Progetto lavanda: ottimizzazione del servizio attraverso uno studio statistico - gestionale e focus sul fine vita dei pannolini compostabili

L'obiettivo di questo elaborato é quello di mettere in evidenza una categoria critica dei rifiuti: i pannolini usa e getta. Essi, infatti, consumano una quantità ingente di risorse ed energia ed inoltre producono un enorme impatto ambientale connesso allo smaltimento finale. Si pensi che quest'ultimi rappresentano circa il 5% del totale dei rifiuti prodotti: 2 miliardi di pannolini solo in Italia che impiegano più di 500 anni per decomporsi in discarica. Per studiare questo fenomeno si è presa in considerazione una cooperativa sociale bolognese che ha molto a cuore la salvaguardia dell'ambiente e che, attraverso un suo progetto, il progetto Lavanda, ha istituito una lavanderia che si occupa di fornire attraverso il noleggio pannolini lavabili agli asili del territorio: la cooperativa Eta Beta. Inoltre, recentemente, essa ha deciso di utilizzare anche pannolini compostabili, forniti dall'azienda IES Gas, per ridurre ulteriormente le emissioni nell'ambiente. Infatti il motore principale della cooperativa è quello di coniugare la raccolta differenziata alla riduzione dei rifiuti, concetto che dovrebbe essere alla base di ogni azienda, ogni famiglia, ogni persona ma che in Italia risulta di difficile realizzazione.Utilizzando i dati dalla Cooperativa e contattando le cooperative che collaborano con essa (Cadiai e Karabak) ed anche gli asili affiliati si è deciso di effettuare un'analisi statistico - gestionale per individuare il numero medio di pannolini utilizzati da un bambino in un anno scolastico andando a considerare diverse variabili come la tipologia di asilo, l'età dei bambini o le presenze. Dopo questa parentesi 'gestionale', lo studio ha ripreso un'impronta 'ambientale': infatti si è andato a studiare il processo anaerobico e aerobico per lo smaltimento dei pannolini compostabili attraverso un esperimento svolto presso il laboratorio di Chimica e di Processo del DICAM, facoltà di Ingegneria, Alma Mater Studiorum di Bologna

Sviluppo ed analisi di un sistema dual-fuel diesel/benzina per combustioni di tipo RCCI

Nel presente lavoro è progettato e sviluppato un sistema dual-fuel diesel/benzina per combustioni di tipo RCCI, e sono esposti i risultati sperimentali in termini di prestazioni ed emissioni. E' inoltre descritto e implementato un algoritmo di stima dell'MFB50 a partire dalla sola misura della velocità motore.

Sovralimentazione di ristabilimento di un motore aeronautico

Studio e ottimizzazione di un sistema di sovralimentazione di ristabilimento per un motore aeronautico.

Studio e ottimizzazione di un banco prova per alta quota

Ottimizzazione di banco prova per motore a pistoni in alte quote.

Search Engine Optimization: principi e tecniche di ottimizzazione di siti web per i motori di ricerca

La tesi tratta i concetti fondamentali legati alla "Search Engine Optimization", ovvero all’ottimizzazione dei siti web per i motori di ricerca. La SEO è un’attività multidisciplinare che coinvolge aspetti tecnici dello sviluppo web e princìpi di web marketing, allo scopo di migliorare la visibilità di un sito nelle pagine di risposta di un motore di ricerca. All’interno dell’elaborato viene analizzato dapprima il funzionamento dei motori di ricerca, con particolare riferimento al mondo Google; in seguito vengono esaminate le diverse tecniche di ottimizzazione “on-page” di un sito (codice, architettura, contenuti) e le strategie “off-page” volte a migliorare reputazione, popolarità e autorevolezza del sito stesso.

Diesel bus emissions of submicrometer particles measured in a tunnel study

The emission factors of a bus fleet consisting of approximately three hundreds diesel powered buses were measured in a tunnel study under well controlled conditions during a two-day monitoring campaign in Brisbane. The number concentration of particles in the size range 0.017-0.7 m was monitored simultaneously by two Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers located at the tunnel’s entrance and exit. The mean value of the number emission factors was found to be (2.44±1.41)×1014 particles km-1. The results are in good agreement with the emission factors determined from steady-state dynamometer testing of 12 buses from the same Brisbane City bus fleet, thus indicating that when carefully designed, both approaches, the dynamometer and on-road studies, can provide comparable results, applicable for the assessment of the effect of traffic emissions on airborne particle pollution.

Particle and gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas and ultralow sulphur diesel-fuelled buses at four steady engine loads

Exhaust emissions from thirteen compressed natural gas (CNG) and nine ultralow sulphur diesel in-service transport buses were monitored on a chassis dynamometer. Measurements were carried out at idle and at three steady engine loads of 25%, 50% and 100% of maximum power at a fixed speed of 60 kmph. Emission factors were estimated for particle mass and number, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen for two types of CNG buses (Scania and MAN, compatible with Euro 2 and 3 emission standards, respectively) and two types of diesel buses (Volvo Pre-Euro/Euro1 and Mercedez OC500 Euro3). All emission factors increased with load. The median particle mass emission factor for the CNG buses was less than 1% of that from the diesel buses at all loads. However, the particle number emission factors did not show a statistically significant difference between buses operating on the two types of fuel. In this paper, for the very first time, particle number emission factors are presented at four steady state engine loads for CNG buses. Median values ranged from the order of 1012 particles min-1 at idle to 1015 particles km-1 at full power. Most of the particles observed in the CNG emissions were in the nanoparticle size range and likely to be composed of volatile organic compounds The CO2 emission factors were about 20% to 30% greater for the diesel buses over the CNG buses, while the oxides of nitrogen emission factors did not show any difference due to the large variation between buses.

Influence of iodine value on combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that has been shown to reduce many exhaust emissions, except oxides of nitrogen (NOx), in diesel engine cars. This is of special concern in inner urban areas that are subject to strict environmental regulations, such as EURO norms. Also, the use of pure biodiesel (B100) is inhibited because of its higher NOx emissions compared to petroleum diesel fuel. The aim of this present work is to investigate the effect of the iodine value and cetane number of various biodiesel fuels obtained from different feed stocks on the combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The biodiesel fuels were chosen from various feed stocks such as coconut, palm kernel, mahua (Madhuca indica), pongamia pinnata, jatropha curcas, rice bran, and sesame seed oils. The experimental results show an approximately linear relationship between iodine value and NOx emissions. The biodiesels obtained from coconut and palm kernel showed lower NOx levels than diesel, but other biodiesels showed an increase in NOx. It was observed that the nature of the fatty acids of the biodiesel fuels had a significant influence on the NOx emissions. Also, the cetane numbers of the biodiesel fuels are affected both premixed combustion and the combustion rate, which further affected the amount of NOx formation. It was concluded that NOx emissions are influenced by many parameters of biodiesel fuels, particularly the iodine value and cetane number.

Carbon dioxide emissions from diesel and compressed natural gas buses during acceleration

Motor vehicle emission factors are generally derived from driving tests mimicking steady state conditions or transient drive cycles. However, neither of these test conditions completely represents real world driving conditions. In particular, they fail to determine emissions generated during the accelerating phase – a condition in which urban buses spend much of their time. In this study we analyse and compare the results of time-dependant emission measurements conducted on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) buses during an urban driving cycle on a chassis dynamometer and we derive power-law expressions relating carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factors to the instantaneous speed while accelerating from rest. Emissions during acceleration are compared with that during steady speed operation. These results have important implications for emission modelling particularly under congested traffic conditions.

Diesel engine condition monitoring and simulated diesel knock

This paper discusses diesel engine condition monitoring (CM) using acoustic emissions (AE) as well as some of the commonly encountered diesel engine problems. Also discussed are some of the underlying combustion related faults and the methods used in past studies to simulate diesel engine faults. The initial test involved an experimental simulation of two common combustion related diesel engine faults, namely diesel knock and misfire. These simulated faults represent the first step towards a comprehensive investigation and analysis into the characteristics of acoustic emission signals arising from combustion related diesel engine faults. Data corresponding to different engine running conditions was captured using in-cylinder pressure, vibration and acoustic emission transducers along with both crank angle encoder and top-dead centre (TDC) signals. Using these signals, it was possible to characterise the effect of different combustion conditions and hence, various diesel engine in-cylinder pressure profiles.

Enhancing acoustic emission signals from multi-cylinder diesel engine

This paper presents techniques which can be viewed as pre-processing step towards diagnosis of faults in a small size multi-cylinder diesel engine. Preliminary analysis of the acoustic emission (AE) signals is outlined, including time-frequency analysis, selection of optimum frequency band. Some results of applying mean field independent component analysis (MFICA) to separate the AE root mean square (RMS) signals are also outlined. The results on separation of RMS signals show this technique has the potential of increasing the probability to successfully identify the AE events associated with the various mechanical events.

The impact of sulphur content of diesel fuel on ultrafine particle formation

Early this year the Australian Department of Environment and Heritage commissioned a desktop literature review with a focus on ultrafine particles including analysis of health impacts of the particles as well as the impact of sulphur content of diesel fuel on ultrafine particle emission. This paper summarizes the findings of the report on the link between the sulphur content of diesel fuels and the number of ultrafine particles in diesel emissions. The literature search on this topic resulted in over 150 publications. The majority of these publications, although investigating different aspects of the influence of fuel sulphur level on diesel vehicle emissions, were not directly concerned with ultrafine particle emissions. A specific focus of the paper is on: ----- ----- summary of state of knowledge established by the review, and ----- ----- summary of recommendations on the research priorities for Australia to address the information gaps for this issue, and on the appropriate management responses.