Estrutura de uma comunidade arbustiva da restinga de Barra de Maricá - RJ

Uma comunidade arbustiva fechada, localizada no cordão arenoso interno da restinga de Barra de Maricá (22°53'S e 42°50'W) foi descrita utilizando-se o método de intercepção por linha. Foram amostrados, em 350 m de linha, 398 indivíduos lenhosos com altura superior a 50 cm, distribuídos em 42 espécies. As famílias mais importantes floristicamente foram Myrtaceae (nove espécies) e Leguminosae (cinco espécies). Quanto à estrutura da vegetação, Myrtaceae apresentou o maior número de indivíduos e o maior valor de importância. As espécies que obtiveram os maiores valores de importância foram: Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Guttiferae), Maytenus obtusifolia Mart. (Celastraceae), Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott (Myrtaceae) e o gênero Guapira (Nyctaginaceae), representado por três espécies. O percentual de espécies raras (38%) é superior e a diversidade específica (H' = 2,84 nats/ind.) semelhante aos valores observados em outras comunidades de restinga da região Sudeste. A comunidade analisada foi identificada como arbustiva fechada de Myrtaceae.

Estudo polínico em plantas de restinga do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Clusiaceae Lindl.

Este trabalho trata da palinologia de oito espécies de Clusiaceae: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Clusia criuva Cambess., C. hilariana Schltdl., C. lanceolata Cambess., C. parviflora (Sald.) Engl., Garcinia brasiliensis Mart., Kielmeyera membranacea Casar. e Symphonia globulifera L.f. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e ilustrados sob microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram estudadas as principais características dos grãos de pólen como forma, tamanho, constituição da exina e aberturas. Constatou-se que os grãos de pólen foram pequenos, médios ou grandes, suboblatos, oblato-esferoidais, prolato-esferoidais ou subprolatos, isopolares, porados (3-6) ou 3-colporados, área polar muito pequena, pequena ou grande, exina rugulada ou reticulada. Os autores concluem que os gêneros e as espécies podem ser separados, palinologicamente, tratando-se portanto, de um grupo euripolínico.

Fenologia da floração, morfologia floral e sistema de incompatibilidade em espécies distílicas de Rubiaceae em fragmento florestal do Sudeste brasileiro

O estudo foi conduzido na Estação de Pesquisa, Treinamento e Educação Ambiental Mata do Paraíso, localizada em Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de fragmento florestal, inserido nos domínios de Floresta Atlântica. Objetivou-se analisar a fenologia da floração, a morfologia e biologia floral e o sistema de incompatibilidade de espécies distílicas de Rubiaceae: Palicourea longepedunculata Gardner, P. marcgravii A. St.-Hil., Psychotria conjugens Müll. Arg., P. hastisepala Müll. Arg., P. hygrophiloides Benth., P. nuda (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wawra, P. sessilis Vell. and Rudgea lanceolata Nutt. Além disso, foi verificado se a razão entre os indivíduos dos dois morfos florais dessas espécies encontra-se em equilíbrio. As florações de Psychotria conjugens, P. hastisepala, P. hygrophiloides e P. sessilis foram seqüenciais e ocorreram durante a estação chuvosa (setembro a março). Foram registradas diferenças significativas entre alturas de estames e de estilete, entre flores brevistilas e longistilas, exceto em P. hygrophiloides; nessa espécie foram observadas apenas flores brevistilas. Além disso, constatou-se dimorfismo no comprimento dos lobos estigmáticos, da corola, dos lobos da corola e das anteras. As flores abriram-se pela manhã e duraram cerca de 24 horas, exceto as de P. nuda (48 horas). As espécies apresentaram razão equilibrada entre os morfos florais, exceto P. marcgravii, P. conjugens e P. hygrophiloides. Houve auto-incompatibilidade heteromórfica e a inibição do crescimento dos tubos polínicos incompatíveis ocorreu no estigma em todas as espécies analisadas, exceto nas formas longistilas de P. longepedunculata e P. hastisepala, nas quais a inibição dos tubos ocorreu no estilete.

Ouratea lancifolia R. G. Chacon & K. Yamam. (Ochnaceae), uma nova espécie do Cerrado, Brasil

A nova espécie Ouratea lancifolia R. G. Chacon & K. Yamam. é descrita. Ela compreende arbustos pequenos de savana gramíneo-lenhosa e se caracteriza pelas lâminas foliares lanceoladas de base cordada e margens serreadas. São apresentados descrição, ilustração e comentários ecológicos. São analisadas as diferenças em relação às duas espécies mais próximas, O. lanceolata (Pohl) Engl. e O. floribunda (A. St.-Hil.) Engl., também ocorrentes no bioma Cerrado.

Antiprotozoal and molluscicidal activities of five Brazilian plants

Leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) are parasitic diseases with wide distribution on the American continent, affecting millions of people. In the present study, biological assays for antiprotozoal and molluscicidal activities were carried out with ethanolic extracts of plant species from the Brazilian part of the Upper Paraná River. Crude extracts were obtained by percolation with absolute ethanol from the leaves of Cayaponia podantha Cogn., Nectandra falcifolia (Nees) Castiglioni and Paullinia elegans Cambess., as well as from the aerial parts of Helicteres gardneriana St. Hil. & Naud. and Melochia arenosa Benth., all belonging to genera used in folk medicine. Trypanocidal activity of plants was assayed on epimastigote cultures in liver infusion tryptose. Anti-leishmanial activity was determined over cultures of promastigote forms of the parasite in Schneider's Drosophila medium. Microscopic countings of parasites, after their incubation in the presence of different concentrations of the crude extracts, were made in order to determine the percentage of growth inhibition. C. podantha and M. arenosa, at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, showed 90.4 ± 11.52 and 88.9 ± 2.20% growth inhibition, respectively, of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, whereas N. falcifolia demonstrated an LD50 of 138.5 µg/mL against promastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Regarding molluscicidal activity, the acute toxicity of the extracts on Biomphalaria glabrata was evaluated by a rapid screening procedure. M. arenosa was 100% lethal to snails at 200 µg/mL and showed an LD50 of 143 µg/mL. Screening of plant extracts represents a continuous effort to find new antiparasitic drugs.

Effect of (+)-dehydrofukinone on GABAA receptors and stress response in fish model

(+)-Dehydrofukinone (DHF) is a major component of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae), and exerts a depressant effect on the central nervous system of fish. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying DHF action remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the action of DHF on GABAA receptors using a silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) model. Additionally, we investigated the effect of DHF exposure on stress-induced cortisol modulation. Chemical identification was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and purity was evaluated using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. To an aquarium, we applied between 2.5 and 50 mg/L DHF diluted in ethanol, in combination with 42.7 mg/L diazepam. DHF within the range of 10-20 mg/L acted collaboratively in combination with diazepam, but the sedative action of DHF was reversed by 3 mg/L flumazenil. Additionally, fish exposed for 24 h to 2.5-20 mg/L DHF showed no side effects and there was sustained sedation during the first 12 h of drug exposure with 10-20 mg/L DHF. DHF pretreatment did not increase plasma cortisol levels in fish subjected to a stress protocol. Moreover, the stress-induced cortisol peak was absent following pretreatment with 20 mg/L DHF. DHF proved to be a relatively safe sedative or anesthetic, which interacts with GABAergic and cortisol pathways in fish.

Detecting local adaptation in widespread grassland species - the importance of scale and local plant community

1 Adaptation of plant populations to local environments has been shown in many species but local adaptation is not always apparent and spatial scales of differentiation are not well known. In a reciprocal transplant experiment we tested whether: (i) three widespread grassland species are locally adapted at a European scale; (ii) detection of local adaptation depends on competition with the local plant community; and (iii) local differentiation between neighbouring populations from contrasting habitats can be stronger than differentiation at a European scale. 2 Seeds of Holcus lanatus, Lotus corniculatus and Plantago lanceolata from a Swiss, Czech and UK population were sown in a reciprocal transplant experiment at fields that exhibit environmental conditions similar to the source sites. Seedling emergence, survival, growth and reproduction were recorded for two consecutive years. 3 The effect of competition was tested by comparing individuals in weeded monocultures with plants sown together with species from the local grassland community. To compare large-scale vs. small-scale differentiation, a neighbouring population from a contrasting habitat (wet-dry contrast) was compared with the 'home' and 'foreign' populations. 4 In P. lanceolata and H. lanatus, a significant home-site advantage was detected in fitness-related traits, thus indicating local adaptation. In L. corniculatus, an overall superiority of one provenance was found. 5 The detection of local adaptation depended on competition with the local plant community. In the absence of competition the home-site advantage was underestimated in P. lanceolata and overestimated in H. lanatus. 6 A significant population differentiation between contrasting local habitats was found. In some traits, this small-scale was greater than large-scale differentiation between countries. 7 Our results indicate that local adaptation in real plant communities cannot necessarily be predicted from plants grown in weeded monocultures and that tests on the relationship between fitness and geographical distance have to account for habitat-dependent small-scale differentiation. Considering the strong small-scale differentiation, a local provenance from a different habitat may not be the best choice in ecological restoration if distant populations from a more similar habitat are available.

Potential contribution of natural enemies to patterns of local adaptation in plants

Genetic differentiation among plant populations and adaptation to local environmental conditions are well documented. However, few studies have examined the potential contribution of plant antagonists, such as insect herbivores and pathogens, to the pattern of local adaptation. Here, a reciprocal transplant experiment was set up at three sites across Europe using two common plant species, Holcus lanatus and Plantago lanceolata. The amount of damage by the main above-ground plant antagonists was measured: a rust fungus infecting Holcus and a specialist beetle feeding on Plantago, both in low-density monoculture plots and in competition with interspecific neighbours. Strong genetic differentiation among provenances in the amount of damage by antagonists in both species was found. Local provenances of Holcus had significantly higher amounts of rust infection than foreign provenances, whereas local provenances of Plantago were significantly less damaged by the specialist beetle than the foreign provenances. The presence of surrounding vegetation affected the amount of damage but had little influence on the ranking of plant provenances. The opposite pattern of population differentiation in resistance to local antagonists in the two species suggests that it will be difficult to predict the consequences of plant translocations for interactions with organisms of higher trophic levels.

The inclusion of forage mixtures in the diet of growing dairy heifers: impacts on digestion, energy utilisation, and methane emissions

Intensive farming focusing on monoculture grass species to maximise forage production has led to a reduction in the extent and diversity of species-rich grasslands. However, plant communities with higher species number (richness) are a potential strategy for more sustainable production and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Research has indicated the need to understand opportunities that forage mixtures can offer sustainable ruminant production systems. The objective of the two experiments reported here were to evaluate multiple species forage mixtures in comparison to ryegrass-dominant pasture, when conserved or grazed, on digestion, energy utilisation, N excretion, and methane emissions by growing 10–15 month old heifers. Experiment 1 was a 4 × 4 Latin square design with five week periods. Four forage treatments of: (1) ryegrass (control); permanent pasture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); (2) clover; a ryegrass:red clover (Trifolium pratense) mixture; (3) trefoil; a ryegrass:birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) mixture; and (4) flowers; a ryegrass:wild flower mixture of predominately sorrel (Rumex acetosa), ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), knapweed (Centaurea nigra) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), were fed as haylages to four dairy heifers. Measurements included digestibility, N excretion, and energy utilisation (including methane emissions measured in respiration chambers). Experiment 2 used 12 different dairy heifers grazing three of the same forage treatments used to make haylage in experiment 1 (ryegrass, clover and flowers) and methane emissions were estimated using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. Distribution of ryegrass to other species (dry matter (DM) basis) was approximately 70:30 (clover), 80:20 (trefoil), and 40:60 (flowers) for experiment 1. During the first and second grazing rotations (respectively) in experiment 2, perennial ryegrass accounted for 95 and 98% of DM in ryegrass, and 84 and 52% of DM in clover, with red clover accounting for almost all of the remainder. In the flowers mixture, perennial ryegrass was 52% of the DM in the first grazing rotation and only 30% in the second, with a variety of other flower species occupying the remainder. Across both experiments, compared to the forage mixtures (clover, trefoil and flowers), ryegrass had a higher crude protein (CP) content (P < 0.001, 187 vs. 115 g kg −1 DM) and DM intake (P < 0.05, 9.0 vs. 8.1 kg day −1). Heifers in experiment 1 fed ryegrass, compared to the forage mixtures, had greater total tract digestibility (g kg −1) of DM (DMD; P < 0.008, 713 vs. 641) and CP (CPD, P < 0.001, 699 vs. 475), and used more intake energy (%) for body tissue deposition (P < 0.05, 2.6 vs. −4.9). For both experiments, heifers fed flowers differed the most compared to the ryegrass control for a number of measurements. Compared to ryegrass, flowers had 40% lower CP content (P < 0.001, 113 vs. 187 g kg −1), 18% lower DMD (P < 0.01, 585 vs. 713 g kg −1), 42% lower CPD (P < 0.001, 407 vs. 699 g kg −1), and 10% lower methane yield (P < 0.05, 22.6 vs. 25.1 g kg −1 DM intake). This study has shown inclusion of flowers in forage mixtures resulted in a lower CP concentration, digestibility and intake. These differences were due in part to sward management and maturity at harvest. Further research is needed to determine how best to exploit the potential environmental benefits of forage mixtures in sustainable ruminant production systems.

Estudo do componente árboreo de mata Ribeirinha no rio Camaquã, Cristal, RS

As matas ribeirinhas no rio Camaquã constituem os maiores remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Ribeirinha no Estado, sendo muito pouco conhecidas florística e fitossociologicamente. Em um fragmento de mata ribeirinha na margem esquerda do baixo rio Camaquã, município de Cristal (31°01’01.7’’S e 51°56’42.0’’W, em torno de 14 m.n.m.) realizou-se um estudo do componente arbóreo, com o intuito de se determinar sua estrutura e relacionar os resultados obtidos com outras florestas no Estado. O clima da região é do tipo Cfa de Köppen, com médias anuais de temperatura de 18,9 °C, e de precipitação de 1.234 mm. Os solos são do tipo Planossolo Hidromórfico Eutrófico (Sge), de textura média/siltosa. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em uma área de 1 ha, dividida em 100 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, onde foram amostradas todas as árvores com DAP maior ou igual a 5 cm. Foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos empregados usualmente, além das estimativas de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e equabilidade de Pielou (J’). Relações florísticas com outras áreas foram feitas através da análise de coordenadas principais e de agrupamento, utilizando os índices de similaridade de Jaccard e Dice. No levantamento florístico foram encontradas 68 espécies arbóreas, a maioria características de ambientes ribeirinhos. Na fitossociologia foram amostrados 2.179 indivíduos, pertencentes a 29 espécies, 25 gêneros e 14 famílias. As famílias Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapindaceae e Salicaceae apresentaram as maiores riquezas. Os valores de importância mais elevados foram registrados para espécies típicas de sub-bosque, que apresentam grande densidade (Sebastiania commersoniana, Allophylus edulis e Eugenia schuechiana). As espécies ocupantes do dossel, com densidades baixas ou intermediárias (Luehea divaricata e Nectandra megapotamica) destacam-se pela dominância. O índice de diversidade foi estimado em 2,342 nats.ind.-1 (J’= 0,695), sendo intermediário entre os menores valores estimados para as matas de restingas e os maiores para Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais na região. O predomínio de espécies zoocóricas demonstra ser uma floresta madura, embora se tenha encontrado uma grande participação de indivíduos com síndrome de dispersão abióticas. Por sua localização na Planície Costeira Interna, a área apresentou, floristicamente, uma grande influência de espécies provenientes das matas de encosta da Serra do Sudeste, havendo uma maior similaridade com as matas do rio Piratini e outras Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais.

Composição florística e estrutura fitossociológica de dois fragmentos de floresta de restinga no Município de Bertioga, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP: algas, 25: Bacillariophyceae (Naviculales: Pinnulariaceae)

Levantamento dos representantes da família Pinnulariaceae (Naviculales, Bacillariophyceae) do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram identificados dois gêneros (Caloneis com 1 e Pinnularia com 12 espécies) e 20 táxons no total, distribuídos em 13 espécies e sete variedades não típicas de suas respectivas espécies. Uma variedade, Pinnularia brauniana (Grunow) Mills var. sanctipaulensis Rocha, é descrita como nova para a ciência. Pinnularia brauniana (Grunow) Mills var. sanctipaulensis Rocha e P. subgibba Krammer var. lanceolata Gaiser & Johanser são, geograficamente, as espécies mais bem distribuídas no PEFI por ocorrerem em 5 localidades cada; e Caloneis hyalina Hustedt, Pinnularia biceps Gregory var. biceps, P. grunowii Krammer, P. joculata (Manguin) Krammer, P. schoenfelderi Krammer, P. subanglica Krammer, P. tabellaria Ehrenberg e P. viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg var. viridis as menos bem representadas, por ocorrerem em uma localidade apenas cada uma.

Regeneração natural em remanescentes florestais e áreas reflorestadas da várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu, Luiz Antônio - SP

O trabalho objetivou descrever e avaliar a estrutura da regeneração de espécies arbóreas em dois remanescentes naturais e em três áreas reflorestadas com espécies nativas e em um povoamento de Eucalyptus robusta, situados em área de várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu, Luiz Antônio, SP (21º31'S e 47º55'W). Foram amostradas 40 subparcelas de 2 m² em cada remanescente natural e sub-bosque de eucalipto e 60 subparcelas de 3,5 m² em cada área reflorestada. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos de regeneração com altura > a 10 cm e diâmetro do caule até a altura do peito (DAP) < 5,0 cm e analisados separadamente, em quatro classes de altura, a diversidade florística, a regeneração natural (Rn%), o valor de importância (VI) e a similaridade da regeneração com indivíduos de DAP > 5 cm. Foram identificados 1.990 indivíduos, pertencentes a 24 famílias, 46 gêneros e 51 espécies. Cabralea canjerana, Psidium cattleyanum, Nectandra megapotamica, Acacia polyphylla e Syzygium cumini estavam entre as espécies mais representadas nas quatro categorias de tamanho. O reflorestamento com espécies nativas em áreas degradadas da várzea do rio Mogi-Guaçu promoveu a regeneração natural com biodiversidade superior aos remanescentes naturais de florestas ciliares sob efeito de borda e contribuiu para com o processo de restauração de ecossistemas florestais. O povoamento de Eucalyptus robusta com cerca de 20 anos de idade favoreceu a regeneração de espécies climácicas e secundárias.

Spatial patterns or trees in the Picinguara coastal sandy forest (state of Sao-Paulo, Brazil)

The species of the sandy plains forests (forests of the ''restingas'') have not yet had their spatial patterns studied as aids to the understanding of the diversity found in the different physiognomies along the Brazilian coast. In this paper a 10 x 10 m quadrat framework laid in a hectare of a tree dominant forest in the sandy plains of the Picinguaba area of the Serra do Mar State Park (municipality of Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil) was used to assess the spatial pattern of distribution for the ten most important species : Pera glabrata, Euterpe edulis, Eugenia brasiliensis, Alchornea triplinervea, Guatteria australis, Myrcia racemosa, Jacaranda semiserrata, Guarea macrophylla, Euplassa cantareirae and Nectandra oppositifolia. The spatial patterns were inferred through the calculations of their T-Square Index (C) and Dispersal Distance Index (I). P. glabrata shows a random pattern, E. edulis aggregate, E. brasiliensis, A. triplinervia, G. australis, E. cantareirae and N. oppositifolia with a tendency between aggregate and uniform and, M. racemosa, J. semiserrata and G. macrophylla between aggregate and random. Although the indexes are dependent of the sample size and of the technique adjustments, the relationship of the pattern with the environmental factors is shown by clustering methods. The results give confirmation of how the spatial patterns bring associations between populations and shape of the vegetation physiognomy.

Uso da fitossociologia na avaliação da efetividade da restauração florestal em uma várzea degradada do rio Mogi Cuaçu, SP

This study objective was to evaluate the effective revegetation in a Mogi Guaçu River degraded floodplain area, located at Luiz Antonio municipality (21° 31' S e 47° 55' W), São Paulo State, Brazil. Two native riparian forest remnants (RIP1 and RIP2) and three 10-year-old reforested areas, planted of native species (R1, R2 and R3), were analyzed by using phytosociological describers of the arboreal stratum (trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm) as indicators. The arboreal stratum inventory was accomplished by 180 plots (10 × 10 m each), 60 representing every native forest and 20 for every reforested area. A total of 60 arboreal species was recorded, only six species (Cecropia hololeuca, Crotón urucurana, Genipa americana, Inga striata, Nectandra megapotamica e Peltophorum dubium) occurring in all the five studied areas. Seventeen species were common to both native forests, and nine species were recorded in all the reforested areas. Sebastlania commersonlana and Guarea macrophyllawere recorded in the native forests (RlP1 and RIP2), and Cecropia hololeuca, Croton urucurana and Inga striata occurring in all the reforested areas, were the species that best characterize the physiognomy of local diversity and were the most important among the studied species. The results showed that the rehabilitation of the areas made by the reforestation created conditions to implant forests with similar structures of the adjacent natural remainders. The reforestation with native species performed in the degraded floodplain of Mogi Guaçu River, initially with the predomination of invasive grasses, has been effective at the first stage of the ecological restoration process. The reforestation is making possible the natural regeneration of species from the adjacent remnants, what indicates that the similarity between planted forests and the native ones are rising through the time. The phytosociology, accomplished ten years after the planting date, is adequate to evaluate the effectiveness of the reforestation during the restoration process of degradated areas in the Mogi Guaçu floodplain.