中国近海鲳属鱼类的形态分类学研究

鲳属鱼类广泛分布于我国沿海，属名贵海鲜，在海洋渔业中居重要地位。本文总结了近二百余年来有关中国海鲳属鱼类研究的国内外文献，根据多年来在我国沿海各地采集的标本，对鲳属鱼类的外部形态（包括体形、体色、侧线、口、吻、鳍、鳞），骨骼系统（包括脑颅、咽颅、椎骨、附肢骨骼），消化器官（包括牙齿、食道侧囊、胃、幽门盲囊、肠、肝），呼吸器官和感觉器官（包括嗅囊、侧线管系统、耳石）的形态特征进行了比较，并结合地理分布等资料，进行分析研究。研究结果表明：1、鲳属鱼类鳍的形态和耳石的形态不甚稳定，幼鱼与成体间有较明显的差异。鳞片和牙齿的形态亦不甚稳定。银鲳的吻部在幼鱼期显著突出于下颌之前，随生长渐变得不明显。2、银鲳和灰鲳在体色、鳍的形态、吻部的特征、口的位置、脑颅的上枕骨和前耳骨及上耳骨的形状、脊椎骨的数目、鳃耙的形状和数目、头部侧线管的形态、鼻囊初级嗅板的数目、牙齿的形态和数目、以及耳石的形态等都存在着一定程度的差异，应视为两个独立的有效种。3、南海区的银鲳背鳍具34-37鳍条，臀鳍具33-36鳍条；耳石厚而不易碎，基叶与翼叶在前端不形成切口；椎骨30-31个，尾椎骨第3-5节椎体的脉棘成三角形，椎体前上关节突前倾，伸越前一椎体的后上关节突。东海和渤黄海区的银鲳背鳍具42-46鳍条，臀鳍具40-45鳍条；耳石薄而易碎，基叶与翼叶在前端形成切口；椎骨39-41个，尾椎骨第3-5节椎体的脉棘成棒形，椎体的前上关节突不伸越前一椎体的后上关节突。两者在形态上的差异，可认为是种内群体的分化，应把两者视为一个有效种的两个并列亚种。中国海鲳属鱼类应定为三个有效种：银鲳、灰鲳和中国鲳。其中银鲳又可分为南白海银鲳和高巴氏丽银鲳两个亚种。种1、银鲳Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen)亚种1、白银鲳Pampus argenteus argenteus (Euphrasen)亚种2、巴氏银鲳Pampus argenteus echinogaster (Basilewsky)种2、灰鲳Pampus cinereus (Bloch)种3、中国鲳Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen)。

中国鲳属鱼灯形态和生化特征及系统发育研究

鲳属鱼类是鲈形目中具有很高经济价值的名贵鱼类，广泛分布于我国沿海。我国是鲳鱼产量最高的国家之一，仅1995年产量就达20.9万吨(中国渔业统计年鉴,1995),约占世界鲳鱼达的60%以上.近二、三十年来，由于受传统业资源的过度开发、近海资源不足以及海洋环境污染因素影响，我国四大渔业中的大、小黄鱼及带鱼资源相继衰竭，使年产约２０万吨的鲳属鱼类在我国海洋渔业中占据越来越理要的地位，引起了国内外鱼类学家的广泛注意。然而，鲳属鱼类的分布和命名问题，长期以来，国内外专家学者众说纷绘纭、菲衷一是。本文总结的近二百年来有问中国鲳属鱼类分类研究的国内外文献资料，根据中国科学院海洋研究所历年（1951－1998）采集并收藏的以及新补充采集的鲳鱼标本，对我国沿海鲳属鱼类的外部形态（包括体形、体色、鳍、鳞片）、消化器官（包括牙齿、食道侧囊、胃、幽门盲囊、肠、肝）、呼吸器官、感觉器官、骨骼系统（包括脑颅、咽颅、脊椎骨、附肢骨骼）等生化特征作了系统地比较研究，并用支序分类学原理和方法分析了中国鲳属种间的系统发育关第，得到如下结果：1. 中国沿海鲳属鱼分共有5种:银鲳Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen,1788)、翎鲳P. punctatissimus (Temminck et Schlegel, 1845)、灰鲳 P.cinereus (Bloch, 1793) 、中国鲳P. chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788)和珍鲳P. minor Liu et Li, 1998, sp. nov,. 其中银鲳、灰鲳和中国鲳曾多次出现在我国近海地区性鱼类志和地方鱼类志中，本文对它们进物了准确的鉴定和描述，对翎属P. punctatissimus 进行了重新描述，在我国为新记录；论证了珍鲳P. minor为区别于鲳属其它独立有效的一新种。2. 形态学化较研究表明，5种鲳属鱼类在体形、体色、鳍棘、鳍条、牙齿、幽门盲囊、鳃耙、头后部侧线管、 头骨、脊椎骨、耳石等特征方面存在明显的种间差异，可作为鲳属鱼类分类的有效鉴别特征。3.中国沿海的中国鲳P. chinensis (Euphrasen,1788)与印渡洋的瑷鲳 P. ctous (Cuvier et Valenciennes, 1833)形态差异很小，认为P. atous (Cuivier et Valenciennes, 1833) 与P.chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788)可能为同一种，P. atous 应为P. chinesnsis 的同物异名。4.鲳属鱼类的肌浆蛋白酶（Pm）、酯酶（EST）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）具有明显的种的特异性，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）则无种间差异。青岛、上海、厦门和珠海4个取样地点的银鲳的Pm和EST酶谱完全相同，同样，上述4个取地点的瓴鲳Pmt EST 酶谱也完全相同，从生化学的角度证明我国各海区的银鲳的翎鲳各为同一个种。5.银鲳和翎鲳为广盐广域种，我国黄渤海、东海、台湾海峡和地海均有分布，而且种群数量最大；灰鲳和中国鲳分布于我国东海南部、台湾海峡中部以南和南海，为亚暖水种，种数量次之：珍鲳仅分布于台湾海峡南部的大陆沿岸及南海，为暖水种，其种群数量较小，在当在形成一定的渔汛。6.系统发育关系分析表明，中国鲳属鱼类构成一个单群，此属的共同离征有：1）成鱼无腹鳍；2）背鳍鳍条多于31枚；3）臀鳍鳍条多于30 枚；4）背鳍和臀鳍前部鳍条延长；5）下颌牙齿为三峰型； 6）食道侧囊1个；7）食道侧囊内乳突有放射状脚根；8）脊椎骨数目少、眼眶窝大、后颞窝骨显、耳石厚等近祖特征，但它们仍然具有鳃耙数目多、下颌牙禽少等近祖特征，也是较早期分化种；中国鲳具有个体大、背鳍和臀鲳不具鳍棘、背鳍和臀鳍鳍条数目较多、鳃耙数少且短、翼蝶骨较发达等特征，是毗较特化种； 翎鲳和灰鲳具有鳍第鳍棘和脊椎骨数目较多、鳃耙数较少等区同祖征和具有显著延长的背鳍和臀鳍前部鳍条等共同离征，是一对姐妹种。

Antigenic typing of brazilian rabies virus samples isolated from animals and humans, 1989-2000

Amostras de vírus rábico isoladas de animais e humanos no período de 1989 a 2000 foram tipificadas antigenicamente com a utilização de um painel de anticorpos monoclonais contra a nucleoproteína viral, pré-estabelecido para o estudo da epidemiologia molecular do vírus rábico isolado nas Américas. As amostras testadas foram isoladas no laboratório de diagnóstico do Instituto Pasteur e outros centros de diagnóstico de raiva no Brasil. Além das cepas de vírus rábico fixo CVS-31/96-IP, mantida em cérebro de camundongos e a PV-BHK/97, mantida em cultura de células, cepas de vírus rábico isoladas de cães, gatos, bovinos, eqüinos, morcegos, ovinos, caprino, suínos, raposa, sagüí, coatí, guaxinim e humanos, totalizaram 330 amostras. Seis variantes antigênicas foram definidas, compatíveis com perfís observados no painel de anticorpos monoclonais pré-estabelecido utilizado, as de número 2 (cão), 3 (Desmodus rotundus), 4 (Tadarida brasiliensis), 5 (Vampiro da Venezuela), 6 (Lasiurus cinereus) e Lab (reagente a todos os anticorpos utilizados), além de outros seis perfís desconhecidos, não compatíveis com aqueles observados no painel utilizado. A maior variabilidade foi observada entre as amostras isoladas de morcegos insetívoros e a variante mais comum isolada entre as espécies foi a variante 3 (Desmodus rotundus). Estes fatos podem representar a existência de múltiplos ciclos de transmissão independentes, envolvendo diferentes espécies de morcegos.

Análise citogenética em espécies de Vespertilionidae dos gêneros Eptesicus, Histiotus, Lasiurus e Myotis (Chiroptera, Mammalia)

Pós-graduação em Genética - IBILCE

Osteologia craniana e aspectos evolutivos de Mycteria (Aves: Ciconiidae)

The genus Mycteria (Ciconiidae) is composed of species with controversial phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships. This study sought to describe the cranial osteology of the four species included in the genus Mycteria, comparing with representative species from other genera of the family. The monophyly of Mycteria coud be hypothesized based on the following cranial characters: 1) medial process of the mandible medially oriented and 2) pseudo temporal tubercle developed when compared to other species Ciconiidae. Mycteria ibis and M. leucocephala are sister groups supported by: 1) deep temporal fossa, 2) reduced “T” tubercle and 3) expansion of the caudal fossa coanalis relative to other species of Ciconiidae. Among the species studied, the most basal was M. cinerea and the taxon formed by M. ibis and M. leucocephala is sister group of M. americana, sustained by the presence of total fusion of lacrimal and frontal bones, whereas in remaining species of Ciconiidae the suture between these bones is visible.

Caracterização morfológica do pênis de espécies de morcegos vespertilionídeos dos gêneros Histiotus, Lasiurus e Myotis (Chiroptera, Mammalia)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Examination of Homalometron elongatum Manter, 1947 and Description of a New Congener from Eucinostomus currani Zahuranec, 1980 in the Pacific Ocean off Costa Rica

Homalometron elongatum is reexamined using heat-killed material that was not subjected to pressure during fixation from Gerres cinereus collected from San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, U.S.A. The new material is compared with some paratype specimens and differs by having a much less variable forebody length, and a median rather than submedian genital pore. Tegumental spines reportedly cover the anterior end of the body but we observed tegumental spines covering the entire body surface in both the paratype and new material. Homalometron lesliorum n. sp. is described from Eucinostomus currani from the Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The new species has three pairs of oral papillae surrounding the mouth and thus resembles three other congeners: H. elongatum, Homalometron carapevae, and Homalometron papilliferum. Homalometron lesliorum n. sp. is distinguished from the three species by having the anterior extent of the vitelline follicles at or above the base of the ventral sucker, compared with posterior to the ventral sucker at the level of the seminal vesicle (H. elongatum) or further posterior at the posterior margin of the ovary (H. carapevae and H. papilliferum). The four species are further differentiated from one another by sucker width ratio, tegumental spine size and distribution, egg size, host preference, and biogeography. Comparison of nuclear ribosomal DNA (3' end of 18S, internal transcribed spacer [ITS]1, ITS2, and 5' end of 28S) between H. elongatum and H. lesliorum n. sp. revealed one variable base (n = 162) at the 3' end of 18S, 12 variable bases (n = 476) at ITS1, 10 variable bases (n = 310) at ITS2, and 11 variable bases (n = 1,325) at the 5' end fragment of 28S. Nuclear ribosomal DNA from Homalometron pallidum and Homalometron armatum are included for further comparison with H. elongatum and H. lesliorum n. sp.

Caracterização morfológica do pênis de espécies de morcegos vespertilionídeos dos gêneros Histiotus, Lasiurus e Myotis (Chiroptera, Mammalia)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Promoting Amphibian Conservation through the College Classroom: Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among Local Amphibians

Many global amphibian declines have been linked to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The knowledge on Bd distribution provides a fundamental basis for amphibian conservation planning. Yet, such Bd distribution information is currently insufficient, in particular at a regional scale. The college classroom provides an excellent opportunity to expand the knowledge of Bd distribution. Here we provide an example of such research projects to detect Bd prevalence among local amphibians in a college course setting and present the results of work conducted in central Pennsylvania, USA. We collected toe clips and conducted PCR assays of six species, Plethodon cinereus, Desmognathus fuscus, Notophthalmus viridescens, Lithobates catesbeianus, L. clamitans, and L. sylvaticus (59 individuals). Four groups of students independently conducted entire projects, orally presented their findings, and submitted manuscripts to the professor at the end of the semester. This example demonstrates that it is feasible for an undergraduate class to complete a Bd-detection project within a single semester. Such a project not only contributes to Bd research but also promotes conservation education among students through hands-on research experiences. We found Bd infection in only one sample of N. viridescens, but no sign of infection in the rest of the samples. As a relatively high prevalence of Bd has been reported in surrounding areas, our results suggest spatial heterogeneity in Bd occurrence at a regional scale and thus, the need for continued efforts to monitor Bd prevalence.

Contribution of woody habitat islands to the conservation of birds and their potential ecosystem services in an extensive Colombian rangeland

The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.