Synthesis of S-linked carbohydrate analogues via a Ferrier reaction

In this work, the synthetic utility of the Ferrier reaction to access S-linked disaccharides and S-linked glycoamino acids has been probed. Significantly, entry to a range of 1,4- and 1,6-S-linked disaccharides has been achieved using glycals derived from glucose and galactose, and sulfur containing coupling partners derived from methyl α-d-glucopyranoside. Access to S-linked glycoamino acids and glycopeptides has also been achieved using protected cysteine and homocysteine coupling partners within the Ferrier reaction. Functionalisation of the Ferrier products, for example, via dihydroxylation using OsO4 or amino acid coupling, and deprotection of the targets have also been achieved. In this way, entry to materials of interest as mimics of biologically interesting disaccharides and glycopeptides has been realised, including targets derived from rare sugars such as talopyranose and gulopyranose.

Development and application of diazirines in biological and synthetic macromolecular systems

Many different reagents and methodologies have been utilised for the modification of synthetic and biological macromolecular systems. In addition, an area of intense research at present is the construction of hybrid biosynthetic polymers, comprised of biologically active species immobilised or complexed with synthetic polymers. One of the most useful and widely applicable techniques available for functionalisation of macromolecular systems involves indiscriminate carbene insertion processes. The highly reactive and non-specific nature of carbenes has enabled a multitude of macromolecular structures to be functionalised without the need for specialised reagents or additives. The use of diazirines as stable carbene precursors has increased dramatically over the past twenty years and these reagents are fast becoming the most popular photophors for photoaffinity labelling and biological applications in which covalent modification of macromolecular structures is the basis to understanding structure-activity relationships. This review reports the synthesis and application of a diverse range of diazirines in macromolecular systems.

Halo-derivatised calix[4]tubes

Halo functionalisation of calix[4] tubes has been investigated through both derivatisation of individual calix[4]arenes and calix[4] tubes, using classical synthetic methods, to allow preparation of a series of novel derivatives. The solution and solid state properties are in accordance with the constituent calix[4] arenes adopting flattened cone arrangements which on complexation with potassium simplify to a regular cone. Electrospray and H-1 NMR studies, combined with molecular modelling have been used to ascertain the metal binding of this new series of cryptand like ionophores, demonstrating their retained selectivity for binding potassium over other Group 1 metals and the dependence on counter anion in the weak binding of silver.

Microblock ionomers: a new concept in high temperature, swelling-resistant membranes for PEM fuel cells

A novel series of polyaromatic ionomers with similar equivalent weights but very different sulphonic acid distributions along the ionomer backbone has been designed and prepared. By synthetically organising the sequence-distribution so that it consists of fully defined ionic segments (containing singlets, doublets or quadruplets of sulphonic acid groups) alternating strictly with equally well-defined nonionic spacer segments, a new class of polymers which may be described as microblock ionomers has been developed. These materials exhibit very different properties and morphologies from analogous randomly substituted systems. Progressively extending the nonionic spacer length in the repeat unit (maintaining a constant equivalent weight by increasing the degree of sulphonation. of the ionic segment) leads to an increasing degree of nanophase separation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains in these materials. Membranes cast from ionomers with the more highly phase-separated morphologies show significantly higher onset temperatures for uncontrolled swelling in water. This new type of ionomer design has enabled the fabrication of swelling-resistant hydrocarbon membranes, suitable for fuel cell operation, with very much higher ion exchange capacities (>2 meq g(-1)) than those previously reported in the literature. When tested in a fuel cell at high temperature (120 degrees C) and low relative humidity (35% RH), the best microblock membrane matched the performance of Nafion 112. Moreover, comparative low load cycle testing of membrane -electrode assemblies suggests that the durability of the new membranes under conditions of high temperature and low relative humidity is superior to that of conventional perfluorinated materials.

Approaches for multicopper oxidases in the design of electrochemical sensors for analytical applications

We report an effective approach for the construction of a biomimetic sensor of multicopper oxidases by immobilizing a cyclic-tetrameric copper(II) species, containing the ligand (4-imidazolyl)ethylene-2-amino-1-ethylpyridine (apyhist), in the Nafion (R) membrane on a vitreous carbon electrode surface. This complex provides a tetranuclear arrangement of copper ions that allows an effective reduction of oxygen to water, in a catalytic cycle involving four electrons. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen was studied at pH 9.0 buffer solution by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, rotating disk electrode voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. The mediator shows good electrocatalytic ability for the reduction of O(2) at pH 9.0, with reduction of overpotential (350 mV) and increased current response in comparison with results obtained with a bare glassy carbon electrode. The heterogeneous rate constant (k(ME)`) for the reduction of O(2) at the modified electrode was determined by using a Koutecky-Levich plot. In addition, the charge transport rate through the coating and the apparent diffusion coefficient of O(2) into the modifier film were also evaluated. The overall process was found to be governed by the charge transport through the coating, occurring at the interface or at a finite layer at the electrode/coating interface. The proposed study opens up the way for the development of bioelectronic devices based on molecular recognition and self-organization. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Produção e caracterização de membranas catiônicas para eletrodiálise com polímeros convencionais e polianilina dopada com diferentes ácidos orgânicos

Neste estudo foram realizadas diferentes misturas entre polímeros convencionais (poliestireno de alto impacto e poliuretano) e polianilina, com o objetivo de produzir membranas para eletrodiálise. As membranas foram caracterizadas através da quantidade de água absorvida, capacidade de troca iônica, espectroscopia FTIR e Raman, análise termogravimétrica e análise dinâmico mecânica. A estabilidade química em meio ácido, alcalino e fortemente oxidante também foi avaliada para escolher qual o meio mais apropriado para executar as eletrodiálises. Através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi observado a morfologia das membranas, onde pode-se ver a incorporação da polianilina na matriz polimérica. Foram feitos ensaios de eletrodiálise usando as membranas produzidas e foram realizados ensaios para a determinação dos números de transporte para o zinco em meio ácido e alcalino através de algumas membranas para avaliar a seletividade das membranas a cátions e ânions. Após ser comprovado a seletividade à cátions, foram determinados o número de transporte e a extração percentual para todas as membranas. Os resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos para a membrana comercial Nafion 450, sendo encontrado uma permeabilidade a zinco através das membranas produzidas similar à permeabilidade da membrana comercial Nafion 450.

Emprego da técnica de eletrodiálise no tratamento de soluções aquosas contendo cádmio e cianeto

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade de empregar a técnica de eletrodiálise para remoção e recuperação de cádmio e cianeto a partir de soluções aquosas simulando diluições da composição de um banho alcalino de cádmio à base de cianeto. Para isso, foram utilizadas células de eletrodiálise de bancada de diferentes configurações e dois tipos de membranas íon-seletivas, uma catiônica (NafionÒ 450) e uma aniônica (SelemionÒ AMV). Foram realizados ensaios em células de dois e três compartimentos para avaliar o comportamento do potencial total da célula e o potencial das membranas em função da corrente aplicada com soluções de diferentes concentrações. Através destes ensaios foi possível definir as concentrações das soluções e as densidades de corrente a serem utilizadas na célula de cinco compartimentos. Os ensaios na célula de cinco compartimentos foram realizados para avaliar a remoção e recuperação de cádmio e cianeto em diferentes tempos de ensaio, diferentes densidades de corrente, diferentes concentrações das soluções e na presença de outros íons metálicos como cobre, cromo e ferro. Os resultados demonstram que a extração percentual e a eficiência de corrente de cádmio e cianeto dependem da densidade de corrente aplicada, da concentração das soluções e do tempo de ensaio A remoção total das espécies iônicas é limitada pela precipitação de cádmio sobre a membrana catiônica do compartimento central da célula a partir de uma determinada remoção dos íons. No entanto, através de sucessivas trocas da solução de cádmio e cianeto, antes do momento em que ocorre a precipitação, os resultados demonstram a possibilidade de se obter uma solução concentrada em cádmio e cianeto em outro compartimento da célula, o que demonstra a possibilidade de recuperar cádmio e cianeto no banho de deposição de cádmio. Com a presença de cobre, cromo e ferro esta recuperação é prejudicada, pois estes íons são transportados na mesma direção do cádmio e do cianeto, o que pode representar uma contaminação para o banho de deposição.

Flow injection analysis of paracetamol using a biomimetic sensor as a sensitive and selective amperometric detector

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Development of biosensors based on hexacyanoferrates

Ferric and copper hexacyanoferrates (PB and CuHCF, respectively) were electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrodes providing a suitable catalytic surface for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. Additionally glucose oxidase was immobilized on top of these electrodes to form glucose biosensors. The biosensors were made by casting glucose oxidase-Nafion layers onto the surface of the modified electrodes. The operational stability of the films and the biosensors were evaluated by injecting a standard solution (5 mu M H2O2 for PB, 5 mM H2O2 for CuHCF and 1.5 mM glucose for both) over 5-10 h in a now-injection system with the electrodes polarized at - 50 (PB) and -200 mV (CuHCF) versus Ag/AgCl, respectively. The glucose biosensors demonstrated suitability for glucose determination: 0.0-2.5 mM (R-2 = 0.9977) for PB and 0.0-10 mM (R-2 = 0.9927) for CuHCF, respectively. The visualization of the redox catalyst modifiers (PB and CuHCF films) was presented by scanning electron micrographs. (C) 2000 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Construction and application of an electrochemical sensor for paracetamol determination based on iron tetrapyridinoporphyrazine as a biomimetic catalyst of P450 enzyme

This work describes the construction and application of a biomimetic sensor for paracetamol determination in different samples. The sensor was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon electrode surface with a Nafion (R) membrane doped with FeTPyPz. The best performance of the sensor in 0.1 mol L-1 acetate buffer was at pH 3.6. Under these conditions, an oxidation potential of paracetamol was observed at 445 mV vs. Ag vertical bar AgCl. The sensor presented a linear response range between 4.0 and 420 mu mol L-1, a sensitivity of 46.015 mA L mol(-1) cm(-2), quantification and detection limits of 4.0 mu mol L-1 and 1.2 mu mol L-1, respectively. A detailed investigation about its electrochemical behavior and selectivity was carried out. The results suggested that FeTPyPz presents catalytic properties similar to P450 enzyme for paracetamol oxidation. Finally, the sensor was applied for paracetamol determination in commercial drugs and for the monitoring of its degradation in an electrochemical batch reactor effluent.

Desenvolvimento de sensores para determinação de acetato de etila em etanol combustível

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determinação simultânea de ferro e cobre em etanol combustível utilizando eletrodo de nanotubos de carbono modificados

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de sensor biomimético descartável para detecção seletiva de hidroquinona

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fabricação de filmes ultrafinos automontados para aplicações em células a combustível

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

On-line monitoring of electrochemical degradation of paracetamol through a biomimetic sensor

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)