 g/m**2 and 6 g/m**2, respectively. Annually, 350 kg of shelly ground per running meter are newly deposited on the Anapa beach.

Bipolar localization of Bacillus subtilis topoisomerase IV, an enzyme required for chromosome segregation

In Bacillus subtilis, parE and parC were shown to be essential genes for the segregation of replicated chromosomes. Disruption of either one of these genes resulted in failure of the nucleoid to segregate. Purified ParE and ParC proteins reconstituted to form topoisomerase IV (topo IV), which was highly proficient for ATP-dependent superhelical DNA relaxation and decatenation of interlocked DNA networks. By immunofluorescence microscopy and by directly visualizing fluorescence by using green fluorescence protein fusions, we determined that ParC is localized at the poles of the bacteria in rapidly growing cultures. The bipolar localization of ParC required functional ParE, suggesting that topo IV activity is required for the localization. ParE was found to be distributed uniformly throughout the cell. On the other hand, fluorescence microscopy showed that the GyrA and GyrB subunits of gyrase were associated with the nucleoid. Our results provide a physiologic distinction between DNA gyrase and topo IV. The subcellular localization of topo IV provides physical evidence that it may be part of the bacterial segregation machinery.

Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A knockout mice are predisposed to liver injury and exhibit increased expression of genes involved in proliferation

Liver-specific and nonliver-specific methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are products of two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, respectively, that catalyze the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), the principal biological methyl donor. Mature liver expresses MAT1A, whereas MAT2A is expressed in extrahepatic tissues and is induced during liver growth and dedifferentiation. To examine the influence of MAT1A on hepatic growth, we studied the effects of a targeted disruption of the murine MAT1A gene. MAT1A mRNA and protein levels were absent in homozygous knockout mice. At 3 months, plasma methionine level increased 776% in knockouts. Hepatic AdoMet and glutathione levels were reduced by 74 and 40%, respectively, whereas S-adenosylhomocysteine, methylthioadenosine, and global DNA methylation were unchanged. The body weight of 3-month-old knockout mice was unchanged from wild-type littermates, but the liver weight was increased 40%. The Affymetrix genechip system and Northern and Western blot analyses were used to analyze differential expression of genes. The expression of many acute phase-response and inflammatory markers, including orosomucoid, amyloid, metallothionein, Fas antigen, and growth-related genes, including early growth response 1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, is increased in the knockout animal. At 3 months, knockout mice are more susceptible to choline-deficient diet-induced fatty liver. At 8 months, knockout mice developed spontaneous macrovesicular steatosis and predominantly periportal mononuclear cell infiltration. Thus, absence of MAT1A resulted in a liver that is more susceptible to injury, expresses markers of an acute phase response, and displays increased proliferation.

Solution to Darwin's dilemma: Discovery of the missing Precambrian record of life

In 1859, in On the Origin of Species, Darwin broached what he regarded to be the most vexing problem facing his theory of evolution—the lack of a rich fossil record predating the rise of shelly invertebrates that marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period of geologic time (≈550 million years ago), an “inexplicable” absence that could be “truly urged as a valid argument” against his all embracing synthesis. For more than 100 years, the “missing Precambrian history of life” stood out as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in natural science. But in recent decades, understanding of life's history has changed markedly as the documented fossil record has been extended seven-fold to some 3,500 million years ago, an age more than three-quarters that of the planet itself. This long-sought solution to Darwin's dilemma was set in motion by a small vanguard of workers who blazed the trail in the 1950s and 1960s, just as their course was charted by a few pioneering pathfinders of the previous century, a history of bold pronouncements, dashed dreams, search, and final discovery.

Tobamovirus and Potyvirus Accumulation in Minor Veins of Inoculated Leaves from Representatives of the Solanaceae and Fabaceae1

Virus invasion of minor veins in inoculated leaves of a host is the likely prelude to systemic movement of the pathogen and to subsequent yield reduction and quality loss. In this study we have analyzed the cell number and arrangement in minor veins within mature leaves of various members of the Solanaceae and Fabaceae families. We then monitored the accumulation pattern of several tobamoviruses and potyviruses in these veins at the time of rapid, phloem-mediated movement of viruses. Vascular parenchyma cells were the predominant and sometimes only cells to become visibly infected among the cells surrounding the sieve elements in minor veins containing 9 to 12 cells. In no instance did we observe a companion cell infected without a vascular parenchyma cell also being infected in the same vein. This suggests that the viruses used in this study first enter the vascular parenchyma cells and then the companion cells during invasion. The lack of detectable infection of smooth-walled companion or transfer cells, respectively, from inoculated leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) during a period of known rapid, phloem-mediated movement suggests that some viruses may be able to circumvent these cells in establishing phloem-mediated infection. The cause of the barrier to virus accumulation in the companion or transfer cells, the relationship of this barrier to previously identified barriers for virus or photoassimilate transport, and the relevance of these findings to photoassimilate transport models are discussed.

U-M Softball Team, 1978

Front Row: Manager Debbie Snyder, Diane Mettelman, Tammy Herremans, Debbie Allor, Anna Bullard, Theresa Gardocki, Head Coach Gloria Soluk

Second Row: Shelly Piilo, Evelyn Edgecombe, Ann Slade, Kathy VanDeusen, Katy Brady, Sheryl Tominac, Trainer Laura Pieri

Top Row: Brenda Venhuizen, Mary Hibbard, Terry Conlin, Theresa Wyckoff, Roberta Zald, Fran Wiecha, Ass't. Coach Mina Sonda

U-M Softball Team, 1989

Back Row: Head Coach Carol Hutchins, Karen Katcavage, Heather Lyke, Bridget Fitzpatrick, Sara Dyksterhouse, Andrea Nelson, Jenny Allard, Mary Ann Daviera, Nan Payne, Assistant coach Carol Bruggeman

Front Row: Julie Cooper, Julie Foster, Stacey Heams, Kelly O'Connor, Beth Mueller, Shelly Bawol, Bonnie Tholl, Maria Heck.

U-M Softball Team, 1992, with Big Ten Trophy

Back Row: head coach Carol Hutchins, trainer Sue Weitzman, Kim Clark, Michelle Silver, Kelly Kovach, Kelly Forbis, Tina Martin, Julie Clarkson, assistant coach Cathy Wylie, assistant coach Carol Bruggeman

Middle Row: student trainer Bryn Mickle, Mary Campana, Karla Kunnen, Kari Kunnen, Kerry Sayers, Lesa Arvia, Pattie Benedict, manager, Deb Kleban

Front Row: Stacey Heams, Heather Lyke, Shelly Bawol

1992/1993 UM Women's Basketball Team

Back Row: manager Yasheema Williams, trainer Katie Hallada, assistant coach Nikita Lowry, assistant coach Kathy LaBarge, Tannisha Stevens, Carrie Stewart, Jennifer Brzezinski, Yeshimbra Gray, Rhonda Jokisch, assistant coach Sandy Thomas, head coach Trish Roberts, student trainer Shelly Frendt, manager Emily Stenzel

Front Row: Sherell Stanley, Jen Nuanes, captain Nikki Beaudry, captain Stacie McCall, Trish Andrew, Molly Heikkinen

Pieces that have won prizes; also many encore pieces.

Encore pieces: An old man's soliloquy / Roswell Field -- A n old sweetheart of mine / James Whitcomb Riley -- And the band played / Maurice E. McLaoughlin -- The ballad of the colors ; Ben Bolt / Thomas Dunn English -- A brave little girl ; Casey at the bat / Anon -- The cataract of Lodore / Robert Southey -- The countersign was Mary / Margaret Eytinge -- Dinnis Kilboo's sanatarium / Chas. T. Catlin -- A dude in a horse-car / G.W. Kyle -- Elsinore / Lucy H. Hooper -- Entertaining sister's beau / Bret Harte -- Family financiering ; Farmer John ; Father's voice ; A fly's cogitations / Anon -- Foreign views of the statue / Fred. Emerson Brooks -- Going to school / Anon -- Grandma -- The granger and the gambler / W.H. -- A great tune / John Habberton -- Hail fellow, well met / Albert Hardy -- Hans and Fritz -- How girls study / Belle McDonald -- Jack the evangelist / N.Y. Evangelist -- The kitchen clock / J.V. Cheney -- Life's magnet / Ella Wheeler Wilcox -- The little boy's prayer / S.M. Talbot -- Little Nan -- Little orphant Annie / James Whitcomb Riley -- A little woman / Eugene Field -- Maud Rosihue's choice / T. Edwin Leary -- The mischievous misses / James G. Small -- Miss Maloney on the Chinese question / Mary M. Dodge -- Mrs. Stuart learns how to skate / Clara Augusta -- My lover / Emma Mortimer White -- My garden / Anon -- Nancy / Arty Brace -- Now and then / Anon -- O captain, my captain / Walt Whitman -- The old man in a palace car / John H. Yates -- The orthod-ox team / Fred Emerson Brooks -- The porter's story / Maurice Edmunds -- The proposal -- Romeo and Juliet / The Poet-Scout -- Room enough for all / Anon -- The saint and the sinner / Madeline Bridges -- Sam / Albert Hardy -- A schoolroom idyl / Charles B. Going -- A telephone message -- The countersign / J. Hooker Hamersley -- Uncle Ned's defense / Anon -- Unforgiven / Frank McHale -- The valentine / Mary D. Brine -- Wash dolly up like that / Eleanor Kirk Ames -- What is a gentleman / N.L. O'D -- The witness / Anon -- Yellow roses / J. Hooker Hamersley.

Deudas del corazón : comedia en tres actos y en prosa /

Mode of access: Internet.

U-M Softball Team, 1978

Front Row: Manager Debbie Snyder, Diane Mettelman, Tammy Herremans, Debbie Allor, Anna Bullard, Theresa Gardocki, Head Coach Gloria Soluk

Second Row: Shelly Piilo, Evelyn Edgecombe, Ann Slade, Kathy VanDeusen, Katy Brady, Sheryl Tominac, Trainer Laura Pieri

Top Row: Brenda Venhuizen, Mary Hibbard, Terry Conlin, Theresa Wyckoff, Roberta Zald, Fran Wiecha, Ass't. Coach Mina Sonda

School of Nursing Class of 1976

Top Row: Peggy Alford, Anne Allen, Barbara Amann, Joann Baker, Elizabeth Bando, Sara Barnes, Mary Barz, Anne Bauer, Patricia Baxter, Gwendolyn Beaudette, Nancy Bidigare, Marian Bier, Susan Blaszczyk, Jacqueline bolin, Anne Bostwick, Heather Brendel, Theresa Brisker, Rosalyn Cage, Jeanne Calhoun

Row 2: Karen Caputo, Carolyn Carpenter, Laura Lewellen, Catherine Pearson, Pamela Carr, Lisa Clark

Row 3: Sarah Cleland, Kathy Collar, Ann Connors, Marian Coppo, Martha Coppo, Debra Wirth, Kathleen Coughlin, Mayble Craig, Jennifer Crittenden, Linda Dean, Ann Dika

Row 4: Shira Doneson, Valerie Dray, Lee Duffey, Mary Dunn, Nancy Edwards, Mildred Jett, Patricia Johnson, Jan Walters, Karen Dimitroff, Debra Walton, Moira Stein, Madi Ehrenreich, Paula Elliott, Claudia Evans, Jolaync Farrell, Karen Fierke

Row 5: Debra Finch, Nadine Furlong, Susan Gamerman, Anita Gardocki, Marcia Gerpheide, Roberta Gies, Deborah Glotzhober, Marlene Golabeck, Janet Goldberg, Rene Green, Diana Greer, Susan Gross, Vivian Hall, Jill Hallead

Row 6: Sharon Hamlett, Tamara Hanson, Jane Harper, Jesusa Heilig, Steinunn Hermannsson, Susan Hicks, Karen Hillebrand, Jomatia Hoff, Michelle Howey, Holly Howieson, Sandra Hubar, Kathleen Hughes, Shirley Jvery, Laura Johnson, Susan Johnson, Shirley Jones, Judith Kellermier, Lynda Kitchen, Susan Kleinbeck

Row 7: Nanette Kotz, Kathleen Kroh, Judith Krohn, Catherine Lahti, Mary Lange, Patti Larson, Susan Leach, Rebecca Linn, Lacy Loomis, Francene Lundy, Sue Lymperis, Robyn Main, Patricia McCleary, Theresa McGowan, Elizabeth Messiter, Mary Miller, Nancy Moffatt, Catherine Munn, Karen Munson

Row 8: Virginia Newman, Laura Novak, Thomas O'Connell, Julie O'Connor, Kaathleen O'Hara, Kimberly O'Loughlin, Karen Olsen, Marcy Ouellette, Gail Park, Georgiana Parsell, Mary Patchak, Linda Pearsall, Kathleen Poage, Shelly Ponte, Thomas Parter, Marilyn Pratt, Karen Prince, Kathryn Procter, Rebecca Raymond

Row 9: Jill remter, Cheryl Ricca, Brenda Robinson, Karen Rollins, Lisa Root, Audrey Ross, Barbara Rutherford, Linda Rykwalder, Margaret Sampson, Sherril Santo, Jeanne Scheer, Kathy Schlichter, Nancy Schuman, Debra Sihtala, Michele Smit, Donna Smith, Bonnic Smrcka, Janine Speck, Elizabeth Stainsby

Row 10: Grace Steinaway, Jennifer Stinson, Sally Stone, Anne Sullivan, Barbara Tonak, Linda Towers, Cindy Tremblay, Gregory Trowbridge, Sandra Tucker, Debbie Ullrich, Lee Ann Van Houten, Pamela Waggener, Martha Walker, Michele Wenderski, Catherine West, Harriet Wilkinson, Diane Willis, Jan Winslow, Karen Wismer