高浓度CO2 和O3对银杏、油松次生代谢的影响

本文采用开顶箱法研究了在连续两年高浓度CO2（700 μmol•mol-1）、O3（80 nmol•mol-1）及其复合作用条件下银杏和油松的生长、初生代谢产物和次生代谢产物含量的季节动态变化、年度动态变化，揭示了银杏、油松次生代谢对高浓度CO2、O3的适应机制及其对树木本身的影响，为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应与反馈提供了重要理论依据。 得出的主要结果如下： 1. CO2倍增处理在2006、2007两个生长季中都增加了银杏、油松叶片中淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量；同时也显著增加了银杏叶片中单宁、萜类化合物和油松单宁、总酚的含量。但是在2007生长季中，这些物质的增幅相对2006生长季CO2处理减缓。高浓度CO2处理对银杏、油松叶可溶性蛋白含量和银杏叶中黄酮化合物含量的影响在两个生长季中变化不同：在2006生长季中高浓度CO2处理增加了银杏、油松叶可溶性蛋白含量，降低了银杏叶中黄酮化合物含量；在2007生长季中则降低了银杏、油松叶中可溶性蛋白含量，增加了银杏叶黄酮化合物含量。 2. O3倍增处理在2006、2007两个生长季中都有降低银杏、油松叶中淀粉、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和银杏叶中单宁、黄酮化合物含量的趋势；同时， O3倍增处理在两个生长季上都增加了银杏叶中萜类化合物和油松单宁、总酚化合物的含量。这表明次生代谢物质对高浓度O3处理的响应由于次生代谢物质的种类和所属植物种类的不同而不同。 3. 高浓度CO2和O3复合处理在2006和2007生长季上对银杏、油松的影响与单因子CO2处理类似。在复合作用中，单因子O3带来的光合产物下降的现象消失，银杏和油松的初生代谢产物都高于对照水平；同时，复合作用下次生代谢物质的变化也与单因子CO2处理一致。这表明在复合作用对银杏、油松次生代谢产物的影响主要通过CO2抵消O3对光合作用的抑制来实现，同时也说明CO2对银杏、油松次生代谢的影响强于O3的影响。高浓度CO2能够保护植物免受高浓度O3的伤害。 4. CO2倍增处理和复合处理增加了银杏和油松叶次生代谢物质的含量，这不仅能够增强银杏和油松对环境因子的抵御能力，而且还会增加植物对碳的同化作用，从而增加其对大气CO2的吸收；同时，由于次生代谢物质的抗菌能力，银杏和油松叶内次生代谢物质的增加有可能会减缓其凋落物在土壤中的降解，从而增加土壤碳“汇”。

沈阳市典型绿化树种VOCs排放特征

本文主要研究了沈阳市主要绿化树种银杏（Ginkgo biloba）和油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）挥发性有机物（Volatile Organic Compounds，VOCs）排放的日变化、季节变化规律，同时采用开顶箱法研究了高浓度CO2（700 µmol•mol-1）、O3（80 nmol•mol-1）及复合作用下城市主要绿化树种银杏、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）、油松、华山松（Pinus armandii）VOCs排放规律，揭示了城市中树木VOCs排放的变化规律及其对高浓度CO2和O3的响应，为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应与反馈提供了科学依据。 本实验建立的热解吸与气相色谱联用方法，最小检测量为4×10-10 g，具有较高的灵敏度和精确度，可满足对树木VOCs分析的要求。研究发现，银杏和油松VOCs的释放具有显著的日变化和季节变化规律，二者夜间均不排放异戊二烯。α-蒎烯为油松释放VOCs的主要成份，同时发现油松排放的α-蒎烯，β-蒎烯，莰烯和柠檬烯之间具有显著相关关系，说明这几种化合物在遗传控制上有某种共同效应或者具有相同的代谢途径。不同树种排放的VOCs组成明显不同，银杏及蒙古栎主要排放异戊二烯，而油松和华山松主要排放单萜；蒙古栎VOCs释放量显著高于其他树种。市区树木VOCs排放速率显著高于郊区，沈阳市主要绿化树种银杏和油松VOCs的年排放量分别为12.16 t和14.48 t。大气CO2和O3浓度升高条件下，树木VOCs释放规律和排放组成，受植物种类和生长季的影响；单独提高大气CO2或O3浓度可显著影响树木VOCs的释放和组成，但是二者复合作用没有显著影响。

蒙古栎、华山松对O3和CO2浓度升高的光合生理响应

大气环境中O3和CO2浓度的升高已经引起了广泛关注，但二者交互作用对城市中树木光合生理的影响机制尚不清楚。蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）、华山松（Pinus armandi）是沈阳市城市森林的两个重要树种，对大气环境变化的响应具有代表性。本文采用开顶箱法研究了在高浓度O3（80 nmol•mol-1）、CO2（700 μmol•mol-1）及其复合作用下沈阳市蒙古栎、华山松生长、光合、蒸腾的日动态、季节动态变化，揭示了高浓度O3、CO2及其复合作用对两树种光合生理的影响机制，为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应提供重要理论基础。 得出的主要结果如下： 1. 高浓度O3处理后，蒙古栎叶片表现为棕斑型伤害，华山松针叶则为叶尖变黄，两树种光合“午休”程度加重，叶片生长受到抑制。同时，可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉含量降低。 两树种叶绿素含量降低，净光合速率下降。蒙古栎光合速率的降低前期主要表现为气孔限制，后期转为非气孔限制为主。华山松光合速率下降则主要受非气孔限制，表明其针叶气孔开闭对光合的影响要小于蒙古栎。造成两树种光合速率下降的非气孔因素是表观量子效率和羧化效率的降低。两树种光呼吸的升高是逆境下的一种保护机制。 在叶绿素荧光方面，两树种Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、φPSII、ETR、qP降低，NPQ升高，表明高浓度O3作用下， PSII反应中心的开放程度降低、电子传递速率下降，用于光合光化学反应的光能减少，过剩能量增加，热耗散增加。 2. 高浓度CO2处理短期内提高了两树种叶片胞间CO2浓度、羧化效率、表观量子效率和光反应能力（φPSII、ETR和qP），从而提高了蒙古栎、华山松的净光合速率。一段时间后表现出光合下调的现象，羧化效率的降低和光反应能力（φPSII、ETR和qP）的下调可能是发生光合适应的主要原因。 高浓度CO2处理促进两树种叶片的生长，提高了可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、淀粉含量。日变化曲线趋向单峰曲线，缓解了光合“午休”现象。 3. 复合处理效应，高CO2处理缓解了高O3处理的不利影响，减轻了高浓度O3对叶片的伤害，与单因子O3处理相比较，Pn、AQY、CE、Fv/Fm、qP升高，NPQ降低。另外，在叶片代谢产物、叶绿体色素含量、以及叶生长量的变化上缓解作用均有体现。

沈阳市主要绿化树种BVOCs排放特征研究

本文采用热解吸与气相色谱联用技术对沈阳市主要绿化树种银中杨(Populus alba × berolinensis)、垂柳(Salix babylonica)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)、皂角(Gleditsia japonica)、丁香(Syringa oblate)和水腊(Ligustrum obtusifolium)植物源挥发性有机物（Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds，BVOCs）排放的日变化、季节变化规律进行了观测，并估算了这6种树的BVOCs排放通量；同时采用开顶箱法研究了高浓度CO2（700 µmol•mol-1）、O3（80 nmol•mol-1）及二者复合作用下蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）和油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）BVOCs排放规律。研究结果如下所示： (1)　6种绿化树种BVOCs的释放具有显著的日变化和季节变化规律，且夜间几乎均不排放异戊二烯。 (2)　不同树种排放的BVOCs组成明显不同，银中杨、垂柳和蒙古栎以排放异戊二烯为主；油松主要释放α－蒎烯；榆树、皂角和丁香以释放柠檬烯为主；水腊在不同时段其BVOCs组成情况变化较大，主要释放异戊二烯、柠檬烯和α－蒎烯；其中银中杨和垂柳的BVOCs释放量明显高于其它树种。 (3)　在实测数据基础上，估算出沈阳市6种主要绿化树种银中杨、垂柳、榆树、皂角、丁香和水腊在自然条件下的BVOCs年排放量分别为104.86tC，168.66tC，3.56tC，1.27tC，4.07tC和1.33tC。 (4)　大气CO2和O3浓度升高条件下，树木BVOCs释放规律和排放物组成受植物种类和生长季的影响；单独提高大气CO2或O3浓度可显著影响树木BVOCs的释放，二者的复合作用对BVOCs释放的影响主要介于两者单独作用的结果之间。

增温对川西北高寒草甸植物群落结构及几种主要植物生长和生理的影响

由于人类活动所引起的地球大气层中温室气体的富集已导致全球地表平均温度在20世纪升高了0.6 ℃，并预测在本世纪将上升1.4-5.8 ℃。气候变暖对陆地植物和生态系统影响深远，并已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。高海拔、高纬度地带的生态系统对气候变化最敏感。而在高原和高山极端环境影响下所形成的高寒草甸生态系统极其脆弱，对由于温室效应引起的全球气候变化极其敏感，对这些变化的响应更具有超前性。 本研究以川西北高寒草甸植物群落及几种主要物种为研究对象，采用国际山地综合研究中心（ITEX）普遍所采用的增温方法-----开顶式生长室（OTC）模拟气候变暖来研究增温对高寒草甸植物群落结构、物质分配及其主要物种生长和生理的影响，以探讨高寒草甸植物响应与适应气候变暖的生物学和生态学机制。主要研究结论如下： 1、OTC的增温效果 由于地温、地表温度和气温的平均值在OTC内分别高出对照样地0.28℃、0.46℃和1.4℃，这说明本研究所采用的开顶式生长室（OTC）起到了增温的作用；同时，由于温室内与温室外接受的降水量相同，温室内由于热量条件的改善，土壤蒸发和植被的蒸腾作用增强，直接导致了OTC内土壤表层相对湿度的减少。 2、群落结构对增温的响应 由于增温时间较短，增温内外样地的物种组成并未发生改变；但增温后一定程度上改变了植物群落的小气候环境，从而导致物种间的竞争关系被破坏，种间竞争关系的破坏引起群落优势种组成发生相应的改变，在对照样地，鹅绒委陵菜、甘青老鹳草、遏蓝菜和蚤缀是占绝对优势的物种，而在OTC内，小米草、尼泊尔酸模、垂穗披碱草、发草和羊茅的重要性显著增加。 禾草和杂草由于对增温的生物学特性及其资源利用响应的不同，加之增温造成土壤含水量下降等环境因子的改变。与对照样地相比较，OTC内禾草的盖度及生物量都显著增加，而杂草的盖度和生物量则显著下降。 3、植物生长期对增温的响应 OTC内立枯和调落物的生物量在生长季末（10月份）都要小于对照样地的立枯和调落物生物量，而OTC内的地上鲜体生物量在10月份却略高于对照样地。这说明OTC内植物的衰老或死亡得以延缓，而植物的生长期得以延长。 4、群落生物量及分配对增温的响应 OTC内的地上鲜体生物量(10月份除外)和地下0-30cm的根系生物量与对照样地相比较，都出现了不同程度的减少；土壤根系的分配格局也发生了明显的改变，其中，OTC内0-10cm土层的生物量分配比例增加，而20-30cm土层生物量分配比例的减少。 5、群落碳、氮对增温的响应 增温后，OTC内植物群落地上活体和地下活根的碳浓度不同程度的高于对照样地，植物群落的碳库在OTC内也略高于对照样地；而OTC内植物群落地上活体和地下活根的氮浓度不同程度的低于对照样地，其植物群落的氮库与对照样地相比也略有下降。 6、几种主要植物的生长及物质分配对增温的响应 垂穗披碱草在增温后株高、比叶面积和地上生物量均显著地增加；尼泊尔酸模在增温后比叶面积和单株平均生物量积累显著地增加，而各组分中，增温处理使叶的生物量显著增加，而根的生物量却显著下降；鹅绒委陵菜在增温后株高、比叶面积和单株平均生物量积累显著地减少，而各组分中，增温处理使叶和茎的生物量显著减少，根的生物量却显著地增加。 尼泊尔酸模的LMR、RMR、R/S、根部碳含量、碳和氮在叶片与根部的分配比例在增温后显著地增加，而SMR、根部氮含量、碳和氮在茎部的分配比例在增温后却显著地降低；鹅绒委陵菜的RMR、R/S、碳和氮在根部的分配比例在增温后显著地增加，而SMR、LMR、碳在叶片的分配比例在增温后却显著地降低 7、几种主要植物的光合生理过程对增温的响应 增温使垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量显著增加；而鹅绒委陵菜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量在增温后显著减少，类胡萝卜素含量在增温后却显著增加。 增温对3种植物的气体交换产生了显著影响。其中，垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片的光响应曲线在增温后明显高于对照处理，A、E、gs、Pmax、、Rday、AQY和LSP显著增加，而LCP则显著降低；鹅绒委陵菜的光响应曲线在增温后则明显的低于对照处理，A、E、gs、Pmax、、Rday、AQY和LSP显著减少，而LCP则显著增加。 增温后垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模叶片的Fv/Fm、Yield和qP显著增加；而鹅绒委陵菜叶片的Fv/Fm、Yield和qP则显著减少，qN却显著地增加。 8、几种主要植物的抗氧化酶系统对增温的响应 增温使垂穗披碱草和尼泊尔酸模体内抗氧化酶活性和非酶促作用有所提高，植物膜脂过氧化作用降低；鹅绒委陵菜叶片中酶促反应和非酶促反应在增温后也显著提高，但可能由于增温后的土壤干旱超过了鹅绒委陵菜叶的抗氧化保护能力，抗氧化酶活性及非酶促反应（脯氨酸、类胡萝卜素）的提高不足以完全清除干旱诱导形成的过量活性氧，因此叶片的膜脂过氧化程度仍然显著提高。 Enrichment of atmospheric greenhouse gases resulted from human activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation has increased global mean temperature by 0.6 ℃ in the 20th century and is predicted to increase in this century by 1.4-5.8 ℃. The global warming will have profound, long-term impacts on terrestrial plants and ecosystems. The ecoologcial consequences arising from global warming have also become the very important issuses of global change research. The terrestrial habitats of high-elevation and high-latitude ecosystems are regarded as the most sensitive to changing climate. The alpine meadow ecosystme, which resulted from the composite effects of mountain extreme climatic factors in Tibetan Plateau, is thus thought to be especially vulnerable and sensitive to global warming. In this paper, the response of plant community and several main species in the alpine meadow of Northewst Sichuan to experimemtal warming was studied by using open-top chambers (OTC). The aim of the this study was to research the warming effects on plant community structure, substance allocation, growth and physiological processes of several mian species, and to explore the biological and ecological mechanism of how the alpine meadow plants acclimate and adapt to future global warming. The results were as follows: 1. Warming effects of OTC The mean soil temperature, soil surface temperature and air temperature in OTC manipulation increased by 0.28℃、0.46℃ and 1.4℃ compared to the control during the growing season. This suggested that the OTC used in our study had increased temperature there. Meanwhile, the OTC manipulation slightly altered thermal conditions, but the same amount of precipitation was supplied to both the OTC manipulation and the control, so higher soil evaporation and plant transpiration in OTC manipulation directly lead to the decrease of soil surface water content. 2. The reponse of community structure to experimental warming The species richness was not changed by the short-term effect of OTC manipulation. However, experimental warming changed the microenvironment of plant community, therefore competitive balances among species were shift, leading to changes in species dominance. In the present study, the dominant plant species in the control plots were some forbs including Potentilla anserine, Geranium pylzowianum, Thlaspi arvense and Arenaria serpyllifolia, however, the importance value of some gramineous grasses including Elymus nutans, Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca ovina, and some forbs including Euphrasia tatarica and Rumex acetosa significantly increased in OTC. The different biology characteristics and resource utilizations between gramineous grasses and forbs, and enhanced temperature caused change in some environment factors such as soil water content. As a result, the coverage and biomass of gramineous grasses significantly increased in OTC compared to the control, however, the coverage and biomass of forbs singnifciantly decreased in OTC compared to the control. 3. The reponse of plant growing season to experimental warming Both the standing dead and fallen litter biomass in OTC were lower than those in the control in October, and the biomass of aboveground live-vegetation in OTC was higher than that of the control. The results indicated that the senescence of plants was postponed, and the growing season was prolonged in our research. 4. The reponse of community biomass accumulation and its allocation to experimental warming Experimental warming caused the decrease of aboveground live biomass and belowground root biomass except for the aboveground live biomass in October. Experimental warming also had pronounced effects on the pattern of root biomass allocation. In the present study, the root biomass in 0-10cm soil layer increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control, however, the root biomass in the 20-30cm soil layer decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. 5. The reponse of community C and N content to experimental warming The C concentration and stock in aboveground live and belowground root both increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. However, the N concentration and stock in aboveground live and belowground root both decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. 6. The reponse of gowth and biomass, C and N alloction of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming significantly increased the height, SLA (specific leaf area) and aboveground biomass of Elymus nutans in OTC manipulation compared to the control. The SLA and total biomass of Rumex acetosa also significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to control, among the different components of Rumex acetosa, leaf biomass significantly increased, but root biomass significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. However, the height, SLA and total biomass of Potentilla anserina significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to the control, among the different component of Potentilla anserina, leaf and stem biomass significantly decreased, but root biomass significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to the control. The LMR (leaf mass ratio), RMR (root mass ratio), R/S (shoot/root biomass ration) and root C concentration of Rumex acetosa significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Rumex acetosa allocated relatively more C and N content to leaf and root in response to experimental warming, however, the SMR (stem mass ration) and root N concentration of Rumex acetosa significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Rumex acetosa allocated relatively less C and N content to stem in response to experimental warming. The RMR and R/S of Potentilla anserina significantly increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Potentilla anserina allocated relatively more C and N content to root in response to experimental warming, however, the SMR and LMR of Potentilla anserina significantly decreased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, also, Potentilla anserina allocated relatively less C and N content to leaf in response to experimental warming. 7. The reponse of physiological processes of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming significantly increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation compared to outside control. However, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation significantly decreased compared to outside control. Experimental warming had pronounced effects on gas exchange of Elymus nutans, Rumex acetosa and Potentilla anserine. In the present study, warming markedly increased the light response curves of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, and also singnificantly increased A (net photosynthesis rate), E (transpiration rate), gs (stomatal conductance), Pmax (maximum net photosynthetic rate), Rday (dark respiration rate), AQY (apparent quantum yield) and LSP (light saturation point), but LCP (photosynthetic light compensation) of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa in OTC manipulation singnificantly decreased compared to outside control. However, warming markedly decreased the light response curves of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation compared to outside control, and also singnificantly decreased A, E, gs, Pmax, Rday, AQY and LSP, but LCP of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation singnificantly increased compared to outside control. Experimental warming singnificantly increased the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters such as Fv/Fm, Yield and qP of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa and qN of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation, but Fv/Fm, Yield and qP of Potentilla anserina in OTC manipulation singnificantly decreased. 8. The reponse of antioxidative systems of several species to experimental warming Experimental warming tended to increase the activities of antioxidative enzymes and stimulate the role of non-enzymes of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa. As a result, MDA content of Elymus nutans and Rumex acetosa decreased. The activities of antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymes of Potentilla anserina also significantly increased in OTC manipulation, but more O2- was produced because of lower soil water content, and the O2- accumulation exceeded the defense ability of antioxidative systems and non-enzymes fuctions. As a result, MDA content of Potentilla anserine still increased in OTC manipulation compared to outside control.

CO_2浓度倍增对城市油松抗氧化酶活性的影响

利用OTC(开顶箱)法模拟未来CO2浓度,于CO2倍增浓度(700μmol·mol-1)和正常空气CO2浓度(≈350μmol·mol-1)条件下,测定了沈阳市区油松(Pinustabulaeformis)针叶超氧自由基(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(ASA-GSHcycle)主要酶活性动态变化,探讨高浓度CO2对油松抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:在短期(60d)内CO2浓度倍增使油松超氧自由基(O2.-)产生速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量减少,而SOD、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性升高;植株抗氧化能力增强,对活性氧清除能力提高;但长期(70d以上)CO2浓度倍增处理则可能使试验结果发生逆转。

O_3浓度升高对油松光合作用的影响

采用开顶箱(OTC)设施试验方法,研究分析了O3浓度升高处理对沈阳市主要绿化树种油松光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,高浓度O3处理下油松叶片净光合速率随着处理时间的延长显著降低(P<0.01);类胡萝卜素含量变化复杂,处理初期显著降低(P<0.05),随后迅速升高,随着处理时间延长与对照无显著差异。chla与chl(a+b)含量变化相似,表现为先升高后降低的趋势,而chlb含量则显著低于对照(P<0.05);可溶性糖含量无显著变化,淀粉积累在处理初期受到明显的抑制作用,随着处理时间的延长无显著变化;可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照,并随着处理时间的延长下降幅度增大。叶片中MDA含量显著增加,并且随着处理时间的延长差异变大;类胡萝卜素含量的变化与MDA含量的显著增加引起了光合作用的下降,导致了可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量的下降。

臭氧浓度升高对银杏光合作用的影响

在臭氧浓度升高条件下,采用开顶箱(OTC)方法研究了臭氧浓度升高对沈阳市主要绿化树种银杏光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,高浓度(80±8nmol.mol-1)臭氧处理下,银杏叶片净光合速率显著降低。处理50d时,降低幅度为33.90%(P<0.01),类胡萝卜素含量显著增加(P<0.05);叶绿素a、叶绿素b与叶绿素(a+b)含量变化复杂,叶绿素a/b值则先降低后升高;可溶性糖含量无明显变化,而淀粉含量则随着处理时间的延长显著降低;可溶性蛋白含量低于对照,并随着处理时间延长下降幅度增大;叶片中丙二醛含量随着处理时间显著增加。处理80d时,丙二醛含量增加了79.53%。光合作用的下降与叶绿素的变化无关,主要与膜脂过氧化有关。光合作用的下降导致了可溶性蛋白质和淀粉的减少,并最终导致生长缓慢。

臭氧浓度升高对玉米活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了揭示臭氧(O3)浓度升高对玉米活性氧(ROS)代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响机理,以玉米(ZeamaysL.)为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了臭氧浓度升高处理[(80±10)nmol·mol-1]下,玉米叶片活性氧产生速率、含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,高浓度臭氧处理下,抽雄期和灌浆期玉米叶片中超氧阴离子(O)产生速率显著增加(P<0.05),过氧化氢(H2O2)含量极显著增加(P<0.01)。处理至灌浆期时,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加了22.6%,显著高于对照(P<0.05),而相对电导率在抽雄期和灌浆期均极显著高于对照(P<0.01),与对照相比,分别增加了20.0%和26.3%,表明细胞膜受损严重。在各个生育时期内,臭氧处理玉米叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均低于对照,表明臭氧浓度升高能够抑制玉米叶片抗氧化酶的活性。本试验中抗氧化酶活性在整个处理期间呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,说明玉米植株对O3胁迫具有保护性机制,在一定程度上缓解臭氧对其造成的伤害。!2

大气CO_2体积分数升高条件下玉米叶片抗氧化能力的变化

近年来大气中CO2体积分数急剧上升,对植物的光合作用、呼吸作用、水分利用等产生重要的影响。文章利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2体积分数升高条件下玉米(ZeamaysL.)叶片抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在高体积分数CO2(550×10-6)条件下,玉米叶片的相对电导率和MDA含量下降,说明膜脂过氧化程度有所降低;O2?.产生速率和H2O2含量与对照相比呈下降趋势并在灌浆期呈显著性差异(P<0.05),但是随着熏蒸时间的延长,高体积分数CO2处理的植株O2?.产生速率和H2O2含量都逐渐降低,这说明高体积分数CO2下活性氧产生减少;SOD、POD、CAT的活性与对照相比明显升高并达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01);百粒质量、穗粒数和穗粒质量均高于对照,说明CO2体积分数升高有利于提高玉米的抗氧化能力,促进植物生长。

大气中CO_2、O_3浓度升高对银杏成年叶片气孔数量特征的影响

利用开放式气室(OTC)持续观测了2个生长季(2005—2006年)。在每年9月30日停止供气后,采样1次。观测高浓度CO2和O3处理的银杏(Ginkgo biloba)成年叶片气孔数量的变化规律。结果表明:在700μmol.mol-1CO2处理条件下,叶片气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积均明显高于对照(P<0.05);在80μmol.mol-1O3处理条件下,气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积却显著低于对照(P<0.01);成年叶片气孔在高浓度CO2影响下,气孔密度略有升高(P>0.05),而气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);大气O3浓度升高对气孔密度影响不大(P>0.05),气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);银杏成年叶片气孔的长度、宽度与气孔比密度存在一定的负相关关系,可用一元二次曲线方程较好地描述。

高浓度臭氧对蒙古栎叶片酚类物质含量和总抗氧化能力的影响

采用开顶箱(OTC)法,研究了高浓度臭氧(80±8nmol·mol-1)熏蒸处理对蒙古栎叶片中总酚、类黄酮、单宁及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,使用1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)法测定了蒙古栎叶片的总抗氧化能力.结果表明:蒙古栎叶片中总酚、类黄酮、缩合单宁和MDA的含量都有所增加,其中总酚和缩合单宁含量分别增加了48.17%和26.77%,差异显著(P<0.05);类黄酮和MDA含量分别增加了24.66%和5.26%,差异不显著(P>0.05);蒙古栎叶片总抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05),且与叶片中总酚和缩合单宁含量呈显著的正相关关系.

在长白山生态系统中长期的高浓度CO_2熏蒸对土壤酶的影响(英文)

从1999年到2006年在中科院长白山森林生态系统定位站(42°24'N,128°28'E,海拔738m)对长期高浓度CO2,蒸对土壤酶活性的影响进行了研究。采用开顶箱(OTC)的方式对红松和长白松进行高浓度CO2处理,CO2浓度分别受控于高浓度CO2箱(500μmol·mol-1)、对照箱(370μmol·mol-1)和裸地(370μmol·mol-1)。经高浓度CO2(500μmol·mol-1),蒸8年后,土壤样品分别在2006年春季、夏季和秋季进行采集和分析。结果表明:在高CO2浓度(500μmol mol-1)条件下,转化酶活性除了红松夏季样品之外都是显著降低的;而脱氢酶活性却是增加的,但只有部分结果显著;长白松的多酚氧化酶活性都显著降低;过氧化氢酶活性在春季增加,而在其他季节均降低。总而言之,在高CO2浓度条件下,土壤酶的活性与树种有关。图2参20。

Molecular determination of oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from mariculture environments of China

Aims: To assess the diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in typical maricultural environments. Methods nand Results: Multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from a mariculture farm of China were analysed via cultivation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Oxytetracycline (OTC)-resistant bacteria were abundant in both abalone and turbot rearing waters, accounting for 3.7% and 9.9% of the culturable microbes. Multidrug resistance was common, with simultaneous resistance to OTC, chloramphenicol and ampicillin the most common resistance phenotype. 16S rDNA sequence analyses indicate that the typical resistant isolates belonged to marine Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas or Alteromonas species, with resistance most common in Vibrio splendidus isolates. For OTC resistance, tet(A), tet(B) and tet(M) genes were detected in some multidrug-resistant isolates, with tet(D) being the most common molecular determinant. For chloramphenicol resistance, cat II was common, and floR was also detected, especially in marine Pseudoalteromonas strains. Conclusions: There is the risk of multidrug-resistant bacteria contamination in mariculture environments and marine Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas species serve as reservoirs of specific antibiotic resistance determinants. Significance and Impact of the Study: This paper and similar findings from Korea and Japan indicate the potential for widespread distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in mariculture environments from the East Asian region of the world.

Dynamic and complex microclimate responses to warming and grazing manipulations

Synthesis efforts that identify patterns of ecosystem response to a suite of warming manipulations can make important contributions to climate change science. However, cross-study comparisons are impeded by the paucity of detailed analyses of how passive warming and other manipulations affect microclimate. Here we document the independent and combined effects of a common passive warming manipulation, open-top chambers (OTCs), and a simulated widespread land use, clipping, on microclimate on the Tibetan Plateau. OTCs consistently elevated growing season averaged mean daily air temperature by 1.0-2.0 degrees C, maximum daily air temperature by 2.1-7.3 degrees C and the diurnal air temperature range by 1.9-6.5 degrees C, with mixed effects on minimum daily air temperature, and mean daily soil temperature and moisture. These OTC effects on microclimate differ from reported effects of a common active warming method, infrared heating, which has more consistent effects on soil than on air temperature. There were significant interannual and intragrowing season differences in OTC effects on microclimate. For example, while OTCs had mixed effects on growing season averaged soil temperatures, OTCs consistently elevated soil temperature by approximately 1.0 degrees C early in the growing season. Nonadditive interactions between OTCs and clipping were also present: OTCs in clipped plots generally elevated air and soil temperatures more than OTCs in nonclipped plots. Moreover, site factors dynamically interacted with microclimate and with the efficacy of the OTC manipulations.These findings highlight the need to understand differential microclimate effects between warming methods, within warming method across ecosystem sites, within warming method crossed with other treatments, and within sites over various timescales. Methods, sites and scales are potential explanatory variables and covariables in climate warming experiments. Consideration of this variability among and between experimental warming studies will lead to greater understanding and better prediction of ecosystem response to anthropogenic climate warming.