On the Uncoded BER Performance Bound of the IEEE 802.16d Channel

In this letter, the performance bound of the IEEE 802.16d channel is examined analytically in order to gain an insight into its theoretical potential. Different design strategies, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE), time-domain decision feedback equalization (DFE), and sphere decoder (SD) techniques are discussed and compared to the theoretical bound.

Low-complexity iterative method of equalization for single carrier with cyclic prefix in doubly selective channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) requires an expensive linear amplifier at the transmitter due to its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Single carrier with cyclic prefix (SC-CP) is a closely related transmission scheme that possesses most of the benefits of OFDM but does not have the PAPR problem. Although in a multipath environment, SC-CP is very robust to frequency-selective fading, it is sensitive to the time-selective fading characteristics of the wireless channel that disturbs the orthogonality of the channel matrix (CM) and increases the computational complexity of the receiver. In this paper, we propose a time-domain low-complexity iterative algorithm to compensate for the effects of time selectivity of the channel that exploits the sparsity present in the channel convolution matrix. Simulation results show the superior performance of the proposed algorithm over the standard linear minimum mean-square error (L-MMSE) equalizer for SC-CP.

Characterization of RSOA modulators in radio over fiber links

In this work physical and behavioral models for a bulk Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) modulator in Radio over Fiber (RoF) links are proposed. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator is predicted under broadband signal drive. At first, the simplified physical model for the RSOA modulator in RoF links is proposed, which is based on the rate equation and traveling-wave equations with several assumptions. The model is implemented with the Symbolically Defined Devices (SDD) in Advanced Design System (ADS) and validated with experimental results. Detailed analysis regarding optical gain, harmonic and intermodulation distortions, and transmission performance is performed. The distribution of the carrier and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is also demonstrated. Behavioral modeling of the RSOA modulator is to enable us to investigate the nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator from another perspective in system level. The Amplitude-to-Amplitude Conversion (AM-AM) and Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion (AM-PM) distortions of the RSOA modulator are demonstrated based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a generalized polynomial model. Another behavioral model based on Xparameters was obtained from the physical model. Compensation of the nonlinearity of the RSOA modulator is carried out based on a memory polynomial model. The nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator is reduced successfully. The improvement of the 3rd order intermodulation distortion is up to 17 dB. The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is improved from 6.1% to 2.0%. In the last part of this work, the performance of Fibre Optic Networks for Distributed and Extendible Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service Provisioning (FUTON) systems, which is the four-channel virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), is predicted by using the developed physical model. Based on Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) techniques, four-channel signals with 100 MHz bandwidth per channel are generated and used to drive the RSOA modulator. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator under the broadband multi channels is depicted with the figure of merit, EVM under di erent adrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) level of 64 and 254 for various number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers of 64, 512, 1024 and 2048.

Dual carrier modulation soft demapper

An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication system with a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is arranged to transmit channel estimation sequences on each of a plurality of band groups, or bands, and to transmit data on each of the band groups or bands. The receiver is arranged to receive the channel estimation sequences for each band group or band to calculate channel state information from each of the channel estimation sequences transmitted on that band group or band and to form an average channel state information. The receiver receives the transmitted data, transforms the received data into the frequency domain, equalizes the received data using the channel state information, demaps the equalized data to re-construct the received data as soft bits and modifies the soft bits using the averaged channel state information.

Low complexity equalization of HCM systems with DPFFT demodulation over doubly-selective channels

To mitigate the inter-carrier interference (ICI) of doubly-selective (DS) fading channels, we consider a hybrid carrier modulation (HCM) system employing the discrete partial fast Fourier transform (DPFFT) demodulation and the banded minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization in this letter. We first provide the discrete form of partial FFT demodulation, then apply the banded MMSE equalization to suppress the residual interference at the receiver. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated, via numerical simulations, to be its superior over the single carrier modulation (SCM) system and circularly prefixed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over a typical DS channel. Moreover, it represents a good trade-off between computational complexity and performance.

Synchronization and Detection Techniques for Navigation and Communication Systems

Synchronization is a key issue in any communication system, but it becomes fundamental in the navigation systems, which are entirely based on the estimation of the time delay of the signals coming from the satellites. Thus, even if synchronization has been a well known topic for many years, the introduction of new modulations and new physical layer techniques in the modern standards makes the traditional synchronization strategies completely ineffective. For this reason, the design of advanced and innovative techniques for synchronization in modern communication systems, like DVB-SH, DVB-T2, DVB-RCS, WiMAX, LTE, and in the modern navigation system, like Galileo, has been the topic of the activity. Recent years have seen the consolidation of two different trends: the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the communication systems, and of the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation in the modern Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Thus, a particular attention has been given to the investigation of the synchronization algorithms in these areas.

Multi-antenna non-line-of-sight identification techniques for target localization in mobile ad-hoc networks

Target localization has a wide range of military and civilian applications in wireless mobile networks. Examples include battle-field surveillance, emergency 911 (E911), traffc alert, habitat monitoring, resource allocation, routing, and disaster mitigation. Basic localization techniques include time-of-arrival (TOA), direction-of-arrival (DOA) and received-signal strength (RSS) estimation. Techniques that are proposed based on TOA and DOA are very sensitive to the availability of Line-of-sight (LOS) which is the direct path between the transmitter and the receiver. If LOS is not available, TOA and DOA estimation errors create a large localization error. In order to reduce NLOS localization error, NLOS identifcation, mitigation, and localization techniques have been proposed. This research investigates NLOS identifcation for multiple antennas radio systems. The techniques proposed in the literature mainly use one antenna element to enable NLOS identifcation. When a single antenna is utilized, limited features of the wireless channel can be exploited to identify NLOS situations. However, in DOA-based wireless localization systems, multiple antenna elements are available. In addition, multiple antenna technology has been adopted in many widely used wireless systems such as wireless LAN 802.11n and WiMAX 802.16e which are good candidates for localization based services. In this work, the potential of spatial channel information for high performance NLOS identifcation is investigated. Considering narrowband multiple antenna wireless systems, two xvNLOS identifcation techniques are proposed. Here, the implementation of spatial correlation of channel coeffcients across antenna elements as a metric for NLOS identifcation is proposed. In order to obtain the spatial correlation, a new multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channel model based on rough surface theory is proposed. This model can be used to compute the spatial correlation between the antenna pair separated by any distance. In addition, a new NLOS identifcation technique that exploits the statistics of phase difference across two antenna elements is proposed. This technique assumes the phases received across two antenna elements are uncorrelated. This assumption is validated based on the well-known circular and elliptic scattering models. Next, it is proved that the channel Rician K-factor is a function of the phase difference variance. Exploiting Rician K-factor, techniques to identify NLOS scenarios are proposed. Considering wideband multiple antenna wireless systems which use MIMO-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling, space-time-frequency channel correlation is exploited to attain NLOS identifcation in time-varying, frequency-selective and spaceselective radio channels. Novel NLOS identi?cation measures based on space, time and frequency channel correlation are proposed and their performances are evaluated. These measures represent a better NLOS identifcation performance compared to those that only use space, time or frequency.

A network coding based interference cancelation scheme for wireless ad hoc networks

The performance of wireless networks is limited by multiple access interference (MAI) in the traditional communication approach where the interfered signals of the concurrent transmissions are treated as noise. In this paper, we treat the interfered signals from a new perspective on the basis of additive electromagnetic (EM) waves and propose a network coding based interference cancelation (NCIC) scheme. In the proposed scheme, adjacent nodes can transmit simultaneously with careful scheduling; therefore, network performance will not be limited by the MAI. Additionally we design a space segmentation method for general wireless ad hoc networks, which organizes network into clusters with regular shapes (e.g., square and hexagon) to reduce the number of relay nodes. The segmentation methodworks with the scheduling scheme and can help achieve better scalability and reduced complexity. We derive accurate analytic models for the probability of connectivity between two adjacent cluster heads which is important for successful information relay. We proved that with the proposed NCIC scheme, the transmission efficiency can be improved by at least 50% for general wireless networks as compared to the traditional interference avoidance schemes. Numeric results also show the space segmentation is feasible and effective. Finally we propose and discuss a method to implement the NCIC scheme in a practical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communications networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Towards a practical implementation of coherent WDM:analytical, numerical, and experimental studies

Future optical networks will require the implementation of very high capacity (and therefore spectral efficient) technologies. Multi-carrier systems, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Coherent WDM (CoWDM), are promising candidates. In this paper, we present analytical, numerical, and experimental investigations of the impact of the relative phases between optical subcarriers of CoWDM systems, as well as the effect that the number of independently modulated subcarriers can have on the performance. We numerically demonstrate a five-subcarrier and three-subcarrier 10-GBd CoWDM system with direct detected amplitude shift keying (ASK) and differentially/coherently detected (D) phase shift keying (PSK). The simulation results are compared with experimental measurements of a 32-Gbit/s DPSK CoWDM system in two configurations. The first configuration was a practical 3-modulator array where all three subcarriers were independently modulated, the second configuration being a traditional 2-modulator odd/even configuration, where only odd and even subcarriers were independently modulated. Simulation and experimental results both indicate that the independent modulation implementation has a greater dependency on the relative phases between subcarriers, with a stronger penalty for the center subcarrier than the odd/even modulation scheme.

Nonlinear spectral management:linearization of the lossless fiber channel

Using the integrable nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) as a channel model, we describe the application of nonlinear spectral management for effective mitigation of all nonlinear distortions induced by the fiber Kerr effect. Our approach is a modification and substantial development of the so-called eigenvalue communication idea first presented in A. Hasegawa, T. Nyu, J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 395 (1993). The key feature of the nonlinear Fourier transform (inverse scattering transform) method is that for the NLSE, any input signal can be decomposed into the so-called scattering data (nonlinear spectrum), which evolve in a trivial manner, similar to the evolution of Fourier components in linear equations. We consider here a practically important weakly nonlinear transmission regime and propose a general method of the effective encoding/modulation of the nonlinear spectrum: The machinery of our approach is based on the recursive Fourier-type integration of the input profile and, thus, can be considered for electronic or all-optical implementations. We also present a novel concept of nonlinear spectral pre-compensation, or in other terms, an effective nonlinear spectral pre-equalization. The proposed general technique is then illustrated through particular analytical results available for the transmission of a segment of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) formatted pattern, and through WDM input based on Gaussian pulses. Finally, the robustness of the method against the amplifier spontaneous emission is demonstrated, and the general numerical complexity of the nonlinear spectrum usage is discussed. © 2013 Optical Society of America.

Experimental full duplex simultaneous transmission of LTE over a DWDM directly modulated RoF system

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the seamless integration of full duplex system frequency division duplex (FDD) long-term evolution (LTE) technology with radio over fiber (RoF) for eNodeB (eNB) coverage extension. LTE is composed of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and 64-QAM, modulated onto orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single-carrier-frequency division multiplexing for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions, respectively. The RoF system is composed of dedicated directly modulated lasers for DL and UL with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for instantaneous connections and for Rayleigh backscattering and nonlinear interference mitigation. DL and UL signals have varying carrier frequencies and are categorized as broad frequency spacing (BFS), intermediate frequency spacing (IFS), and narrow frequency spacing (NFS). The adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) for DL and UL with 64-QAM are similar for all frequency spacings while cross talk is observed for NFS. For the best case scenario for DL and UL transmissions we achieve error vector magnitude (EVM) values of ~2.30%, ~2.33%, and ~2.39% for QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM, respectively, while for the worst case scenario with a NFS EVM is increased by 0.40% for all schemes. © 2009-2012 OSA.

Nonlinear inverse synthesis technique for optical links with lumped amplification

The nonlinear inverse synthesis (NIS) method, in which information is encoded directly onto the continuous part of the nonlinear signal spectrum, has been proposed recently as a promising digital signal processing technique for combating fiber nonlinearity impairments. However, because the NIS method is based on the integrability property of the lossless nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the original approach can only be applied directly to optical links with ideal distributed Raman amplification. In this paper, we propose and assess a modified scheme of the NIS method, which can be used effectively in standard optical links with lumped amplifiers, such as, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). The proposed scheme takes into account the average effect of the fiber loss to obtain an integrable model (lossless path-averaged model) to which the NIS technique is applicable. We found that the error between lossless pathaveraged and lossy models increases linearly with transmission distance and input power (measured in dB). We numerically demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed NIS scheme in a burst mode with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission scheme with advanced modulation formats (e.g., QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM), showing a performance improvement up to 3.5 dB; these results are comparable to those achievable with multi-step per span digital backpropagation.

Techniques en appui des formats de modulation avancés pour les futurs réseaux optiques

Les systèmes de communication optique avec des formats de modulation avancés sont actuellement l’un des sujets de recherche les plus importants dans le domaine de communication optique. Cette recherche est stimulée par les exigences pour des débits de transmission de donnée plus élevés. Dans cette thèse, on examinera les techniques efficaces pour la modulation avancée avec une détection cohérente, et multiplexage par répartition en fréquence orthogonale (OFDM) et multiples tonalités discrètes (DMT) pour la détection directe et la détection cohérente afin d’améliorer la performance de réseaux optiques. Dans la première partie, nous examinons la rétropropagation avec filtre numérique (DFBP) comme une simple technique d’atténuation de nonlinéarité d’amplificateur optique semiconducteur (SOA) dans le système de détection cohérente. Pour la première fois, nous démontrons expérimentalement l’efficacité de DFBP pour compenser les nonlinéarités générées par SOA dans un système de détection cohérente porteur unique 16-QAM. Nous comparons la performance de DFBP avec la méthode de Runge-Kutta quatrième ordre. Nous examinons la sensibilité de performance de DFBP par rapport à ses paramètres. Par la suite, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de paramètre pour DFBP. Finalement, nous démontrons la transmission de signaux de 16-QAM aux taux de 22 Gbaud sur 80km de fibre optique avec la technique d’estimation de paramètre proposée pour DFBP. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous concentrons sur les techniques afin d’améliorer la performance des systèmes OFDM optiques en examinent OFDM optiques cohérente (CO-OFDM) ainsi que OFDM optiques détection directe (DDO-OFDM). Premièrement, nous proposons une combinaison de coupure et prédistorsion pour compenser les distorsions nonlinéaires d’émetteur de CO-OFDM. Nous utilisons une interpolation linéaire par morceaux (PLI) pour charactériser la nonlinéarité d’émetteur. Dans l’émetteur nous utilisons l’inverse de l’estimation de PLI pour compenser les nonlinéarités induites à l’émetteur de CO-OFDM. Deuxièmement, nous concevons des constellations irrégulières optimisées pour les systèmes DDO-OFDM courte distance en considérant deux modèles de bruit de canal. Nous démontrons expérimentalement 100Gb/s+ OFDM/DMT avec la détection directe en utilisant les constellations QAM optimisées. Dans la troisième partie, nous proposons une architecture réseaux optiques passifs (PON) avec DDO-OFDM pour la liaison descendante et CO-OFDM pour la liaison montante. Nous examinons deux scénarios pour l’allocations de fréquence et le format de modulation des signaux. Nous identifions la détérioration limitante principale du PON bidirectionnelle et offrons des solutions pour minimiser ses effets.

Inter-carrier interference mitigation for underwater acoustic communications

Communicating at a high data rate through the ocean is challenging. Such communications must be acoustic in order to travel long distances. The underwater acoustic channel has a long delay spread, which makes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) an attractive communication scheme. However, the underwater acoustic channel is highly dynamic, which has the potential to introduce significant inter-carrier interference (ICI). This thesis explores a number of means for mitigating ICI in such communication systems. One method that is explored is directly adapted linear turbo ICI cancellation. This scheme uses linear filters in an iterative structure to cancel the interference. Also explored is on-off keyed (OOK) OFDM, which is a signal designed to avoid ICI.

A pll based frequency synthesizer in 0.13 um sige bicmos for mb-ofdm uwb systems

With the growing demand for high-speed and high-quality short-range communication, multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra-wide band (MB-OFDM UWB) systems have recently garnered considerable interest in industry and in academia. To achieve a low-cost solution, highly integrated transceivers with small die area and minimum power consumption are required. The key building block of the transceiver is the frequency synthesizer. A frequency synthesizer comprised of two PLLs and one multiplexer is presented in this thesis. Ring oscillators are adopted for PLL implementation in order to drastically reduce the die area of the frequency synthesizer. The poor spectral purity appearing in the frequency synthesizers involving mixers is greatly improved in this design. Based on the specifications derived from application standards, a design methodology is presented to obtain the parameters of building blocks. As well, the simulation results are provided to verify the performance of proposed design.