På spaning efter den goda läroboken : om pedagogiska texters lärande potential

By interpreting research results about textbooks this study tries to answer the question: how should texts be formulated to optimize the learning of the reading pupil? Seven perspectives structure the research: History. The amount of information available in a society influences the learning offered by textbooks. A compressed description indicates that memorizing activities have turned to tendencies for critical reading. Curriculum. The decentralization of curriculum development accentuates the importance of the textbook authors as interpreters of significant information. Because of the authority of textbooks, the way that information is presented can function as an unintended curriculum. Use. In the use of textbooks different functions can be identified. Thus the textbooks have, for instance, an authoritarian, a cohesive and a disciplinary function. Level of difficulty. A text that optimally matches the skills of the readers ina class should both provide facilitating scaffolds for the learning and at the same time challenge especially capable students by not being too obvious. Changing of preconceptions. The only possible starting point for teaching is the knowledge developed earlier by the student. In certain areas misconceptions are usual, which motivates the use of conceptual change texts that enhance the transformation of earlier obtained knowledge. Coherence. Well structured texts can usually be considered beneficial for learning. The same applies to the use of meta-discourse guiding the reader through the text. If the structuring is too obvious, the content may not, at least by capable students, be processed on a deep level. Content. The analysis underlines the need for deep approaches in textbooks. Though this is a relative statement, textbooks from a learning perspective seem to have been too superficial in their presentations. Ten principles were developed as a concluding interpretation of the good textbook. Though these principles capture important tendencies for developing a good textbook, textbook writing has to be considered as an art that cannot be captured in a short formula. The paradoxes identified indicate that the results should be seen as a starting point for further research.

Beskrifning öfver Åland : af Fredric Wilhelm Radloff, med. doct. och provincial-medicus på Åland.

Dedicated to: Hans Maj:t Konungen.

Jordens figur, upfunnen af herrar de Maupertuis, Clairaut, Camus, Le Monnier, ledamöter af Kongl. Vetenskaps Academien i Paris, och herr abbotn Outhier, correspondent af samma Academia, samt af h. Celsius, Kongl. astron. professor i Upsala, igenom de, på konungens i Frankrike befalning, vid norra pol-cirkelen, giorda observationer : utgifvit af herr de Maupertuis. Öfversat af fransyskan [af Anders Hellant].

Digital reproduction, The National Library of Finland, Centre for Preservation and Digitisation, Mikkeli

Afhandling om hushållningens upkomst och tilväxt i Österbotten : Första delen, med philosophiska facultetens bifall utgifven och försvarad af Hans Petter Winge, phil. mag. och Jacob Abraham Strömmer, Österbottningar. I Åbo Academies öfre lärosal den 22 Februarii 1797, på vanlig tid förmiddagen

Bound in: Dissertatio historica de paroecia Alandiae Lemland, eique annexa Lumparland / Daniel Ferdinandus Mallén. Aboae : typis Frenckellianis, [1792]

Academisk afhandling och oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Kulsiala församling i Tavastehus län, ... : under ... Pehr Adrian Gadds anförande, utgifwen och förswarad af Lars Palander, Gabr. S. Tawast-Finne. I Åbo Academiens öfre lärosal den 25 Junii 1767. På wanlig tid, förr middagen.

Dedicated to: Otto Ernst Boije, Anders Boije, Eric Johan Andersin, Gustaf Lewander.

Vägvisare genom Svea och Göta Riken samt Storfurstendömet Finland : författad och utgifven af Carl P. Hagström. ...

Imperfect copy, lacking p. 55.

Geografisk och ekonomisk beskrifning om Kemi lappmark i Vesterbottens höfdingdöme. Med geografisk karta. På bergs-rådet friherre S. G. Hermelins anmodan : författad af Göran Wahlenberg ...

Digital reproduction, The National Library of Finland, Centre for Preservation and Digitisation, Mikkeli

Försök til en historisk, geometrisk och physico-oeconomisk beskrifning öfwer Pedersöre sokn i Österbotn : Andra eller Historiska delen ... : Til allmän granskning utgifwen af Hans Henric Aspegren ... förswarad af Gabriel G. Aspegren, österbotninge. Den 19 Martii 1766. på wanlig tid förmidd.

Dedicated to: Pedersöre sokns innebyggare.

Histoire de la Laponie, : sa description, lʼorigine, les moeurs, la maniere de vivre de ses habitans, leur religion, leur magie, & les choses rares du païs. Avec plusieurs additions [et] augmentations fort curieuses, qui jusques-icy nʼont pas esté imprimées. Traduites du latin de Monsieur Scheffer. Par L[e] P[ère] A[ugustin] L[ubin] geographe ordinaire de Sa Majesté

Added engraved title page: Histoire de la Laponie traduite du latin de Jean Scheffer.

Landskapet i nord : ”Gjennomføring av Den europeiska Landskapskonvensjonen i kommunene på Nord-Kalotten” – Konferansen 7.-9. 9.2011, Enare, Finland

Kansainvälinen Eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden saavuttamista edistävä konferenssi järjestettiin Inarissa 7.-9.9.2011. Konferenssissa käsiteltiin maisemasopimuksen tavoitteita, tarpeita ja mahdollisuuksia Pohjois-Kalotin alueella. Tähän raporttiin on koottu konferenssissa esiintyneiden asiantuntijoiden laatimat artikkelit aiheesta. Raportin toivotaan helpottavan alueiden käytön suunnittelijoita käytännön työssään ja rohkaisevan kuntia toteuttamaan tulevaisuuden suunnittelua Eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden mukaisesti. Raportti on saatavissa viidellä eri kielellä: suomeksi, ruotsiksi, norjaksi, pohjoissaameksi ja englanniksi. Pohjois-Kalotin aluetta yhdistää yhteinen tunnusomainen maisema. Saamelaiskulttuurin sekä poronhoidon muovaamat tunturimaisemat ja upeat jokivarsimaisemat heijastuvat ympäristössä laaja-alaisesti. Alueen maisemalle haasteita tuovat sen moninaiset maankäyttömuodot ja elinkeinot, kuten matkailu, kaivosteollisuus ja energiantuotanto. Arvokkaiden maisemapiirteiden säilyttäminen vaatii erityistä tuntemusta ja tietämystä alueen kunnissa. Maisemansuojelua ja -hoitoa toteutetaan alueiden- ja maankäytön suunnittelun kautta, pääasiallisesti kaavoituksella ja maisemanhoitosuunnitelmilla. Pohjois-Kalotin alueen kunnissa on erilaiset osin toisistaan poikkeavat toimintatavat ja käytännöt maisemanhoidossa. Kuitenkin alueen asukkailla on yhtäläisiä intressejä elinympäristönsä suojeluun ja säilyttämiseen. Maisema nähdään vetovoimatekijänä, jota ei haluta menettää. Lisääntyvät maankäyttötarpeet kunnissa luovat tarpeen entistä moniulotteisemmalle suunnittelulle. Paikallisten tahojen osallistaminen suunnitteluprosesseihin aikaisessa vaiheessa ja monimuotoinen vuorovaikutus, niin toimijoiden, kansalaisten kuin viranomaisten välillä vähentää konfliktien muodostumista. Tutkimustiedon tehokkaampi hyödyntäminen ja valtiorajat ylittävä yhteistyö helpottaa päätöksentekoa ja luo yhteisiä linjoja maisemansuojelutyöhön. Yhteiset kokemukset, käytännöt ja tietotaidon jakaminen sekä laajemman maisemakokonaisuuden hahmottaminen parantaa eurooppalaisen maisemayleissopimuksen tavoitteiden toteutumista. Työn jatkuvuuden varmistamiseksi Pohjois-Kalotin alueelle suunnitellaan perustettavaksi maisemayhteistyöryhmä, jonka tehtävä on maisemapolitiikan kehittäminen ja eteenpäin vieminen.

Nordliga landskap : "Tillämpning av den europeiska landskapskonventionen i kommunerna på Nordkalotten" - Konferensen 7.-9.9.2011, Enare, Finland

För att kunna nå de uppsatta målen för den europeiska landskapskonventionen anordnades en internationell europeisk konferens den 7–9 september 2011 i Enare. Konferensen var främst inriktad på att öka kunskapen om den europeiska landskapskonventionen och de möjligheter och behov den ger vad gäller det praktiska planeringsarbetet, särkilt på kommunnivå. Den här rapport är samlat artikel skrev av ledande expertes som var föreläsare i konferensen. Vi hoppas att den här rapport underlättar det praktiska arbetet för planerarna av de här områdena och inspirerar kommunerna att genomföra sina framtidsplaner enligt den europeiska landskapskonventionen. Publikationen finns tillgänglig på fem olika språk: finska, svenska, norska, nordsamiska och engelska. Naturen på Nordkalotten återspeglar på bred front de gemensamma karaktäristiska dragen, såsom de fantastiska älvlandskapen och de vackra fjälltrakterna formade av samekulturen och renskötseln. Turism, energiproduktion, gruvnäring och utbyggnad av infrastruktur leder till nya och mångfacetterade utmaningar för dem som är ansvariga för områdena. Kommunerna behöver kunskap och stöd för att kunna förverkliga de allt mer komplexa planerna i framtiden, så att de unika och värdefulla särdragen kan bevaras. Landskapsskyddet och -vården genomförs i landskapsområdena via områdesplanering och planering av markanvändning, i huvudsak genom planläggning och utarbetande av landskapsvårdsplaner. Kommunerna i Nordkalotten har egna, delvis olikartade metoder och praxis, på basis av vilka olika processer i anslutning till områdesanvändningen sköts. Kommunerna och kommuninvånarna har ett stort intresse att bevara och skydda den egna livsmiljön och att upprätthålla och öka områdets attraktionskraft. Landskapet ses ju i kommunerna som en av de viktigaste attraktionsfaktorerna som man inte vill förlora. Kommunernas ökade markanvändningsbehov med avseende på bland annat energiproduktionen, gruvindustrin och den växande turistnäringen skapar ett välgrundat behov av en planering med ännu fler dimensioner. Det är viktigt att lokala intressegrupper deltar i planeringen redan i början av processen. Mångsidigt samarbete mellan medborgare, aktörer och myndigheter kan minska eller hindra konflikter. En dialog mellan medborgare, organisationer och myndigheter har en stor inverkan på många projekts effekter på landskapet. Med hjälp av forskning får vi mer information om landskapen, deras betydelse och hur olika markanvändningsmetoder påverkar landskapen. Gemensamma erfarenheter och praktik, uppdelningen av kunnande (know-how) samt uppfattningen av bredare landkapshelheten dörbättrar tilsammans de möjligheterna att förverkliga målen som definierats i Europeiska landskapkonventionen.För att säkerställa att arbetet fortsätter upprättas en landskapssamarbetsgrupp på Nordkalottens område, som huvuduppgift är att utveckla landskapspolitiken och driva den framåt.

An educator's perspective of Dr. Feingold's K-P (Kaiser- Permanents) elimination diet for hyperkinetic children and others

Do evaluation of the literature and a regional observational report support Dr. Feingold's claim that the K-P (Kaiser-Permanente) elimination diet improves the behaviours of hyperkinetic children, and others? Dr. Feingold suggests that some hyperkinetic children, and other children as well, are genetically predisposed to intolerance of food additives, particularly food colours and flavours. He claims that the K-P diet, that eliminates salicylates and artificial food colours and flavours, improves the hyperkinetic child's behaviour, muscle co-ordination, and scholastic performance. Public acceptance of the K-P diet has outstripped acceptance in the medical and scientific communities. Evaluation of available data and additional studies are needed to arrive at a conclusion of acceptance or rejection of the K-P diet for hyperkinetic children and others. My interest in the K-P elimination diet for hyperkinetic children is educational. My experience as an elementary school teacher in special education and in the classroom from K-8 has taught me that attentiveness is crucial to learning. Hyperkinesis appears to impair a child's ability to attend. Learning problems appear, followed by behavioural and social problems. l If we accept the possibility of a relationship between diet and attentiveness, and attentiveness and school behaviours, then the diet-behaviour link could be of lay importance. For instance, if a diet such as the K-P diet could do what is claimed, substantial benefits could accrue to the child. One could, for example, improve a child's behaviours. One could identify attending disturbances early in the child's education, possibly minimizing, or eliminating future difficulties in school. Finally, the greatest benefit may be the fulfillment of the basic goal of our Ontario schools, that the eh~ld-,lIla1p.evelop happily and competently within our educational framework. 2 This thesis reports evidence from the literature and from a regional observational investigation to determine the possibility of a link between the behaviours of children and Dr. Feingold's K-P elimination diet. The literature research examines (1) Dr. Feingold's concept of H-LD, (2) his K-P elimination diet, and (3) the response from three sectors, medicine, science, and the public. The regional investigation examines the observed behaviours of nine children in Regional Niagara during a nine-month period on the K-P diet.

Oligo(p-Phenylenevinylene) Derived Organogels: A Novel Class of Functional Supramolecular Materials

The main objective of the present study is to have a detailed investigation on the gelation properties, morphology and optical properties of small π-conjugated oligomers. For this purpose we have chosen oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs), a class of molecules which have received considerable attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties. Though a large number of reports are available in the literature on the self-assembly properties of tailor made OPVs, none of them pertain to the design of nanostructures based on organogels. In view of this, we aimed at the creation of functional chromophoric assemblies of π-conjugated OPVs through the formation of organogels, with the objective of crafting nanoscopic assemblies of different size and shape thereby modulating their optical and electronic properties.In order to fulfill the above objectives, the design and synthesis of a variety of OPVs with appropriate structural variations were planned. The design principle involves the derivatization of OPVs with weak H-bonding hydroxymethyl end groups and with long aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains. The noncovalent interactions in these molecules were expected to lead the formation of supramolecular assembly and gels in hydrocarbon solvents. In such an event, detailed study of gelation and extensive analysis of the morphology of the gel structures were planned using advanced microscopic techniques. Since OPVs are strongly fluorescent molecules, gelation is expected to perturb the optical properties. Therefore, detailed study on the gelation induced optical properties as a way to probe the nature and stability of the selfassembly was planned. Apart from this, the potential use of the modulation of the optical properties for the purpose of light harvesting was aimed. The approach to this problem was to entrap an appropriate energy trap to the OPV gel matrix which may lead to the efficient energy transfer from the OPV gel based donor to the entrapped acceptor. The final question that we wanted to address in this investigation was the creation of helical nanostructures through proper modification of the OPV backbone With chiral handles.The present thesis is a detailed and systematic approach to the realization of the above objectives which are presented in different chapters of the thesis.

High-momentum proton removal from 16 O and the (e,e'p) cross section

The cross section for the removal of high-momentum protons from 16O is calculated for high missing energies. The admixture of high-momentum nucleons in the 16O ground state is obtained by calculating the single-hole spectral function directly in the finite nucleus with the inclusion of short-range and tensor correlations induced by a realistic meson-exchange interaction. The presence of high-momentum nucleons in the transition to final states in 15N at 60¿100 MeV missing energy is converted to the coincidence cross section for the (e,e¿p) reaction by including the coupling to the electromagnetic probe and the final state interactions of the outgoing proton in the same way as in the standard analysis of the experimental data. Detectable cross sections for the removal of a single proton at these high missing energies are obtained which are considerably larger at higher missing momentum than the corresponding cross sections for the p-wave quasihole transitions. Cross sections for these quasihole transitions are compared with the most recent experimental data available.

Status and Potential of Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Xishuangbanna, southern P.R. China

With Chinas rapid economic development during the last decades, the national demand for livestock products has quadrupled within the last 20 years. Most of that increase in demand has been answered by subsidized industrialized production systems, while million of smallholders, which still provide the larger share of livestock products in the country, have been neglected. Fostering those systems would help China to lower its strong urban migration streams, enhance the livelihood of poorer rural population and provide environmentally save livestock products which have a good chance to satisfy customers demand for ecological food. Despite their importance, China’s smallholder livestock keepers have not yet gained appropriate attention from governmental authorities and researchers. However, profound analysis of those systems is required so that adequate support can lead to a better resource utilization and productivity in the sector. To this aim, this pilot study analyzes smallholder livestock production systems in Xishuangbanna, located in southern China. The area is bordered by Lao and Myanmar and geographically counts as tropical region. Its climate is characterized by dry and temperate winters and hot summers with monsoon rains from May to October. While the regionis plain, at about 500 m asl above sea level in the south, outliers of the Himalaya mountains reach out into the north of Xishuangbanna, where the highest peak reaches 2400 m asl. Except of one larger city, Jinghong, Xishuangbanna mainly is covered by tropical rainforest, areas under agricultural cultivation and villages. The major income is generated through inner-Chinese tourism and agricultural production. Intensive rubber plantations are distinctive for the lowland plains while small-scaled traditional farms are scattered in the mountane regions. In order to determine the current state and possible future chances of smallholder livestock production in that region, this study analyzed the current status of the smallholder livestock sector in the Naban River National Nature Reserve (NRNNR), an area which is largely representative for the whole prefecture. It covers an area of about 50square kilometer and reaches from 470 up to 2400 m asl. About 5500 habitants of different ethnic origin are situated in 24 villages. All data have been collected between October 2007 and May 2010. Three major objectives have been addressed in the study: 1. Classifying existing pig production systems and exploring respective pathways for development 2. Quantifying the performance of pig breeding systemsto identify bottlenecks for production 3. Analyzing past and current buffalo utilization to determine the chances and opportunities of buffalo keeping in the future In order to classify the different pig production s ystems, a baseline survey (n=204, stratified cluster sampling) was carried out to gain data about livestock species, numbers, management practices, cultivated plant species and field sizes as well associo-economic characteristics. Sampling included two clusters at village level (altitude, ethnic affiliation), resulting in 13 clusters of which 13-17 farms were interviewed respectively. Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CatPCA) and a two-step clustering algorithm have been applied to identify determining farm characteristics and assort recorded households into classes of livestock production types. The variables keep_sow_yes/no, TLU_pig, TLU_buffalo, size_of_corn_fields, altitude_class, size_of_tea_plantationand size_of_rubber_fieldhave been found to be major determinants for the characterization of the recorded farms. All farms have extensive or semi-intensive livestock production, pigs and buffaloes are predominant livestock species while chicken and aquaculture are available but play subordinate roles for livelihoods. All pig raisers rely on a single local breed, which is known as Small Ear Pig (SMEP) in the region. Three major production systemshave been identified: Livestock-corn based LB; 41%), rubber based (RB; 39%) and pig based (PB;20%) systems. RB farms earn high income from rubber and fatten 1.9 ±1.80 pigs per household (HH), often using purchased pig feed at markets. PB farms own similar sized rubber plantations and raise 4.7 ±2.77 pigs per HH, with fodder mainly being cultivated and collected in theforest. LB farms grow corn, rice and tea and keep 4.6 ±3.32 pigs per HH, also fed with collected and cultivated fodder. Only 29% of all pigs were marketed (LB: 20%; RB: 42%; PB: 25%), average annual mortality was 4.0 ±4.52 pigs per farm (LB: 4.6 ±3.68; RB: 1.9 ±2.14; PB: 7.1 ±10.82). Pig feed mainly consists of banana pseudo stem, corn and rice hives and is prepared in batches about two to three times per week. Such fodder might be sufficient in energy content but lacks appropriate content of protein. Pigs therefore suffer from malnutrition, which becomes most critical in the time before harvest season around October. Farmers reported high occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in carcasses and often pig stables were wet and filled with manure. Deficits in nutritional and hygienic management are major limits for development and should be the first issues addressed to improve productivity. SME pork was found to be known and referred by local customers in town and by richer lowland farmers. However, high prices and lacking availability of SME pork at local wet-markets were the reasons which limited purchase. If major management constraints are overcome, pig breeders (PB and LB farms) could increase the share of marketed pigs for town markets and provide fatteners to richer RB farmers. RB farmers are interested in fattening pigs for home consumption but do not show any motivation for commercial pig raising. To determine the productivity of input factors in pig production, eproductive performance, feed quality and quantity as well as weight development of pigs under current management were recorded. The data collection included a progeny history survey covering 184 sows and 437 farrows, bi-weekly weighing of 114 pigs during a 16-months time-span on 21 farms (10 LB and 11 PB) as well as the daily recording of feed quality and quantity given to a defined number of pigs on the same 21 farms. Feed samples of all recorded ingredients were analyzed for their respective nutrient content. Since no literature values on thedigestibility of banana pseudo stem – which is a major ingredient of traditional pig feed in NRNNR – were found, a cross-sectional digestibility trial with 2x4 pigs has been conducted on a station in the research area. With the aid of PRY Herd Life Model, all data have been utilized to determine thesystems’ current (Status Quo = SQ) output and the productivity of the input factor “feed” in terms of saleable life weight per kg DM feed intake and monetary value of output per kg DM feed intake.Two improvement scenarios were simulated, assuming 1) that farmers adopt a culling managementthat generates the highest output per unit input (Scenario 1; SC I) and 2) that through improved feeding, selected parameters of reproduction are improved by 30% (SC II). Daily weight gain averaged 55 ± 56 g per day between day 200 and 600. The average feed energy content of traditional feed mix was 14.92 MJ ME. Age at first farrowing averaged 14.5 ± 4.34 months, subsequent inter-farrowing interval was 11.4 ± 2.73 months. Littersize was 5.8 piglets and weaning age was 4.3 ± 0.99 months. 18% of piglets died before weaning. Simulating pig production at actualstatus, it has been show that monetary returns on inputs (ROI) is negative (1:0.67), but improved (1:1.2) when culling management was optimized so that highest output is gained per unit feed input. If in addition better feeding, controlled mating and better resale prices at fixed dates were simulated, ROI further increased to 1:2.45, 1:2.69, 1:2.7 and 1:3.15 for four respective grower groups. Those findings show the potential of pork production, if basic measures of improvement are applied. Futureexploration of the environment, including climate, market-season and culture is required before implementing the recommended measures to ensure a sustainable development of a more effective and resource conserving pork production in the future. The two studies have shown that the production of local SME pigs plays an important role in traditional farms in NRNNR but basic constraints are limiting their productivity. However, relatively easy approaches are sufficient for reaching a notable improvement. Also there is a demand for more SME pork on local markets and, if basic constraints have been overcome, pig farmers could turn into more commercial producers and provide pork to local markets. By that, environmentally safe meat can be offered to sensitive consumers while farmers increase their income and lower the risk of external shocks through a more diverse income generating strategy. Buffaloes have been found to be the second important livestock species on NRNNR farms. While they have been a core resource of mixed smallholderfarms in the past, the expansion of rubber tree plantations and agricultural mechanization are reasons for decreased swamp buffalo numbers today. The third study seeks to predict future utilization of buffaloes on different farm types in NRNNR by analyzing the dynamics of its buffalo population and land use changes over time and calculating labor which is required for keeping buffaloes in view of the traction power which can be utilized for field preparation. The use of buffaloes for field work and the recent development of the egional buffalo population were analyzed through interviews with 184 farmers in 2007/2008 and discussions with 62 buffalo keepers in 2009. While pig based farms (PB; n=37) have abandoned buffalo keeping, 11% of the rubber based farms (RB; n=71) and 100% of the livestock-corn based farms (LB; n=76) kept buffaloes in 2008. Herd size was 2.5 ±1.80 (n=84) buffaloes in early 2008 and 2.2 ±1.69 (n=62) in 2009. Field work on own land was the main reason forkeeping buffaloes (87.3%), but lending work buffaloes to neighbors (79.0%) was also important. Other purposes were transport of goods (16.1%), buffalo trade (11.3%) and meat consumption(6.4%). Buffalo care required 6.2 ±3.00 working hours daily, while annual working time of abuffalo was 294 ±216.6 hours. The area ploughed with buffaloes remained constant during the past 10 years despite an expansion of land cropped per farm. Further rapid replacement of buffaloes by tractors is expected in the near future. While the work economy is drastically improved by the use of tractors, buffaloes still can provide cheap work force and serve as buffer for economic shocks on poorer farms. Especially poor farms, which lack alternative assets that could quickly be liquidizedin times of urgent need for cash, should not abandon buffalo keeping. Livestock has been found to be a major part of small mixed farms in NRNNR. The general productivity was low in both analyzed species, buffaloes and pigs. Productivity of pigs can be improved through basic adjustments in feeding, reproductive and hygienic management, and with external support pig production could further be commercialized to provide pork and weaners to local markets and fattening farms. Buffalo production is relatively time intensive, and only will be of importance in the future to very poor farms and such farms that cultivate very small terraces on steep slopes. These should be encouraged to further keep buffaloes. With such measures, livestock production in NRNNR has good chances to stay competitive in the future.