Atomic parity nonconservation, neutron radii, and effective field theories of nuclei

Accurately calibrated effective field theories are used to compute atomic parity nonconserving (APNC) observables. Although accurately calibrated, these effective field theories predict a large spread in the neutron skin of heavy nuclei. Whereas the neutron skin is strongly correlated to numerous physical observables, in this contribution we focus on its impact on new physics through APNC observables. The addition of an isoscalar-isovector coupling constant to the effective Lagrangian generates a wide range of values for the neutron skin of heavy nuclei without compromising the success of the model in reproducing well-constrained nuclear observables. Earlier studies have suggested that the use of isotopic ratios of APNC observables may eliminate their sensitivity to atomic structure. This leaves nuclear structure uncertainties as the main impediment for identifying physics beyond the standard model. We establish that uncertainties in the neutron skin of heavy nuclei are at present too large to measure isotopic ratios to better than the 0.1% accuracy required to test the standard model. However, we argue that such uncertainties will be significantly reduced by the upcoming measurement of the neutron radius in 208^Pb at the Jefferson Laboratory.

Average ground-state energy of finite Fermi systems

Semiclassical theories such as the Thomas-Fermi and Wigner-Kirkwood methods give a good description of the smooth average part of the total energy of a Fermi gas in some external potential when the chemical potential is varied. However, in systems with a fixed number of particles N, these methods overbind the actual average of the quantum energy as N is varied. We describe a theory that accounts for this effect. Numerical illustrations are discussed for fermions trapped in a harmonic oscillator potential and in a hard-wall cavity, and for self-consistent calculations of atomic nuclei. In the latter case, the influence of deformations on the average behavior of the energy is also considered.

Entropy of a correlated system of nucleons

Realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions induce correlations to the nuclear many-body system, which lead to a fragmentation of the single-particle strength over a wide range of energies and momenta. We address the question of how this fragmentation affects the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter. In particular, we show that the entropy can be computed with the help of a spectral function, which can be evaluated in terms of the self-energy obtained in the self-consistent Green's function approach. Results for the density and temperature dependences of the entropy per particle for symmetric nuclear matter are presented and compared to the results of lowest order finite-temperature Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations. The effects of correlations on the calculated entropy are small, if the appropriate quasiparticle approximation is used. The results demonstrate the thermodynamical consistency of the self-consistent T-matrix approximation for the evaluation of the Green's functions.

Density matrix functional theory that includes pairing correlations

The extension of density functional theory (DFT) to include pairing correlations without formal violation of the particle-number conservation condition is described. This version of the theory can be considered as a foundation of the application of existing DFT plus pairing approaches to atoms, molecules, ultracooled and magnetically trapped atomic Fermi gases, and atomic nuclei where the number of particles is conserved exactly. The connection with Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory is discussed, and the method of quasilocal reduction of the nonlocal theory is also described. This quasilocal reduction allows equations of motion to be obtained which are much simpler for numerical solution than the equations corresponding to the nonlocal case. Our theory is applied to the study of some even Sn isotopes, and the results are compared with those obtained in the standard HFB theory and with the experimental ones.

Pionic branches in neutron matter and the problem of pion condensation

The pion spectrum for charged and neutral pions is investigated in pure neutron matter, by letting the pions interact with a neutron Fermi sea in a self-consistent scheme that renormalizes simultaneously the mesons, considered the source of the interaction, and the nucleons. The possibility of obtaining different kinds of pion condensates is investigated with the result that they cannot be reached even for values of the spin-spin correlation parameter, g', far below the range commonly accepted.

Julio Palacios : un físico español de categoría universal.

Se trata de la biografía de uno de los científicos españoles de mayor proyección internacional: Julio Palacios. Fue licenciado en Ciencias Físicas y en Ciencias Exactas en la Universidad de Barcelona, y catedrático de Termología de la Universidad Central. En la Universidad de Leiden (Países Bajos) trabajó con el profesor Kamerlingh Onnes en el estudio del comportamiento de los gases nobles a baja temperatura. Colaboró también con la Universidad de Madrid y con el Laboratorio de Investigaciones Físicas de la Junta de Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas (JAE), en el que investigan también los mejores físicos de la época, como Miguel Catalán, Arturo Duperier, etc. Sus trabajos tuvieron repercusión internacional y, a raíz de ello, la Fundación Rockefeller donó un edificio dotado de instalaciones para la investigación científica del más alto nivel: el Instituto Nacional de Física y Química. En él, Palacios dirigió la sección de rayos X, creando una auténtica escuela española en ese campo. A lo largo de su vida también trabaja en termodinámica de gases a muy bajas temperaturas, electroquímica, óptica fisiológica, magnetismo, física nuclear, biofísica, relatividad, etc. Escribió 186 artículos de investigación y más de una docena de monografías y textos universitarios. A los 65 años publicó su Análisis Dimensional que tuvo un gran impacto en Europa y en los últimos años de su vida puso en duda la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein. Palacios fue vicerrector de la Universidad de Madrid y vicepresidente del Instituto de España. Entonces, la figura científica con más autoridad en España. Desde su puesto preeminente impulsó la reorganización de las Reales Academias y de la Real Sociedad Española de Física y Química; así como la transformación de la JAE en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

Physics 2 for OCR.

Este volumen se ha desarrollado para cubrir la nueva especificación del Nivel Avanzado (AS) de Ciencia del año dos mil ocho y ha sido respaldado por el OCR. Los objetivos están claramente definidos, para que los estudiantes sepan exactamente qué es lo que necesitan aprender. Las preguntas de auto-evaluación y el modelo de examen al final de cada capítulo, ofrecen oportunidades para el estudio independiente. Viene con un CD-ROM que proporciona información adicional y enlaces a sitios web libres, llenos de actividades de aprendizaje electrónico para el avance de los alumnos que lo necesiten y fomentar así la ampliación del conocimiento . Física 2 permite a los alumnos aprender sobre:impulso; impulso y las leyes de Newton; movimiento circular; campos gravitacionales; oscilaciones; física térmica; gases ideales; campos eléctricos; campos magnéticos; inducción electromagnética; condensadores; estructura atómica; física nuclear; radiactividad; radiografías; métodos de diagnóstico en medicina; uso de la ecografía en la medicina; la naturaleza del universo; la evolución del universo. Tiene un glosario de palabras clave, respuestas a la autoevaluación e índice.

Vibration and two-photon absorption

The rigorous and transparent treatment of the effects of nuclear vibrational motion in two-photon absorption (TPA) was discussed. Perturbation formula for diatomic molecules were developed and applied to the X¹Σ+–A¹Π transition in CO. The analysis showed that the vibrations played an important role in TPA, just as their role in the calculation of conventional nonlinear optical (NLO) hyperpolarizabilities

Negative Fukui functions: new insights based on electronegativity equalization

The occurrence of negative values for Fukui functions was studied through the electronegativity equalization method. Using algebraic relations between Fukui functions and different other conceptual DFT quantities on the one hand and the hardness matrix on the other hand, expressions were obtained for Fukui functions for several archetypical small molecules. Based on EEM calculations for large molecular sets, no negative Fukui functions were found

Linear response functions for a vibrational configuration interaction state

Linear response functions are implemented for a vibrational configuration interaction state allowing accurate analytical calculations of pure vibrational contributions to dynamical polarizabilities. Sample calculations are presented for the pure vibrational contributions to the polarizabilities of water and formaldehyde. We discuss the convergence of the results with respect to various details of the vibrational wave function description as well as the potential and property surfaces. We also analyze the frequency dependence of the linear response function and the effect of accounting phenomenologically for the finite lifetime of the excited vibrational states. Finally, we compare the analytical response approach to a sum-over-states approach

Simple finite field method for calculation of static and dynamic vibrational hyperpolarizabilities: curvature contributions

In the static field limit, the vibrational hyperpolarizability consists of two contributions due to: (1) the shift in the equilibrium geometry (known as nuclear relaxation), and (2) the change in the shape of the potential energy surface (known as curvature). Simple finite field methods have previously been developed for evaluating these static field contributions and also for determining the effect of nuclear relaxation on dynamic vibrational hyperpolarizabilities in the infinite frequency approximation. In this paper the finite field approach is extended to include, within the infinite frequency approximation, the effect of curvature on the major dynamic nonlinear optical processes