LH and IGF-1 release during oestrus and early luteal phase in lactating and non-lactating horse mares

The aim of the present study was to determine effects of lactation on basal LH and IGF-1 concentrations and on the LH response to a GnRH-analogue at different stages of the oestrous cycle in mares. A total of 17 cyclic Haflinger mares were included in the study. Experiments were performed on lactating mares in first postpartum oestrus, the subsequent early luteal phase, and second postpartum oestrus. Non-lactating mares were used in oestrus and early luteal phase. Blood samples were taken for 1 h at 15 min intervals. Mares were then injected with the GnRH-analogue buserelin (GnRHa; 5 microg i.v.) and blood samples were drawn every 15 min for further 2 h. LH in all samples and basal IGF-1-concentrations were determined by RIA. In lactating mares, basal LH concentrations during the early luteal phase tended to be lower (p = 0.07) and the LH response to GnRHa, calculated as area under the curve, was significantly less pronounced compared to non-lactating mares (p < 0.01). As well in lactating mares, the basal LH concentration between first early luteal phase and second oestrus differed significantly (p < 0.05) and the net response to GnRHa was significantly lower between first oestrus as well as second oestrus and first early luteal phase (p < 0.05) but not between first and second oestrous postpartum. Within the group of non-lactating mares, the LH response to GnRHa was as well significantly lower during oestrus than during early luteal phase (p < 0.01). IGF-1 concentrations differed neither between groups nor stages of the cycle within groups. In conclusion, basal and GnRHa-stimulated LH release in lactating mares is lower than in non-lactating mares. This difference, however, occurs only in the early luteal phase. In lactating mares, concentrations of LH appear adequate to allow ovulation to occur.

Molecular cytogenetics and gene mapping in sheep (Ovis aries, 2n = 54)

The development of a completely annotated sheep genome sequence is a key need for understanding the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity among the many different sheep breeds worldwide and for identifying genes controlling economically and physiologically important traits. The ovine genome sequence assembly will be crucial for developing optimized breeding programs based on highly productive, healthy sheep phenotypes that are adapted to modern breeding and production conditions. Scientists and breeders around the globe have been contributing to this goal by generating genomic and cDNA libraries, performing genome-wide and trait-associated analyses of polymorphism, expression analysis, genome sequencing, and by developing virtual and physical comparative maps. The International Sheep Genomics Consortium (ISGC), an informal network of sheep genomics researchers, is playing a major role in coordinating many of these activities. In addition to serving as an essential tool for monitoring chromosome abnormalities in specific sheep populations, ovine molecular cytogenetics provides physical anchors which link and order genome regions, such as sequence contigs, genes and polymorphic DNA markers to ovine chromosomes. Likewise, molecular cytogenetics can contribute to the process of defining evolutionary breakpoints between related species. The selective expansion of the sheep cytogenetic map, using loci to connect maps and identify chromosome bands, can substantially contribute to improving the quality of the annotated sheep genome sequence and will also accelerate its assembly. Furthermore, identifying major morphological chromosome anomalies and micro-rearrangements, such as gene duplications or deletions, that might occur between different sheep breeds and other Ovis species will also be important to understand the diversity of sheep chromosome structure and its implications for cross-breeding. To date, 566 loci have been assigned to specific chromosome regions in sheep and the new cytogenetic map is presented as part of this review. This review will also summarize the current cytogenomic status of the sheep genome, describe current activities in the sheep cytogenomics research sector, and will discuss the cytogenomics data in context with other major sheep genomics projects.

Proposal of Histophilus somni gen. nov., sp. nov. for the three species incertae sedis 'Haemophilus somnus', 'Haemophilus agni' and 'Histophilus ovis'

Earlier investigations have shown that 'Haemophilus somnus', 'Haemophilus agni' and 'Histophilus ovis' represent the same species. In the present investigation, the taxonomic position of this species is explored further by sequencing the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes of strains that were investigated previously by DNA-DNA hybridization. These results clearly support the allocation of this species to a novel genus within the family PASTEURELLACEAE: The phenotypic separation of Histophilus somni gen. nov., sp. nov. from other members of the family can, for most strains, be based on capnophilia, yellowish pigmentation and indole production. However, due to phenotypic variation, the use of a species-specific PCR test based on the 16S rRNA gene is included in the species description. This is justified by the high sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene within the species and the fact that the highest sequence similarity to any other taxon within the family is 93.4 %. The type strain, 8025(T)=ATCC 43625(T)=CCUG 36157(T), was isolated in the USA from a bovine brain with lesions of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis.

Dinâmica do microbioma ruminal de ovinos (Ovis aries) e sua relação com a degradação de biomassa

Considerando a dieta como um fator modulador do microbioma ruminal, neste trabalho objetivou-se investigar o impacto do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar sobre a composição e funcionalidade das espécies microbianas residentes no rúmen de carneiros (Ovis aries). Foram utilizados seis animais machos fistulados de O. aries, dos quais três foram alimentados com uma dieta composta por 70% de volumoso e 30% de concentrado (tratamento controle) e outros três animais alimentados com uma dieta similar a anterior, mas com 14% do volumoso substituído por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (tratamento bagaço). O conteúdo ruminal (líquido e fibra) foram amostrados quinzenalmente durante 60 dias. A partir dessas amostras foram acessadas a estrutura e a composição da comunidade microbiana pela extração de DNA total e amplificação das regiões V3 e V6-V7 do gene 16S rRNA bacteriano e a região intergênica fúngica (ITS2). Além disso, foram feitas análises metagenômicas e metatranscriptômicas de comunidade microbianas enriquecidas em fibra ruminal para identificar enzimas lignocelulolíticas expressas. As frações líquida e fibrosa do conteúdo ruminal de O. aries revelaram uma comunidade bacteriana dominada principalmente por Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes ao longo de todo período experimental. Dois gêneros, Prevotella e Ruminococcus representaram 20% e 4% da comunidade bacteriana ruminal, respectivamente. Para a comunidade fúngica o filo Neocallimastigomycota representou 91% das sequências e os principais gêneros deste filo foram Piromyces, Neocallimastix, Orpinomyces, Anaeromyces, Caecomyces e Cyllamyces aderidos a fibra ruminal. O gênero Caecomyces, foi significativamente mais abundante na fibra ruminal de animais que se alimentaram de bagaço de cana-de açúcar. Além disso, foi observado um aumento significativo na frequência de enzimas como, por exemplo, 1,4-α-glucano, α-galactosidase, endo 1,4-β-xilanase, β- xilosidase, xilose isomerase, celobiose fosforilase e α-N-arabinofuranosidase no tratamento com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Considerando que a recuperação de enzimas a partir de comunidades microbianas naturalmente selecionadas para a degradação de biomassa é uma estratégia promissora para superar a atual ineficiência da ação enzimática na produção industrial de biocombustíveis, os resultados deste trabalho representam a possibilidade de aumentar a capacidade de recuperação ou descoberta de enzimas a partir de ruminantes, ou ainda, a possibilidade de manipular a estrutura do microbioma do rúmen para usá-lo como fonte de inóculo enriquecido em processos industriais de degradação de biomassa.

OvisOme: atualização da base de dados de Ovis aries

Introduction: The Omics sciences are part of the research and diagnostic routines in human health. However, their application in veterinary sciences is still sparse, albeit the increasing number of proteomics studies published, especially regarding farm animals. The amount of information accumulated by these high throughput techniques, makes the existence of specialized databases fundamental. These databases are essential to store, annotate and make available to the scientific community, all the information gathered by the different omics studies, so that researchers can use it to understand the physio pathological mechanisms underlying sheep diseases, as well as to develop new and improved diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. Objetive: The aim of this work is to present the OvisOme database and to demosntrate how it can be used to understand the molecular mechanisms urderlying sheep disease. Methodologies: OvisOme compiles all proteins identified by proteomics studies of Ovis aries. The proteins are annotated as to the sample characterization, the proteomics techniques used and all the data the authors refer regarding the donor sheep’s health. Results: The database currently has 1451 proteins, associated to 8 diseases and 10 breeds. When compared to other proteomics databases, the OvisOme stores and displays more information than other databases not specific for sheep, such as UniProt. Conclusion: OvisOme is a valuable tool for the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying sheep health and disease.

Cyclical DNA methyltransferase 3a expression is a seasonal and oestrus timer in reproductive tissues

Acknowledgments This work was funded by the University of Aberdeen CLSM grant to TJS. EWJL was funded by a Society for Reproduction and Fertility undergraduate scholarship. TJS conceived the project, designed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. EWJL conducted experiments and analyzed the data. CC conducted the immunocytochemistry. ML conducted HEK293 cell culture assays. EMC and ASB provided technical assistance. The authors thank Gerald Lincoln for critical feedback on a previous version of this manuscript.

Effets du climat et des conditions météorologiques locales sur les changements de masse saisonniers du mouflon d'Amérique (Ovis Canadensis)

Comprendre de quelle façon les populations animales répondent aux conditions qui prévalent dans leur environnement revêt une grande importance. Les conditions climatiques et météorologiques sont une source importante de variabilité dans l'environnement et celles-ci ont des répercussions sur les espèces sauvages, en affectant leur physiologie, leur comportement et leurs ressources. Les ongulés alpins et nordiques font face à une succession annuelle de conditions environnementales favorables et défavorables, entraînant chez ceux-ci d'importants changements de masse saisonniers. Chez ces grands herbivores, la masse est importante puisqu'elle est positivement corrélée à la survie et à la reproduction. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel d'investiguer les paramètres affectant les changements de masse saisonniers. L'objectif principal de ma maîtrise était donc d'identifier et de mieux comprendre l'effet des conditions climatiques et météorologiques sur les changements de masse estivaux et hivernaux d'un ongulé alpin: le mouflon d'Amérique (Ovis canadensis). Pour atteindre cet objectif, j'ai utilisé les données du suivi à long terme de la population de mouflons de Ram Mountain, Alberta. Les mesures de masse répétées prises lors des captures permettent d'estimer la masse printanière et automnale des individus, ainsi que leur gain de masse estival et leur changement de masse hivernal. En affectant les coûts énergétiques de la thermorégulation et des déplacements et en influençant la végétation, les conditions climatiques et météorologiques peuvent avoir d'importantes conséquences sur les changements de masse des ongulés alpins. La température, les précipitations et un indice de climat global (le «Pacific Decadal Oscillation»; PDO) ont donc été utilisés afin de caractériser les conditions environnementales et d'investiguer les effets de ces variables sur les changements de masse saisonniers des individus de différentes classes d'âge et de sexe. Des températures froides au printemps ont engendré de plus grands gains de masse estivaux. Des printemps froids peuvent ralentir la maturation des plantes, engendrant une plus grande période où il est possible de s'alimenter de jeunes plantes nutritives, ce qui explique probablement cet effet positif des printemps froids. Cet effet doit toutefois être nuancé puisque les changements de masse hivernaux étaient également influencés par la température printanière, avec des printemps chauds menant à de plus faibles pertes de masse. Il semble que cet effet était dû à une apparition hâtive de la végétation, menant à une prise de masse des mouflons avant qu'ils ne soient capturés au printemps. Cela suggère qu'en affectant la disponibilité et la qualité de la végétation, les conditions printanières ont des répercussions à la fois sur le gain de masse estival, mais également sur les changements de masse hivernaux des mouflons. Le PDO au printemps a un effet positif important sur le gain de masse des adultes mâles lorsque la densité est faible. Des températures chaudes à l'automne engendrent de plus grands gains de masse pendant l'hiver chez les agneaux mâles (la plupart des agneaux gagnent de la masse l'hiver), potentiellement en augmentant la période possible de prise de masse pour ces jeunes individus. Les femelles de deux ans et les mâles adultes ont perdu plus de masse lors d'hivers avec beaucoup de précipitations et des températures froides, respectivement. Finalement, ce projet de recherche a permis d'identifier les variables climatiques et météorologiques clés affectant les changements de masse saisonniers d'un ongulé alpin. Cette étude a également mis en évidence des effets du PDO sur les changements de masse saisonniers, soulignant que de tels indices peuvent s'avérer utiles afin de les mettre en lien avec la variation phénotypique chez les espèces sauvages, et ce sans qu'il n'y ait nécessairement de fortes corrélations entre ces indices et les variables météorologiques locales.

Conidiobolomicosis nasal en una oveja (Ovis aries) en Uruguay

Resumen La conidiobolomicosis es una enfermedad causada por Conidiobolus spp. que afecta a varias especies de animales, incluyendo ovinos, llamas, ciervos, caballos, perros y humanos. En ovinos se caracteriza por lesiones granulomatosas en la cavidad nasal. Aunque la enfermedad es endémica en distintas regiones de Brasil, aún no ha sido reportada en Uruguay. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir un caso de conidiobolomicosis nasal en una oveja en Uruguay y proveer una breve revisión bibliográfica. El caso ocurrió en marzo del 2015 en una oveja de 19 meses de edad en un establecimiento ubicado en el departamento de Colonia. Los principales signos clínicos fueron debilidad, secreción nasal, obnubilación, torneo y exoftalmos unilateral. Los principales hallazgos patológicos fueron rinosinusitis granulomatosa necrotizante localmente extensiva, afectando la región posterior de la cavidad nasal, con desplazamiento del tabique nasal y osteítis necrotizante/osteolítica de los huesos faciales, con extensión al tejido subcutáneo facial y espacio retro-ocular derechos. Microscópicamente se constató la presencia de hifas intralesionales, identificadas por inmunohistoquímica como Conidiobolus spp., rodeadas por material de Splendore-Hoeppli. Se concluye que la conidiobolomicosis ocurre esporádicamente en Uruguay y que debe ser considerada dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de rinitis en ovinos en este País

Evaluación de un implante de células madre mesenquimales modificadas genéticamente con proteínas morfogenéticas de huesos para la osteogénesis en ovis aries

Propósito y Método del Estudio: Introducción. La generación de implantes para el tratamiento y regeneración de afecciones del tejido óseo representan una enorme oportunidad de desarrollo e innovación para muchos campos de la salud humana. Metodología: nosotros generamos un implante de tres componentes (I-3C) constituido por células madre mesenquimales (CMMs), transducidas ex vivo con un vector adenoviral que expresa una combinación de las proteínas morfogenéticas de hueso 2 y 7 (AdBMP2/7), embebidas en una matriz ósea desmineralizada (MOD). Este implante fue probado en un modelo ovino (Ovis aries) en una lesión sometida a carga. Resultados: los ensayos in vitro demostraron que el tratamiento seleccionado con mayor potencial osteogénico es el que contiene la combinación AdBMP2/7 comprobado por PCR en tiempo real, Western Blot y tinciones histológicas e inmunohistoquímicas para las proteínas marcadoras de inducción a hueso, osteocalcina y colágeno tipo I. El implante fue colocado en la zona de la lesión, creada por una distracción en la diáfisis media de la tibia. Se probaron tres grupos de experimentación: control 1 sin implante (S-I); control 2 implante con CMMs (I-CMMs); implante de 3 componentes CMMs modificadas genéticamente con adenovirus que expresan proteínas morfogenéticas de hueso 2 y 7 que se encuentran embebidas en una matriz de hueso desmineralizado (I-3C). Resultados: el seguimiento radiográfico por 10 semanas después de la distracción ósea demostró una reducción en el tiempo de consolidación del grupo I-3C. La tomografía computarizada demostró en ese mismo grupo, una forma y estructura del hueso postmortem muy parecida a la de una tibia sin lesión. Estos hallazgos fueron corroborados por los ensayos de compresión e histológicos, demostrando que la calidad del hueso nuevo formado fue mayor que la de los grupos sin implante y con CMMs sin modificación genética. Contribuciones y Conclusiones: se logró desarrollar un implante de tres componentes constituido por células madre mesenquimales (CMMs), transducidas ex vivo con un vector adenoviral que expresa una combinación de las proteínas morfogenéticas de hueso 2 y 7 (AdBMP2/7), que nos permitirá continuar con los estudios clínicos necesarios para evaluar principalmente defectos en huesos y enfermedades relacionadas con el sistema óseo.

Mapping quantitative trait loci in a wild population using linkage and linkage disequilibrium analyses

Historical information can be used, in addition to pedigree, traits and genotypes, to map quantitative trait locus (QTL) in general populations via maximum likelihood estimation of variance components. This analysis is known as linkage disequilibrium (LD) and linkage mapping, because it exploits both linkage in families and LD at the population level. The search for QTL in the wild population of Soay sheep on St. Kilda is a proof of principle. We analysed the data from a previous study and confirmed some of the QTLs reported. The most striking result was the confirmation of a QTL affecting birth weight that had been reported using association tests but not when using linkage-based analyses. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010.