Prevalencia del Helicobacter Pylori y factores asociados en escolares de la etnia Shuar del cantón Sucúa –Morona Santiago, 2014.

Introducción: Según la OMS, más del 50% de la población adulta está infectada con el Helicobacter Pylori, con prevalencias de hasta el 90%. La mayoría de contagios se produce antes de los 10 años de edad. Desde el descubrimiento del H. Pylori (1983), se lo ha relacionado con la úlcera péptica, gastritis, reflujo gastroesofágico e incluso, cáncer gástrico. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 250 niños escolares de la etnia Shuar del cantón Sucúa. La prueba utilizada para la detección del Helicobacter pylori es la identificación de antígenos en las heces por inmunocromatografía. Para establecer la significancia de asociación de variables se utilizó el OR con su intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 8.8 años (DS 2.0), con predominio de las mujeres (54.4%). El 56.4% consume agua potable, el 71.65% vive en hacinamiento, el 42% tiene servicios de letrinización y el 49.2% cuenta con servicios de alcantarillado. Se encontró asociación significativa con el nivel de instrucción OR 1.68, IC95% (1 – 2.84), p=0.049; letrinización OR 1.99, IC95% (1.17 – 3.36), p=0.01; deposiciones al aire libre OR 4.32, IC95% (2.13 – 8.77), p=0.000. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori es alta en la población escolar de la etnia Shuar; está asociada a un nivel bajo de instrucción de los progenitores y una inadecuada infraestructura de servicios básicos.

Primary Antibiotic Resistance to Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated From Children in Northern Iran: A Single Center Study

Background: Initial resistance to antibiotics is the main reason for the failure of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication in children. Objectives: As we commonly face high antibiotic resistance rates in children, we aimed to determine the susceptibility of H. pylori to common antibiotics. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional in vitro study, 169 children younger than 14 years with clinical diagnosis of peptic ulcer underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Biopsy specimens from stomach and duodenum were cultured. In isolated colonies, tests of catalase, urease, and oxidase as well as gram staining were performed. After confirming the colonies as H. pylori, the antibiogram was obtained using disk diffusion method. Results: Culture for H. pylori was positive in 12.3% of the specimens, urease test in 21.3%, serological test in 18.9% and stool antigen test was positive in 21.9%. We could show high specificity but moderate sensitivity of both histological and H. pylori stool antigen tests to detect H. pylori. The overall susceptibility to metronidazole was 42.9%, amoxicillin 95.2%, clarithromycin 85.7%, furazolidone 61.9%, azithromycin 81.0%, and tetracycline 76.2% with the highest resistance to metronidazole and the lowest to clarithromycin. Conclusions: In our region, there is high resistance of H. pylori to some antibiotics including metronidazole and furazolidone among affected children. To reduce the prevalence of this antibiotic resistance, more controlled use of antibiotics should be considered in children.

Efecto del consumo concomitante de inhibidores de bomba protones y levotiroxina : revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Estudios afirman que la acidez gástrica es importante en la absorción de levotiroxina (LT4) con resultados controversiales sobre la interacción entre inhibidores de bomba de protones (IBP) y LT4. El objetivo del estudio fue establecer el efecto del uso concomitante de LT4 e IBP en los niveles de TSH en pacientes adultos con hipotiroidismo primario. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante búsqueda en Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Bireme, Scielo, Cochrane y Universidad de York, Access Pharmacy, Google Scholar, Dialnet y Opengray. La búsqueda no se limito por lenguaje. Se evaluó el efecto en la diferencia de medias de TSH luego del consumo de LT4 y luego del consumo concomitante con IBP. Se hizo un metaanálisis, análisis de subgrupos y análisis de sensibilidad utilizando el programa Review Manager 5.3. Se eligieron 5 artículos para el análisis cualitativo y 3 para el metaanálisis. La calidad de los estudios fue buena y el riesgo de sesgos bajo. La diferencia de medias obtenida fue 0.21 mUI/L (IC95%: 0.02-0.40; p=0.03; I2:0%). En el análisis de subgrupos en pacientes mayores de 55 años la diferencia de medias fue 0.21 mUI/L (IC95%: 0.01-0.40; p=0.27; I2:19%). En el análisis de sensibilidad se excluyo el estudio con mayor muestra y la diferencia de medias fue 0.49 mUI/L (IC95%: -0.12 a 1.11; p=0.12; I2:0%). La diferencia de medias de TSH luego del consumo concomitante no se considera clínicamente significativa pues no representa riesgo para el paciente. Son necesarios estudios clínicos aleatorizados y evaluar el efecto en los niveles de T4 libre.

Cáncer gástrico en pacientes de Méderi – Hospital Universitario Mayor entre los años 2011 - 2014

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es uno de los más frecuentes a nivel mundial y Colombia se sitúa entre los países de mayor incidencia en este tipo de patología. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, el tratamiento administrado y los desenlaces inmediatos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico atendidos en el Hospital Universitario Mayor de Bogotá entre los años 2011 y 2014. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico. Se realizaron análisis univariados por medio de proporciones para las variables cualitativas y medidas de tendencia central para las variables cuantitativas según la distribución. Resultados: Un total de 189 pacientes fueron analizados. El dolor fue el síntoma más frecuente en los pacientes (30.7%) y el principal signo encontrado fue una masa palpable en abdomen (9,5%). Los pacientes fueron sometidos a diferentes abordajes terapéuticos, la mayoría recibieron manejo paliativo no quirúrgico (52.9%) y la opción quirúrgica más usada en los pacientes fue la gastrectomía total (20.6%), y la subtotal (16,4) seguidas de quimioterapia y/o radiación perioperatoria. Los pacientes que sobrevivieron a los 2 años fueron 7,4% del total. Conclusiones: El registro de los pacientes con cáncer gástrico es bueno en el Méderi-Hospital Universitario Mayor es bueno y permite caracterizar los pacientes, la presentación de la patología y los resultados del tratamiento que concuerdan con los presentados en contextos similares en la literatura.

Malnutrition and pressure ulcer risk in adults in Australian health care facilities

Aims To determine the effect of nutritional status on the presence and severity of pressure ulcers in statewide? public healthcare facilities, in Queensland, Australia. Research Methods A multicentre, cross sectional audit of nutritional status of a convenience sample of subjects was carried out as part of a large audit of pressure ulcers in a sample of state based public healthcare facilities in 2002 and 2003. Dietitians in 20 hospitals and six residential aged care facilities conducted single day nutritional status audits of 2208 acute and 839 aged care subjects using the Subjective Global Assessment. The effect of nutritional status on the presence, highest stage and number of pressure ulcers was determined by logistic regression in a model controlling for age, gender, medical specialty and facility location. The potential clustering effect of facility was accounted for in the model using an analysis of correlated data approach. Results Subjects with malnutrition had an adjusted odds risk of 2.6 (95% CI 1.8-3.5, p<0.001) of having a pressure ulcer in acute facilities and 2.0 (95% CI 1.5-2.7, p<0.001) for residential aged care facilities. There was also increased odds risk of having a pressure ulcer, having a higher stage pressure ulcer and a higher number of pressure ulcers with increased severity of malnutrition. Conclusion Malnutrition was associated with at least twice the odds risk of having a pressure ulcer of in public healthcare facilities in Queensland. Action must be taken to identify, prevent and treat malnutrition, especially in patients at risk of pressure ulcer.

Is simulation training effective in increasing podiatrists' confidence in foot ulcer management?

Background: Foot ulcers are a frequent reason for diabetes-related hospitalisation. Clinical training is known to have a beneficial impact on foot ulcer outcomes. Clinical training using simulation techniques has rarely been used in the management of diabetes-related foot complications or chronic wounds. Simulation can be defined as a device or environment that attempts to replicate the real world. The few non-web-based foot-related simulation courses have focused solely on training for a single skill or “part task” (for example, practicing ingrown toenail procedures on models). This pilot study aimed to primarily investigate the effect of a training program using multiple methods of simulation on participants’ clinical confidence in the management of foot ulcers. Methods: Sixteen podiatrists participated in a two-day Foot Ulcer Simulation Training (FUST) course. The course included pre-requisite web-based learning modules, practicing individual foot ulcer management part tasks (for example, debriding a model foot ulcer), and participating in replicated clinical consultation scenarios (for example, treating a standardised patient (actor) with a model foot ulcer). The primary outcome measure of the course was participants’ pre- and post completion of confidence surveys, using a five-point Likert scale (1 = Unacceptable-5 = Proficient). Participants’ knowledge, satisfaction and their perception of the relevance and fidelity (realism) of a range of course elements were also investigated. Parametric statistics were used to analyse the data. Pearson’s r was used for correlation, ANOVA for testing the differences between groups, and a paired-sample t-test to determine the significance between pre- and post-workshop scores. A minimum significance level of p < 0.05 was used. Results: An overall 42% improvement in clinical confidence was observed following completion of FUST (mean scores 3.10 compared to 4.40, p < 0.05). The lack of an overall significant change in knowledge scores reflected the participant populations’ high baseline knowledge and pre-requisite completion of web-based modules. Satisfaction, relevance and fidelity of all course elements were rated highly. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests simulation training programs can improve participants’ clinical confidence in the management of foot ulcers. The approach has the potential to enhance clinical training in diabetes-related foot complications and chronic wounds in general.

Cost effectiveness of nutrition support in the prevention of pressure ulcer in hospitals

Background/objectives This study estimates the economic outcomes of a nutrition intervention to at-risk patients compared with standard care in the prevention of pressure ulcer. Subjects/methods Statistical models were developed to predict ‘cases of pressure ulcer avoided’, ‘number of bed days gained’ and ‘change to economic costs’ in public hospitals in 2002–2003 in Queensland, Australia. Input parameters were specified and appropriate probability distributions fitted for: number of discharges per annum; incidence rate for pressure ulcer; independent effect of pressure ulcer on length of stay; cost of a bed day; change in risk in developing a pressure ulcer associated with nutrition support; annual cost of the provision of a nutrition support intervention for at-risk patients. A total of 1000 random re-samples were made and the results expressed as output probability distributions. Results The model predicts a mean 2896 (s.d. 632) cases of pressure ulcer avoided; 12 397 (s.d. 4491) bed days released and corresponding mean economic cost saving of euros 2 869 526 (s.d. 2 078 715) with a nutrition support intervention, compared with standard care. Conclusion Nutrition intervention is predicted to be a cost-effective approach in the prevention of pressure ulcer in at-risk patients.

Is foot ulcer simulation training (FUST) really effective? Participants’ supervisors speak out

Background Foot ulcers are a common reason for diabetes-related hospitalisation. Foot ulcer simulation training (FUST) programs have increased podiatry participants self-confidence to manage foot ulcers. However, supervisors’ perspectives on their participants attending these simulation programs have not been investigated. This mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) study aimed to investigate home clinical supervisors’ perspectives on any changes to their participants’ competence and practice following FUST. Methods Clinical supervisors of fifteen podiatrists, who participated in a two-day Foot Ulcer Simulation Training (FUST) course, were recruited. Supervisors completed quantitative surveys evaluating their participants’ foot ulcer competence pre-FUST and 6-months post-FUST, via a purposed designed 21-item survey using a five-point Likert scale (1=Very limited, 5=Highly competent). Supervisors also attended a semi-structured qualitative group interview to investigate supervisors’ perspectives on FUST. Results Supervisors surveys returned were pre-FUST (n=10) and post-FUST (n=12). Significant competence improvements were observed at the 6-month survey (mean scores 2.84 cf. 3.72, p < 0.05). Five supervisors attended the group interview. Five sub-themes emerged: i) FUST provided a good foundation for future learning, ii) FUST modelled good clinical behaviour, iii) clinical practice improvement was evident in most participants, iv) clinical improvements were dependent on participant’s willingness to change and existing workplace culture, v) FUST needs to be reinforced back in the home clinic. Conclusion Overall, supervisors of FUST participants indicated that the course improved their participants’ competence and clinical practice. However, the degree of improvement appears dependant on the participants’ home workplace culture and willingness to embrace change.

Foot ulcer simulation training (FUST) : are podiatrists FUST with long-term clinical confidence?

Background Foot ulcers are a leading cause of diabetes-related hospitalisations. Clinical training has been shown to be beneficial in foot ulcer management. Recently, improved self-confidence in podiatrists was reported immediately after foot ulcer simulation training (FUST) pilot programs. This study aimed to investigate the longer-term impacts of the FUST program on podiatrists’ self-confidence over 12 months in a larger sample. Methods Participants were podiatrists attending a two-day FUST course comprising web-based interactive learning, low-fidelity part-tasks and high-fidelity full clinical scenarios. Primary outcome measures included participants’ self-confidence measured pre-, (immediately) post-, 6-month post- and 12-month post-course via a purpose designed 21-item survey using a five-point Likert scale (1=Very limited, 5=Highly confident). Participants’ perceptions of knowledge gained, satisfaction, relevance and fidelity were also investigated. ANOVA and post hoc tests were used to test any differences between groups. Results Thirty-four participants completed FUST. Survey response rates were 100% (pre), 82% (post), 74% (6-month post), and 47% (12-month post). Overall mean scores were 3.13 (pre), 4.49 (post), 4.35 (6-month post) and 4.30 (12-month post) (p < 0.05); post hoc tests indicated no differences between the immediately, 6-month and 12-month post group scores (p > 0.05). Satisfaction, knowledge, relevance and fidelity were all rated highly. Conclusion This study suggests that significant short-term improvements in self-confidence to manage foot ulcers via simulation training are retained over the longer term. It is likely that improved self-confidence leads to improved foot ulcer clinical practice and outcomes; although this requires further research.

Treating the whole not the hole : necessary coupling of technologies for diabetic foot ulcer treatment

Highlights • Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes. • We describe the development of next-generation technologies for DFU repair. • We highlight the modest success of growth factor-, scaffold-, and cell-based DFU therapies. • We rationalize that combination therapies will be necessary to enable effective and reliable DFU repair.

Venous leg ulcer recurrence : deciphering long term patient adherence to preventive treatments and activities

To better understand long term adherence to self-care activities to prevent the recurrence of venous leg ulcers, participants (n=80) were recruited to a prospective longitudinal study after experiencing healing of a venous leg ulcer. Data on demographics, health, psychosocial measures and adherence to prevention strategies (compression therapy, leg elevation and lower leg exercise) were collected every three months for one year after healing. Multivariable regression modelling was used to identify the factors that were independently associated with adherence. Over the year, a significant decline in adherence to all three strategies was observed, predominantly between 6–12 months after healing (p<0.01). Several factors were associated with adherence to more than one preventive activity. Regular follow-up care and a history of multiple previous ulcers were related to improved adherence (p<0.05), while scoring at higher risk for depression and restricted mobility were related to decreasing adherence over time (p<0.05). Patients with osteoarthritis had significantly reduced adherence to compression hosiery (p=0.026). These results provide information to assist care providers plan strategies for prevention of recurrent venous leg ulcers; and suggest a need for regular follow-up care which addresses both the physical and mental health of this population.

Predicting the likelihood of non-healing : a venous leg ulcer risk assessment tool

This project developed, validated and tested reliability of a risk assessment tool to predict the risk of failure to heal of patients with venous leg ulcers within 24 weeks. The risk assessment tool will allow clinicians to be able to determine realistic outcomes for their patients, promote early healing and potentially avoid weeks of inappropriate therapy. The tool will also assist in addressing specific risk factors and guide decisions on early, alternative, tailored interventions.

Identifying risk factors and protective factors for venous leg ulcer recurrence using a theoretical approach : a longitudinal study

Background The high recurrence rate of chronic venous leg ulcers has a significant impact on an individual’s quality of life and healthcare costs. Objectives This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors for recurrence of venous leg ulcers using a theoretical approach by applying a framework of self and family management of chronic conditions to underpin the study. Design Secondary analysis of combined data collected from three previous prospective longitudinal studies. Setting The contributing studies’ participants were recruited from two metropolitan hospital outpatient wound clinics and three community-based wound clinics. Participants Data were available on a sample of 250 adults, with a leg ulcer of primarily venous aetiology, who were followed after ulcer healing for a median follow-up time of 17 months after healing (range: 3 to 36 months). Methods Data from the three studies were combined. The original participant data were collected through medical records and self-reported questionnaires upon healing and every 3 months thereafter. A Cox proportion-hazards regression analysis was undertaken to determine the influential factors on leg ulcer recurrence based on the proposed conceptual framework. Results The median time to recurrence was 42 weeks (95% CI 31.9–52.0), with an incidence of 22% (54 of 250 participants) recurrence within three months of healing, 39% (91 of 235 participants) for those who were followed for six months, 57% (111 of 193) by 12 months, 73% (53 of 72) by two years and 78% (41 of 52) of those who were followed up for three years. A Cox proportional-hazards regression model revealed that the risk factors for recurrence included a history of deep vein thrombosis (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.07–2.67, p=0.024), history of multiple previous leg ulcers (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.84–10.5, p=0.001), and longer duration (in weeks) of previous ulcer (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.003–1.01, p<0.001); while the protective factors were elevating legs for at least 30 minutes per day (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.19–0.56, p<0.001), higher levels of self-efficacy (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.99, p=0.016), and walking around for at least three hours/day (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44–0.98, p=0.040). Conclusions Results from this study provide a comprehensive examination of risk and protective factors associated with leg ulcer recurrence based on the chronic disease self and family management framework. These results in turn provide essential steps towards developing and testing interventions to promote optimal prevention strategies for venous leg ulcer recurrence.