Épidémiologie de la maladie de Crohn au Québec

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Bioengineering of nisin to enhance functionality against dairy pathogens

The bacteriocin class of antimicrobial peptides have emerged as a viable alternative to at least partially fill the void created by the end of the golden age of antibiotic discovery. Along with this potential use in a clinical setting, bacteriocins also play an important role as bio-preservatives in the food industry. This thesis focuses on a specific bacteriocin group, the lantibiotics (Lanthionine-containing antibiotics). Their numerous methods of appliance in a food setting and how their gene-encoded nature can be modified to improve on overall bioactivity and functionality are explored here. The use of a lantibiotic (lacticin 3147) producing starter culture to control the Crohn’s disease-linked pathogen Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was assessed in a raw milk cheese. Although lacticin 3147 production did not effectively control the pathogen, the study provided an impetus to employ a variety of PCR-based mutagenesis techniques with a view to the creation of enhanced lantibiotic derivatives. Through the use of these techniques, a number of enhanced derivatives were generated from the ‘hinge’ region of the nisin peptide. Furthermore, a derivative in which the three hinge amino acids were replaced with three alanines represents the first enhanced derivative of nisin to have been designed through a rational process. This derivative also formed the backbone for the creation of an active, trypsin resistant, variant. Through the employment of further mutagenesis methods a derivative was created with potential use as an oral anti-bacterial in the future. Finally a number of lead nisin derivatives were investigated to assess their anti- Streptococcus agalactiae ability, a mastitis associated pathogen. Also a system was developed to facilitate the large scale production of these candidates, or other nisin derivatives, from dairy substrates.

Épidémiologie de la maladie de Crohn au Québec

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Alteraciones de la calidad y cantidad de la produccion de leche en presencia de map a traves de ELISA PPA

La paratuberculosis (PTB) o enfermedad de Johne es una enteritis granulomatosa infecto-contagiosa de curso crónico e incurable que afecta a los rumiantes, causada por Mycobacterium avium spp paratuberculosis (Map). Las pérdidas económicas por PTB se dan debido a la reducción de las producciones cárnica y láctea, disminución de la fertilidad, incremento en la incidencia de mastitis, menor expectativa de vida productiva de la hembra, eliminación prematura de animales, etc. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el impacto de la infección de Map identificada mediante la detección de anticuerpos en la leche, sobre la producción de leche (cantidad y calidad) a partir del estudio individual de las hembras en producción.

Développement de stratégies et d'outils analytiques novateurs pour la détection de vaches atteintes de paratuberculose

La paratuberculose bovine est une maladie causée par la mycobactérie Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Elle est responsable d’énormes pertes économiques dans le monde. En effet, cette maladie provoque la diminution de la production laitière chez les vaches ainsi qu’un état de fatigue général en raison d’une entérite chronique chez les sujets atteints. Des indices mettent également en évidence le potentiel zoonotique de MAP et malheureusement aucun traitement n’est connu à ce jour. Ainsi, les stratégies actuelles pour contrer la maladie dans les troupeaux reposent plutôt sur des actions préventives. Actuellement, le diagnostic de la paratuberculose reste difficile et la prévalence de la maladie est probablement sous-estimée dans les troupeaux en raison de la faible sensibilité des tests diagnostiques. Dans l’optique de développer une nouvelle méthode diagnostique pour la paratuberculose, ce projet de recherche s’est établi en deux étapes : la mise en place d’un système de diagnostic robuste des animaux par les méthodes de dépistage traditionnelles, incluant une étude comparative de l’efficacité de trousses commerciales, et finalement l’étude de la prolifération cellulaire spécifique des lymphocytes comme d’une épreuve diagnostique pour la maladie. Ainsi, la comparaison des trousses commerciales a démontré un écart d’efficacité qui a permis d’établir de nouvelles recommandations pour l’analyse des animaux ainsi que l’amélioration du diagnostic de la paratuberculose dans les troupeaux. Concernant le développement d’une méthode de diagnostique basée sur la prolifération lymphocytaire, de nombreuses difficultés techniques ont entravé le bon déroulement du projet mais ces travaux montrent la possibilité de caractériser de manière plus complète les différents types lymphocytaires par cytométrie de flux chez le bovin laitier.

Epidemiological studies of Johne’s Disease in cattle from Scottish farms, with a focus on slaughterhouse investigations

The PARABAN project has been a Scotland-wide initiative to develop and deliver farm-specific ‘best practice’ for the control of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle using ‘Knowledge Exchange’. A range of partners have been involved, including nine ‘Champion Farms’. With input from the farmer, his/her vet and PARABAN advisors, a tailored monitoring and control programme was devised for each ‘Champion Farm’, taking into account the history of the disease on the farm, the physical facilities available and farmer objectives. Culling decisions based on live animal test results were incorporated into each farm-specific programme to complement the management programme already in place to maintain each herd. Results were analysed and discussed with all the partners throughout the project and then offered for wider scrutiny at farm open days. Feedback and questions from these open days have been used to complete the ‘Knowledge Exchange’ cycle. As a major component of the PARABAN project the author collected samples from all adult animals culled from ‘Champion Farms’ at slaughter or as fallen stock, irrespective of in-life MAP test status. These were then subjected to histopathological examination by experienced veterinary pathologists and the results compared with the results from in-life MAP testing. This was intended to evaluate the contribution slaughterhouse sampling could make towards decision making for disease control on farm and formed the main aim of this thesis. In total, samples of terminal ileum and draining lymph node were collected from three-hundred and fifty-two animals. A positive result on histopathology was defined as the presence of lesions typical of MAP and also the presence of acid-fast bacteria within the sections. There was found to be fair agreement between the overall results from histopathology and serum ELISA (Kappa = 0.33), though there appeared to be some variation in agreement between the tests on the individual ‘Champion Farms’. The presence of MAP was confirmed in seven of the eight farms which contributed animals to this study, despite sometimes prolonged efforts at controlling the disease. A separate study was undertaken to make use of the archives of the Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety at the Veterinary School, University of Glasgow. The archive contained records of cases from across southern Scotland and northern England. Analysis of the data generated from examination of these records suggested that MAP is widespread within the Scottish cattle herd and may well be increasing