Biologging, Remotely-Sensed Oceanography and the Continuous Plankton Recorder Reveal the Environmental Determinants of a Seabird Wintering Hotspot

Marine environments are greatly affected by climate change, and understanding how this perturbation affects marine vertebrates is a major issue. In this context, it is essential to identify the environmental drivers of animal distribution. Here, we focused on the little auk (Alle alle), one of the world’s most numerous seabirds and a major component in Arctic food webs. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we show how little auks adopt specific migratory strategies and balance environmental constraints to optimize their energy budgets. Miniature electronic loggers indicate that after breeding, birds from East Greenland migrate .2000 km to overwinter in a restricted area off Newfoundland. Synoptic data available from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) indicate that this region harbours some of the highest densities of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus found in the North Atlantic during winter. Examination of large-scale climatic and oceanographic data suggests that little auks favour patches of high copepod abundance in areas where air temperature ranges from 0uC to 5uC. These results greatly advance our understanding of animal responses to extreme environmental constraints, and highlight that information on habitat preference is key to identifying critical areas for marine conservation.

Arctic Oceanography - Oceanography: Atmosphere-Ocean Exchange, Biogeochemistry & Physics

The Arctic Ocean is, on average, the shallowest of Earth’s oceans. Its vast continental shelf areas, which account for approximately half of the Arctic Ocean’s total area, are heavily influenced by the surrounding land masses through river run-off and coastal erosion. As a main area of deep water formation, the Arctic is one of the main «engines» of global ocean circulation, due to large freshwater inputs, it is also strongly stratified. The Arctic Ocean’s complex oceanographic configuration is tightly linked to the atmosphere, the land, and the cryosphere. The physical dynamics not only drive important climate and global circulation patterns, but also control biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics. Current changes in Arctic sea-ice thickness and distribution, air and water temperatures, and water column stability are resulting in measurable shifts in the properties and functioning of the ocean and its ecosystems. The Arctic Ocean is forecast to shift to a seasonally ice-free ocean resulting in changes to physical, chemical, and biological processes. These include the exchange of gases across the atmosphere-ocean interface, the wind-driven ciruclation and mixing regimes, light and nutrient availability for primary production, food web dynamics, and export of material to the deep ocean. In anticipation of these changes, extending our knowledge of the present Arctic oceanography and these complex changes has never been more urgent.

A new look at the oceanography of the Bay of Biscay

Some results of the Bay of Biscay regional oceanography presented at ISOBAY are summarized including contributions to physical oceanography, chemical and biological oceanography, marine geology, deep water ecology, marine pollution, fisheries research and cetacean studies. A long-term analysis of the spring bloom of phytoplankton in the area during the last 17 years (1997–2014) is presented as an example of Bay of Biscay climate research. The Spring Bloom presents cycles of 4–6 years reflecting probably the availability of nutrients from the previous winter and has increased in peak intensity during the last decades.

Brassica oleracea L. distribution and ecology in the Iberian atlantic coasts

The distribution and ecology of Brassica oleracea in the atlantic coasts of Iberian Peninsule are studied. A new association or nitrified maritime cliffs is described: Crithmo-Brassicetum oleraceae. This community has been included in the Alliance Crithmo-Armerion due to the high presence of halophitic species.

Shore exposure affects mussel population structure and mediates the effect of epibiotic algae on mussel survival in SW Ireland

On rocky shores, the relative importance of abiotic and biotic processes that regulate community structure are thought to vary with levels of shore exposure. This can lead to characteristic features found on sheltered and exposed shores. This study identified differences in the population structure of mussels on exposed and sheltered rocky shores on Atlantic coasts of south-west Ireland. Direct interactions between epibiotic algae and their host mussels were also examined to test if potential effects varied with shore exposure. Mussel beds on sheltered shores were less dense and comprised larger mussels with greater rates of individual survival and growth than those on exposed shores. The results of a field experiment showed that algal epibionts had a negative effect on mussel survival on sheltered shores but not on exposed shores. Surprisingly, the presence of algal epibionts had no effect on mussel growth on either shore type. These findings contrast with those of previous studies. The effects of shore exposure and algal epibionts on Mussels may be species-specific and may interact with other factors across different regions. This study shows that predictions of effects of exposure on mussel populations and their epibionts should only be based on specific experimental evidence and cannot be generalised across regions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Population genetics of C. Maenas : oceanography and larval dispersal

Decifrar a complexa interacção entre os ciclos de vida de espécies marinhas e a oceanografia revela-se fundamental para a compreensão do fluxo genético e da conectividade no meio marinho. Nas espécies marinhas com desenvolvimento indirecto o fluxo de genes entre populações depende da distância que separa as populações, bem como da interacção entre a duração do desenvolvimento larvar, do comportamento das larvas e dos padrões de circulação oceânica. A conectividade larvar influencia uma variedade de processos como a dinâmica de stocks e de populações, a distribuição e limites geográficos das espécies, a estrutura genética das populações e a dispersão de espécies invasivas e reveste-se consequentemente de uma importância fundamental na identificação das unidades populacionais evolucionariamente relevantes e para a gestão e conservação marinhas. Os marcadores genéticos e os Modelos Individuais Acoplados a Modelos Físico-Biológicos (“ICPBMs”) são actualmente ferramentas fundamentais para o estudo dos padrões de dispersão larvar e para avaliar o nível de conectividade populacional. A presente tese respeita à avaliação das escalas espaciais de conectividade de populações de uma espécie costeira, o caranguejo Carcinus maenas, e utiliza conjuntamente informação de marcadores genéticos, análise de séries temporais de fornecimento de larvas e um modelo numérico de circulação oceânica. O primeiro capítulo introduz a temática da conectividade em espécies marinhas e inclui algumas referências aos métodos moleculares, analíticos e de modelação seguidos ao longo da tese. Através da utilização de múltiplas ferramentas – avaliação da estrutura genética geográfica de C. maenas na sua distribuição nativa com recurso a marcadores de DNA (microssatélites) (Capítulo 2), avaliação da estrutura genética temporal das larvas que formam os eventos de fornecimento larvar à Ria de Aveiro, NW Portugal (Capítulo 3), descrição da variabilidade inter-anual do fornecimento larvar à Ria de Aveiro, NW Portugal (Capítulo 4) e validação de um modelo ICPBM que descreve os padrões observados de fornecimento (Capítulo 5) – esta tese espera poder contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos que regulam o fluxo de genes e a conectividade entre populações de organismos marinhos. No Capítulo 6 são apresentadas as principais conclusões da investigação. A análise genética com recurso a microssatélites indicou que as populações de C. maenas são geneticamente homogéneas ao longo de várias centenas de km, dentro da distribuição nativa da espécie. Paralelamente, não foram encontrados indícios da existência de reprodução por “sweepstakes” em C. maenas de populações da costa oeste da Península Ibérica, visto que não se obtiveram diferenças genéticas significativas entre os eventos larvares. Também não se encontrou qualquer estrutura familiar entre as larvas que formam cada episódio de fornecimento, e não houve nenhuma redução significativa da variabilidade genética das larvas quando comparada com a de caranguejos adultos. A análise de séries temporais de suprimento de larvas na Ria de Aveiro em cinco anos estudados indica que este é um fenómeno episódico e variável, sendo os maiores episódios de fornecimento coincidentes com as marés vivas e acentuados por fortes ventos de sul. O modelo ICPBM foi validado com sucesso e parece fornecer uma estimativa realística das escalas espaciais e temporais de dispersão larvar, de acordo com as observações da estrutura genética e da ausência de reprodução por “sweepstake” em C. maenas da costa oeste da Península Ibérica

Taxonomy, Bionomics and Biofouling of Bryozoans from the Coasts of India and the Antarctic Waters

The study of bryozoans, an important group of coelomates in the marine environment is an integral part of faunistic investigations. Bryozones are an ancient, aberrant phylum of microscopic but fascinating and often beautiful animals that build intricate colonies sometimes resembling minicolonies. In this study taxonomy, bionomics and biofouling of bryozoans from the coasts of India and the Antarctic waters. The marine biofouling is found to be hazardous. Bryozoans are microscopic , sessile,colonical coelomates that are permanently fastened in exoskeletal cases or gelatinous material of their own secretion.It is hoped that this work would help the future researchers to devote attention on microbenthos of the continental shelf of India when samples are made available through collections conducted by any ocean going vessel. In the present work an extensive study on the bryozoan foulers that occur at five selected sites of the cochin estury had to be examined and since the hydrographic parameters such as salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen in the estury,vary greatly from that in the open ocean, a frequent monitoring of these parameters was essential.

Seasonal Studies on Primary Production and Associated Environmental Parameters in the Indian EEZ

The thesis describes the importance of Indian EEZ, definition and the various factors affecting primary production, general account of phytoplankton and its importance in marine ecosystem etc. In review of literature, general oceanography of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and hydrography of eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal. It deals with the distribution patterns of primary production, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton composition and particulate organic carbon in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal during different seasons. Factors that affect primary productivity are irradiance, temperature, stability of the surface waters, nutrients and zooplankton grazing. The differential biological response of eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal to monsoonal regimes. A precise estimation on the primary production of the entire EEZ of India on a regional basis and on a seasonal scale would be the only way to achieve any kind of predictive assessment on the fish stock and their sustainable yield. This study mainly envisages the qualitative and quantitative aspects on the magnitude of phytoplankton standing crop and production of organic carbon and their relationship to environmental characteristics during summer monsoon, Inter monsoon and winter monsoon periods in the east and west coasts of the Indian EEZ.This study revealed that the seasonality exerts a great impact on the biological production in the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal. High biological production may be the reason why most of the fish landings are Concentrated in the west coast of India than east coast. The present data on Phytoplankton production rate and the species composition will provide a meaningful ground for evaluations of exploitable renewable resources of the IndianEEZ