Oil viscosity from experiments and model calculations

Five frequently-used models were chosen and evaluated to calculate the viscosity of the mixed oil. Totally twenty mixed oil samples were prepared with different ratios of light to crude oil from different oil wells but the same oil field. The viscosities of the mixtures under the same shear rates of 10 s**-1 were measured using a rotation viscometer at the temperatures ranging from 30°C to 120°C. After comparing all of the experimental data with the corresponding model values, the best one of the five models for this oil field was determined. Using the experimental data, one model with a better accuracy than the existing models was developed to calculate the viscosity of mixed oils. Another model was derived to predict the viscosity of mixed oils at different temperatures and different values of mixing ratio of light to heavy oil.

Injuries in oil and gas drilling and services.

Chiefly tables.

Study design for resource management decisions : OCS oil and gas development and the environment.

"October 1, 1978."

Safeguarding workmen at oil derricks,

At head of title: ... Department of commerce. Herbert Hoover, secretary. Bureau of mines. Scott Turner, director.

Technology and labor in oil and gas, extraction and commercial banking.

Mode of access: Internet.

Proposed 1985 Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale offshore the south Atlantic states : OCS sale no. 90 : draft environmental impact statement /

"MMS 84-0007"--Cover.

Draft proposed program : 5-year outer continental shelf oil and gas leasing program for mid-1986 through mid-1991.

"March 1985."

Final environmental impact statement : proposed 1978 OCS oil and gas lease sale /

"OCS sale 45."

Proposed 1983 Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale offshore central California : OCS sale no. 73 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Final environmental statement : OCL sale no. 48 : proposed 1979 outer continental shelf oil and gas lease sale offshore Southern California /

Mode of access: Internet.

Cache Creek-Bear Thrust environmental impact statement : proposed oil and gas drilling near Jackson, Teton County, Wyoming : draft /

On cover: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Conservation Division; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Bridger-Teton National Forest.

Proposed 1983 Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale offshore the Mid-Atlantic States : OCS sale no. 76 /

"December 1982"--Final.

Proposed environmental impact statement : proposed 1979 OCS oil and gas lease sale.

Cover title: Proposed 1979 Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale 58, western and central Gulf of Mexico.

ESEM study of authigenic chlorite acid sensitivity in sandstone reservoirs

The effect of HCl on authigenic chlorite in three different sandstones has been examined uisng an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), together with conventional analytical techniques. The ESEM enabled chlorites to be directly observed in situ at high magnifications during HCl treatment, and was particularly effective in allowing the same chlorite areas to be closely compared before and after acid treatment. Chlorites were reacted with 1M to 10M HCl at temperatures up to 80°C and for periods up to five months. After all treatments, chlorites show extensive leaching of iron, magnesium and aluminum, and their crystalline structure is destroyed. However, despite these major compositional and structural changes, chlorites show little or no visible evidence of acid attack, with precise morphological detail of individual plates preserved in all samples following acid treatments. Chlorite dissolution, sensu stricto, did not occur as a result of acidization of the host sandstones. Acid-treated chlorides are likely to exits in a structurally weakened state that may make them susceptible to physical disintegration during fluid flow. Accordingly, fines migration may be a significant engineering problem associated with the acidization of chlorite-bearing sandstones. © 1993.

Room temperature ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties of Bi1-xCaxMnO3 thin films

Bi1-xCaxMnO3 (BCMO) thin films with x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 are successfully deposited on the n-type Si (100) substrate at two different temperatures of 400 degrees C and 800 degrees C using RF magnetron sputtering. The stoichiometry of the films and oxidation state of the elements have been described by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Dielectric measurement depicts the insulating property of BCMO films. Magnetic and ferroelectric studies confirm the significant enhancement in spin orientation as well as electric polarization at room temperature due to incorporation of Ca2+ ions into BiMnO3 films. The BCMO (x = 0.2) film grown at 400 degrees C shows better magnetization (M-sat) and polarization (P-s) with the measured values of 869 emu / cc and 6.6 mu(C)/cm(2) respectively than the values of the other prepared films. Thus the realization of room temperature ferromagnetic and ferroelectric ordering in Ca2+ ions substituted BMO films makes potentially interesting for spintronic device applications. (C) 2014 Author(s).