Lagrangian validation of numerical drifter trajectories using drifting buoys: Application to the Agulhas system

The skill of numerical Lagrangian drifter trajectories in three numerical models is assessed by comparing these numerically obtained paths to the trajectories of drifting buoys in the real ocean. The skill assessment is performed using the two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistical test. To demonstrate the assessment procedure, it is applied to three different models of the Agulhas region. The test can either be performed using crossing positions of one-dimensional sections in order to test model performance in specific locations, or using the total two-dimensional data set of trajectories. The test yields four quantities: a binary decision of model skill, a confidence level which can be used as a measure of goodness-of-fit of the model, a test statistic which can be used to determine the sensitivity of the confidence level, and cumulative distribution functions that aid in the qualitative analysis. The ordering of models by their confidence levels is the same as the ordering based on the qualitative analysis, which suggests that the method is suited for model validation. Only one of the three models, a 1/10° two-way nested regional ocean model, might have skill in the Agulhas region. The other two models, a 1/2° global model and a 1/8° assimilative model, might have skill only on some sections in the region

A weaker Agulhas Current leads to more Agulhas leakage

Time series of transports in the Agulhas region have been constructed by simulating Lagrangian drifter trajectories in a 1/10 degree two-way nested ocean model. Using these 34 year long time series it is shown that smaller (larger) Agulhas Current transport leads to larger (smaller) Indian-Atlantic inter-ocean exchange. When transport is low, the Agulhas Current detaches farther downstream from the African continental slope. Moreover, the lower inertia suppresses generation of anti-cyclonic vorticity. These two effects cause the Agulhas retroflection to move westward and enhance Agulhas leakage. In the model a 1 Sv decrease in Agulhas Current transport at 32°S results in a 0.7 ± 0.2 Sv increase in Agulhas leakage.

Fast northward energy transfer in the Atlantic due to Agulhas rings

The adiabatic transit time of wave energy radiated by an Agulhas ring released in the South Atlantic Ocean to the North Atlantic Ocean is investigated in a two-layer ocean model. Of particular interest is the arrival time of baroclinic energy in the northern part of the Atlantic, because it is related to variations in the meridional overturning circulation. The influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is also studied, because it allows for the conversion from barotropic to baroclinic wave energy and the generation of topographic waves. Barotropic energy from the ring is present in the northern part of the model basin within 10 days. From that time, the barotropic energy keeps rising to attain a maximum 500 days after initiation. This is independent of the presence or absence of a ridge in the model basin. Without a ridge in the model, the travel time of the baroclinic signal is 1300 days. This time is similar to the transit time of the ring from the eastern to the western coast of the model basin. In the presence of the ridge, the baroclinic signal arrives in the northern part of the model basin after approximately 10 days, which is the same time scale as that of the barotropic signal. It is apparent that the ridge can facilitate the energy conversion from barotropic to baroclinic waves and the slow baroclinic adjustment can be bypassed. The meridional overturning circulation, parameterized in two ways as either a purely barotropic or a purely baroclinic phenomenon, also responds after 1300 days. The ring temporarily increases the overturning strength. Th presence of the ridge does not alter the time scales.

Two-photon excitation with pico-second fluorescence lifetime imaging to detect nuclear association of flavanols

Two-photon excitation enabled for the first time the observation and measurement of excited state fluorescence lifetimes from three flavanols in solution, which were ∼1.0 ns for catechin and epicatechin, but <45 ps for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The shorter lifetime for EGCG is in line with a lower fluorescence quantum yield of 0.003 compared to catechin (0.015) and epicatechin (0.018). In vivo experiments with onion cells demonstrated that tryptophan and quercetin, which tend to be major contributors of background fluorescence in plant cells, have sufficiently low cross sections for two-photon excitation at 630 nm and therefore do not interfere with detection of externally added or endogenous flavanols in Allium cepa or Taxus baccata cells. Applying two-photon excitation to flavanols enabled 3-D fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and showed that added EGCG penetrated the whole nucleus of onion cells. Interestingly, EGCG and catechin showed different lifetime behaviour when bound to the nucleus: EGCG lifetime increased from <45 to 200 ps, whilst catechin lifetime decreased from 1.0 ns to 500 ps. Semi-quantitative measurements revealed that the relative ratios of EGCG concentrations in nucleoli associated vesicles: nucleus: cytoplasm were ca. 100:10:1. Solution experiments with catechin, epicatechin and histone proteins provided preliminary evidence, via the appearance of a second lifetime (τ2 = 1.9–3.1 ns), that both flavanols may be interacting with histone proteins. We conclude that there is significant nuclear absorption of flavanols. This advanced imaging using two-photon excitation and biophysical techniques described here will prove valuable for probing the intracellular trafficking and functions of flavanols, such as EGCG, which is the major flavanol of green tea.

Tracer Leakage from Modeled Agulhas Rings

In a numerical, isopycnal, ocean model the mixing is investigated with the environment of two idealized Agulhas rings, one that splits, and one that remains coherent. The evolution of a passive tracer , initially contained within the rings, shows that tracer leakage is associated with the for mation of filaments in the early stage of ring evolution. These filaments reach down to the ther mocline. In the deepest layers leakage occurs on a larger scale. Self-advection of the rings is ver y irregular , and it is not possible to compute a Lagrangian boundar y i n order to estimate the transport of leakage from the rings. T o describe the processes that gover n tracer leakage, in a coordinate frame moving with the ring a kinematic separatrix is defined in the streamfunction field for the nondivergent flow . Initially , filaments arise because of the elongation of the ring, which is mainly gover ned by an m 5 2 instability that is collaborating with differential rotation. Because of beta, the symmetr y i s destroyed related to the separatrix associated with a stagnation point in the flow . The filament upstream of the stagnation point grows much faster and is associated with the bulk of tracer leakage. Mixing is enhanced by time dependence of the separatrix. As a result, there are no large differences between the leakage from a coherent ring, where the m 5 2 instability equilibrates, and from a splitting ring, where the m 5 2 instability keeps growing, which confir ms that the amount of leakage is mainly gover ned by the ring’ s initial defor mation combined with unsteady self-advection of the ring and not by the splitting of the ring. The decay of tracer content in the ther mocline shows that in the first months up to 40% of the ring water can be mixed with the environment. In deeper layers the decay of tracer content may reach up to 90%.

Generation and Evolution of Natal Pulses: Solitary Meanders in the Agulhas Current

Solitar y meanders of the Agulhas Current, so-called Natal pulses, may play an important role in the overall dynamics of this current system. Several hypotheses concer ning the triggering of these pulses are tested using sea sur face height and temperature data from satellites. The data show the for mation of pulses in the Natal Bight area at irregular inter vals ranging from 50 to 240 days. Moving downstream at speeds between 10 and 20 km day 2 1 they sometimes reach sizes of up to 300 km. They seem to play a role in the shedding of Agulhas rings that penetrate the South Atlantic. The inter mittent for mation of these solitar y meanders is argued to be most probably related to barotropic instability of the strongly baroclinic Agulhas Current in the Natal Bight. The vorticity structure of the obser ved basic flow is argued to be stable anywhere along its path. However , a proper perturbation of the jet in the Natal Bight area will allow barotropic instability , because the bottom slope there is considerably less steep than elsewhere along the South African east coast. Using satellite altimetr y these perturbations seem to be related to the inter mittent presence of offshore anticyclonic anomalies, both upstream and eastward of the Natal Bight.

Assimilation of Geosat Altimeter Data for the Agulhas Current Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter with a Quasigeostrophic Model

The ring-shedding process in the Agulhas Current is studied using the ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate geosat altimeter data into a two-layer quasigeostrophic ocean model. The properties of the ensemble Kalman filter are further explored with focus on the analysis scheme and the use of gridded data. The Geosat data consist of 10 fields of gridded sea-surface height anomalies separated 10 days apart that are added to a climatic mean field. This corresponds to a huge number of data values, and a data reduction scheme must be applied to increase the efficiency of the analysis procedure. Further, it is illustrated how one can resolve the rank problem occurring when a too large dataset or a small ensemble is used.

Translation, decay and splitting of Agulhas rings in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean

All Agulhas rings that were spawned at the Agulhas retrofiec- tion between 1993 and 1996 (a total of 21 rings) have been monitored using TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry and followed as they moved through the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, decayed, interacted with bottom topography and each other, or dissipated completely. Rings preferentially crossed the Walvis Ridge at its deepest parts. After having crossed this ridge they have lower translational speeds, and their decay rate decreases markedly. Half the decay of long-lived rings takes place in the first 5 months of their lifetimes. In addition to the strong decay of rings in the Cape Basin, about one third of the observed rings do not seem to leave this region at all but totally disintegrate here. The interaction of rings with bottom topography, in particular with the Verna Seamount, is shown frequently to cause splitting of rings. This will enhance mixing of the rings' Indian Ocean water into that of the southern Atlantic. This localized mixing may well provide a considerable source of warm and salty Indian Ocean water into the Atlantic overturning circulation.

Upstream control of Agulhas Ring shedding

Rings shed in the Agulhas Retroflection region play an important role in the global thermohaline circulation. The shedding of these rings has been considered very irregular. In this paper, we present evidence for remote control of the timing and frequency of the ring shedding events. This turns out to be a far more regular process, at a frequency of 4–5 cycles per year. The movement of the Agulhas Retroflection, and thereby the shedding of rings, is timed by incoming eddies from the upstream regions. Eddies from the Mozambique Channel, and from the East Madagascar current reach the retroflection region at the frequency of 4–5 times per year. The existence of these eddies can be related to incoming Rossby waves that cross the Indian Ocean and reach the Agulhas Current system. These may in turn be part of a basin-wide oscillation. The irregularity found in ring shedding statistics can be ascribed to processes occurring between the actual shedding and the first unambiguous observation of a separated ring.

Redescription of Culex (Culex) dolosus (Lynch Arribalzaga) (Diptera : Culicidae), based on specimens from Pico do Itapeva, Serra da Mantiqueira, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Culex (Culex) dolosus (Lynch Arribalzaga, 1891) is re-described and compared with Cx. eduardoi Casal & Garcia ( 1968) based on morphological characteristics. Both species are morphologically similar, and they have been largely misidentified throughout Brazil. Adult male and female, fourth instar larvae, and pupae of Cx. dolosus were examined, based on specimens from Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba Municipality, Serra da Mantiqueira, Sao Paulo State, southern Brazil. Male genitalia, larvae and pupae are illustrated. Geographical distribution is summarized from published records, and information on bionomics is based on the literature and field data.

The spider genus Chrysometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapeco mountains (Amazonas, Brazil): new species, new records, diversity and distribution along two altitudinal gradients

Eight new species of the spider genus Chrysometa Simon, 1894 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) are described and illustrated. Chrysometa nubigena n. sp., C. waikoxi n. sp., C. petrasierwaldae n. sp., C. santosi n. sp., C. yanomami n. sp., C. candianii n. sp., C. lomanhungae n. sp., and C. saci n. sp. Those species were collected in a study on the diversity of spider communities along altitudinal gradients in Brazilian Amazonia. C. saci was captured at the Serra do Tapirapeco (Barcelos), while all the other species are from the Pico da Neblina (Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira), the highest mountain in Brazil. We provide new records for C. boraceia, C. flava, C. guttata, C. minuta and C. opulenta, and we describe the male of C. minuta for the first time. We also present the first results on the diversity and altitudinal distribution of the species of Chrysometa at the Pico da Neblina and Serra do Tapirapeco. We sampled the first locality at six different elevations, and obtained 336 specimens distributed in 12 species. Richness and abundance, as well as relative importance peaked at the highest sites sampled (2,000 and 2,400 m). The three most abundant species showed a segregated distribution, being dominant or exclusively distributed in different altitudes. At the Serra do Tapirapeco, sampling at four different elevations up to 1200 m, we only obtained 40 individuals divided in four species, and there was no clear relation to altitude. Most of the new species were found at mid and high altitude sites, while species from lower altitude sites represented widespread species. The comparison with other neotropical spiders inventories highlights the high diversity recorded at Pico da Neblina, which could be assigned to the large environmental variation covered in this work and to the sampling of high-altitude environments. Inventories in the Andean region and other information in the literature also seem to support the association of Chrysometa with high altitude environments.

Dose única versus dose fracionada diária de Gentamicina em infecções da via biliar : importância do pico de concentração

Os aminoglicosídeos permanecem sendo um dos principais antibióticos no tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias gram-negativas, apesar do surgimento de novos antibióticos. Na Unidade de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre os aminoglicosídeos, combinados com antibióticos ß-lactâmicos, têm sido utilizados no tratamento de infecções das vias biliares e como antibiótico profilático em procedimento como a colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a eficácia terapêutica da dose única total diária com dose fracionada diária de gentamicina no tratamento da infecção das vias biliares, baseando-se na concentração biliar de gentamicina obtida nesses dois regimes terapêuticos e sua relação com a concentração inibitória mínima das principais bactérias isoladas na bile de pacientes com infecção do trato biliar. Os pacientes selecionados foram randomizados para tratamento com gentamicina na dose de 4mg/kg de peso por meio intravenoso sendo divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 1 recebeu dose única diária dividida em 3 horários (8 / 8 horas) e o grupo 2 recebeu o fármaco como dose única total diária. Os resultados do estudo evidenciaram que os níveis biliares de gentamicina nos pacientes tratados com dose única diária de gentamicina (grupo 2) ultrapassaram de 3 a 6 vezes as concentrações inibitórias mínimas das bactérias gram-negativas isoladas, enquanto que os níveis de gentamicina à nível biliar nos pacientes tratados com dose fracionada de gentamicina (grupo 1) conseguiram igualar ou ultrapassar no máximo e 3 vezes, dependendo da bactéria gram-negativa testada, as concentrações inibitórias. Além disto, os níveis biliares de gentamicina dos pacientes tratados com dose única diária permaneceram por intervalo superior a 14 horas acima das concentrações inibitórias mínimas destas bactérias, reforçando ainda mais o efeito pós-antibiótico obtido no intervalo de tempo onde não são detectados mais níveis de gentamicina na bile. Baseado nos efeitos bactericida dependente da concentração e efeito pós-antibiótico dos aminoglicosídeos,os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a dosagem única diária de gentamicina apresenta maior eficácia terapêutica que a dosagem fracionada diária no tratamento da infecção das vias biliares.

Pico de força das articulações do membro inferior e ativação muscular da coluna dorso-lombar durante o manuseio de carga com estilo livre

o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o pico de força articular (FA) do tornozelo, joelho e quadril do membro inferior direito, e a ativação eletromiográfia (AE) da musculatura da coluna dorso-lombar no manuseio de carga, no movimento de colocar e retirar uma caixa situada no chão e na altura dos olhos. Foram utilizadas cargas correspondentes a I% e 10% da massa corporal do sujeito, totalizando-se oito tarefas. A amostra foi composta por 4 mulheres e 4 homens, na faixa etária entre 23 a 36 anos. Nenhuma instrução foi dada em relação à forma de execução da tarefa caracterizando-a como estilo livre. Para a análise do pico de FA utilizou-se a dinâmica inversa 2D, com auxílio de rotinas desenvolvidas no software MATLAB. Para análise da AE foi utilizada a eletromiografia de superfície. Adotou-se um Índice Postural (IP) nas tarefas de altura baixa para quantificar a postura no início da retirada da carga, e no final da colocação da mesma. Para o tratamento estatístico foi realizado o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wlik, e de homogeneidade de Levene após a ANOVA e post-hoc Tukey-b. O nível de significância foi p< 0.05. Em todas as situações o pico de FA apresentou um padrão em que os valores foram maiores no tornozelo, seguidos pelo joelho e depois pelo quadril. O fator que influenciou significativamente o pico de FA, o valor RMS e pico de AE foi a altura, sendo os maiores valores encontrados na altura baixa com peso pesado no movimento de retirar. Em uma relação temporal, os picos de FA e picos de AE na tarefa da altura baixa no movimento de retirar, em sua maioria, ocorreram na primeira metade do movimento, e no movimento de colocar na segunda metade. Já em uma relação temporal na tarefa da altura alta, não houve um padrão. O IP identificou que a amostra realizou uma postura predominantemente de agachamento, não havendo diferença intra e entre os sujeitos. Durante o manuseio de carga na altura baixa, o instante do pico de FA ocorreu quando o joelho e o quadril estavam em flexão máxima, e o tornozelo em desiflexão. Infere-se, então, que as articulações estudadas podem estar mais suscetíveis a lesões nestes espaços temporais ao se manusearem cargas que se encontram ao nível do chão.

Composição corporal, taxa metabólica basal e pico de consumo de oxigênio após um treinamento físico misto em meninos adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade

A obesidade entre adolescentes vem aumentando sendo considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a composição corporal, a taxa metabólica basal (TMB), o pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) e a força muscular de adolescentes com sobrepeso ou obesidade de um grupo submetido a 16 semanas de treinamento físico misto em circuito com um grupo controle. Participaram 28 meninos púberes e pós-púberes, sendo 18 do grupo experimental (EXP) (13,4 anos de idade) e 10 do grupo controle (CON) (13,8 anos de idade). A massa corporal magra (MCM) e de gordura corporal (GC) foram obtidas por meio da Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla-Energia (DEXA); a TMB, por meio de calorimetria indireta (MGC-CPX/D); o VO2pico, mediante teste em cicloergômetro (McMaster); e as forças de flexão de cotovelo (FCo) e extensão de joelho (EJ), mediante teste de 1RM. O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, durante uma hora e foi composto por nove exercícios contra-resistência, intercalados com 3 a 5 minutos de exercícios aeróbios. Foram utilizados a ANOVA de medidas repetidas e o teste T pareado e independente para comparações intra e intergrupos, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças significativas nas variáveis IMC, GC (kg), TMB e VO2pico relativo à MCM entre os grupos nos pré e pós-testes. Houve aumento significativo e igual entre os grupos nas variáveis estatura (EXP pré 166,8±8,67 cm e pós 168,7±8,31 cm; CON pré 164,0±8,39 cm e pós 165,8±8,91 cm) e MCM (EXP pré 46,0±10,5 kg e pós 48,8±10,5 kg; CON pré 44,8±8,99 kg e pós 46,9±9,55 kg) após o período do estudo. O grupo CON apresentou aumento significativo na MC (EXP pré 78,6±10,1 kg e pós 79,8±11,4 kg; CON pré 74,7±9,04 kg e pós 76,8±9,45 kg). O grupo EXP apresentou diminuição significativa no %GC (EXP pré 38,7±8,91% e pós 36,4±8,54%; CON pré 37,3±8,24% e pós 36,0±9,15%) e aumentos significativos no VO2pico absoluto (EXP pré 2,25±0,48 l/min e pós 2,52±0,47 l/min; CON pré 2,33±0,54 l/min e pós 2,44±0,53 l/min) e VO2pico relativo à MC (EXP pré 28,6±4,57 ml/kg/min e pós 31,4±4,06 ml/kg/min; CON pré 31,0±5,09 ml/kg/min e pós 31,9±5,27 ml/kg/min). O grupo EXP apresentou aumentos maiores de força muscular do que os do grupo CON tanto em FCo (EXP pré 13,3±4,84 kg e pós 19,6±4,89 kg; CON pré 13,8±5,60 kg e pós 15,1±5,48 kg) quanto em EJ (EXP pré 31,2±9,19 kg e pós 43,9±10,8 kg; CON pré 26,7±4,62 kg e pós 29,8±5,48 kg). O treinamento físico misto em circuito em adolescentes obesos não aumentou a TMB, mas demonstrou benefícios na composição corporal, no pico de consumo de oxigênio e na força muscular comparado a um grupo controle.

Dia do apagão registrou pico de menções a ‘calor’ nas redes

As redes sociais “anteciparam” o pico de consumo de energia elétrica que antecedeu o apagão da última segunda-feira (19). Monitoramento realizado pela FGV-DAPP mostra que o aumento do consumo desde o início do mês coincidiu com o aumento do volume de menções a termos como “calor” e variações. Como é possível observar a partir do Gráfico 1, as duas “linhas de tendência” apontam um crescimento paralelo do consumo e das menções – não obstante algumas variações ao longo do período analisado –, com picos nos dias 12 e 19.