O perdão como componente moral em crianças do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental

Forgiveness may be considered a moral component to be developed along with the development of moral autonomy of individuals. This study aims to verify how 10 (ten) children from the first year of elementary school conceive the pardon and its possible relationship with their moral autonomy development. As theoretical research we have taken Piaget´s studies on human´s morality (1930; 1932) and Rique (2007, 2008, 2011) and Enright (1991, 1998) studies about forgiveness. This study was based on a qualitative research and the adopted method was the Piaget's Experimental Clinical Method. The results have shown that children perform moral reasoning when facing situations which involve the decision of forgiving someone and tend to comprehend forgiveness as forgiving someone for some performed act. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of the teacher’s mediation and intervention in moral discussions involving forgiveness, for the construction of the learners ´moral autonomy.

International Clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains

BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is an important cause of intestinal infections in some animal species and animals might be a reservoir for community associated human infections. Here we describe a collection of animal associated C. difficile strains from 12 countries based on inclusion criteria of one strain (PCR ribotype) per animal species per laboratory. RESULTS Altogether 112 isolates were collected and distributed into 38 PCR ribotypes with agarose based approach and 50 PCR ribotypes with sequencer based approach. Four PCR ribotypes were most prevalent in terms of number of isolates as well as in terms of number of different host species: 078 (14.3% of isolates; 4 hosts), 014/020 (11.6%; 8 hosts); 002 (5.4%; 4 hosts) and 012 (5.4%; 5 hosts). Two animal hosts were best represented; cattle with 31 isolates (20 PCR ribotypes; 7 countries) and pigs with 31 isolates (16 PCR ribotypes; 10 countries). CONCLUSIONS This results show that although PCR ribotype 078 is often reported as the major animal C. difficile type, especially in pigs, the variability of strains in pigs and other animal hosts is substantial. Most common human PCR ribotypes (014/020 and 002) are also among most prevalent animal associated C. difficile strains worldwide. The widespread dissemination of toxigenic C. difficile and the considerable overlap in strain distribution between species furthers concerns about interspecies, including zoonotic, transmission of this critically important pathogen.

Chants religieux

composés pour les Prières Hébrai͏̈ques par Israel Lovy

Effect of calf purchase and other herd-level risk factors on mortality, unwanted early slaughter, and use of antimicrobial group treatments in Swiss veal calf operations.

The objective of this survey was to determine herd level risk factors for mortality, unwanted early slaughter, and metaphylactic application of antimicrobial group therapy in Swiss veal calves in 2013. A questionnaire regarding farm structure, farm management, mortality and antimicrobial use was sent to all farmers registered in a Swiss label program setting requirements for improved animal welfare and sustainability. Risk factors were determined by multivariable logistic regression. A total of 619 veal producers returned a useable questionnaire (response rate=28.5%), of which 40.9% only fattened their own calves (group O), 56.9% their own calves and additional purchased calves (group O&P), and 2.3% only purchased calves for fattening (group P). A total number of 19,077 calves entered the fattening units in 2013, of which 21.7%, 66.7%, and 11.6% belonged to groups O, O&P, and P, respectively. Mortality was 0% in 322 herds (52.0%), between 0% and 3% in 47 herds (7.6%), and ≥3% in 250 herds (40.4%). Significant risk factors for mortality were purchasing calves, herd size, higher incidence of BRD, and access to an outside pen. Metaphylaxis was used on 13.4% of the farms (7.9% only upon arrival, 4.4% only later in the fattening period, 1.1% upon arrival and later), in 3.2% of the herds of group O, 17.9% of those in group O&P, and 92.9% of those of group P. Application of metaphylaxis upon arrival was positively associated with purchase (OR=8.9) and herd size (OR=1.2 per 10 calves). Metaphylaxis later in the production cycle was positively associated with group size (OR=2.9) and risk of respiratory disease (OR=1.2 per 10% higher risk) and negatively with the use of individual antimicrobial treatment (OR=0.3). In many countries, purchase and a large herd size are inherently connected to veal production. The Swiss situation with large commercial but also smaller herds with little or no purchase of calves made it possible to investigate the effect of these factors on mortality and antimicrobial drug use. The results of this study show that a system where small farms raise the calves from their own herds has a substantial potential to improve animal health and reduce antimicrobial drug use.

Rodrigo Díaz, de señor de la guerra a señor de Valencia

Según el Cantar de Mio Cid, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar desarrolló una extraordinaria carrera como señor de la guerra durante su exilio. Empero, tras conquistar Valencia y el perdón de su rey, el Cid prácticamente detuvo sus campañas militares y comenzó a vivir como un señor feudal. Este artículo revisa la evolución del Cid a lo largo del Cantar e intenta descubrir sus razones.

Rodrigo Díaz, de señor de la guerra a señor de Valencia

Según el Cantar de Mio Cid, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar desarrolló una extraordinaria carrera como señor de la guerra durante su exilio. Empero, tras conquistar Valencia y el perdón de su rey, el Cid prácticamente detuvo sus campañas militares y comenzó a vivir como un señor feudal. Este artículo revisa la evolución del Cid a lo largo del Cantar e intenta descubrir sus razones.

Rodrigo Díaz, de señor de la guerra a señor de Valencia

Según el Cantar de Mio Cid, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar desarrolló una extraordinaria carrera como señor de la guerra durante su exilio. Empero, tras conquistar Valencia y el perdón de su rey, el Cid prácticamente detuvo sus campañas militares y comenzó a vivir como un señor feudal. Este artículo revisa la evolución del Cid a lo largo del Cantar e intenta descubrir sus razones.

[Petition from Philip Draper to the Harvard Faculty, 1780]

Petition from Philip Draper explaining his reasons for returning to Cambridge during his rustication and requesting the pardon of the Faculty.

Acknowledgment of Atkins, Dexter, Hall 1, 1780 March 22

One-page handwritten letter to "the Reverent the President, Professors, and Tutors of Harvard College," signed with the last names of Dudley Atkins, Samuel Dexter, and Joseph Hall, asking the President and Tutors for their pardon.

A new predilection site of Mycoplasma bovis: Postsurgical seromas in beef cattle

Mycoplasma bovis is a highly contagious bacterium, which predominantly causes chronic pneumonia, otitis and arthritis in calves and mastitis in adult cattle. In humans, Mycoplasma species have been associated with post-surgical infections. The present study aimed to identify the bacteria associated with three outbreaks of infected seromas after caesarian section in Belgian Blue beef cattle. A total of 10 cases occurred in three herds which were in close proximity of each other and shared the same veterinary practice. M. bovis could be cultured from seroma fluid in five of the six referred animals, mostly in pure culture and was isolated from multiple chronic sites of infection (arthritis and mastitis) as well. DNA fingerprinting of the isolates targeting two insertion sequence elements suggested spread of M. bovis from chronic sites of infection (udder and joints) to the postsurgical seromas. Identical genetic profiles were demonstrated in two animals from two separate farms, suggesting spread between farms. Mortality rate in the referred animals positive for M. bovis in a seroma was 80% (4/5), despite intensive treatment. A massive increase in antimicrobial use was observed in every affected farm. These observations demonstrate involvement of mycoplasmas in outbreaks of postsurgical seromas in cattle.

Derecho de gracia.

Mode of access: Internet.

La fin du mal, ou l'immortalité des justes et l'anéantissement graduel des impénitents /

Includes bibliographical references (p. [195]-208).

Das begnadigungsrecht: eine inaugural abhandlung.

Mode of access: Internet.

Christmas eve on Lonesome, and other stories,

Christmas eve on Lonesome.--The army of the Callahan.--The last Stetson.--The pardon of Becky Day.--A crisis for the Guard.--Christmas night with Satan.