994 resultados para NH(4)-N


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雨水中氮沉降主要以铵盐(NH+4)和硝酸盐(NO-3)形式存在,这与地表生态氮循环和酸雨等环境问题直接相连.我们测定了贵阳地区雨水中的NH+4和NO-3的氮氧同位素值,讨论了氮素形态分布及其同位素组成特征,探讨了雨水中溶解无机氮的成因.雨水中的NH+4和NO-3平均值分别为0.81和o.51mg N/L;铵盐的δ15N平均值为-4.7‰,较硝酸盐的δ15N平均值负,雨水中硝酸盐δ18O值为25.2‰~40.1‰,平均值为34.2±4.3‰,季节性差别不显著.

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对贵州中部喀斯特地区植被调查及径流和岩溶水样分析,探讨喀斯特森林群落退化过程中浅层岩溶地下水化学组成的变化。结果表明:喀斯特森林生态系统降雨中离子浓度大小的排序为SO2 -4 > K+ 、Ca2 + 、HCO-3 >Na + 、Mg2 + 、Cl - > NO-3 、NH+4 > PO3 -4 ,而径流中离子浓度的大小排序为HCO-3 > SO2 -4 Ca2 + > Mg2 + 、Cl - > K+ 、Na + 、NO-3 > NH+4 > PO3 -4 ;岩溶地下水离子组成与径流总体相似,但岩溶地下中HCO-3 、Ca2 + 和Mg2 + 的含量及电导率明显增加高于地表径流。随着喀斯特森林群落从阔叶林群落向灌木林群落、灌草群落方向演替,其岩溶地下水中HCO-3 和Ca2 + 比例明显减少,而SO2 -4 比例明显增加。岩溶地下水的HCO-3 、Ca2 + 含量与森林覆盖率之间存在显著的正相关,而K+ 、NH+4 含量与森林覆盖率之间则存在显著的负相关。HCO-3 含量是影响岩溶地下水电导率的最重要因子,其次是Ca2 + ,再次是K+ 、Mg2 + ;岩溶地下水电导率可以作为评价喀斯特森林群落退化对生态环境影响的数量指标。

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通过对贵州中部喀斯特地区进行植被调查以及土壤和径流样品的分析,探讨石漠化过程中植被演替及其对径流水化学组成的影响。结果表明:喀斯特石漠化后,土壤出现粘质化,有机质含量急剧下降,土壤毛管孔隙度下降,干旱季节表层和次表层土壤的含水量明显减少,改变了生态系统的水分运动规律。喀斯特地表径流中离子浓度的大小排序为HCO -3 > SO2 -4 > Ca2 + >Mg2 + > K+ 、NO-3 、Cl - > Na + > NH+4 > PO3 -4 ,地表径流水化学类型以HCO32Ca 型为主;随着石漠化程度的增加,地表径流中PO3 -4 输出量明显增加,其次是Ca2 + 、NO-3 ,这部分养分的流失造成土壤养分水平下降,同时影响受纳水体的环境质量。地下径流离子组成与地表径流总体相似,但HCO-3 、Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 的含量高于地表径流,而K+ 、NH+4 的含量低于地表径流;石漠化发生后,地下径流中HCO-3 、Mg2 + 浓度明显减少,岩溶作用减弱,而NH+4 、NO-3 浓度明显增加,对地下水质产生一定的影响。

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自然界的氮循环已被严重扰乱,失衡的氮循环过程中产生的一些氮氧化物和氮氢化物(如N2O、NO-3 、NO -2 、N H3 、NH +4 等) 是全球温室效应、水体富营养化和酸雨危害的主要贡献者。稳定氮同位素作为一种有效的示踪手段,在研究氮循环特别是污染氮源的识别方面有重要意义。本文在简要总结氮的同位素分馏效应的基础上,重点论述和分析了稳定氮同位素在植被O土壤O地下水系统和大气系统中的氮源识别,并结合研究现状探讨了研究前景。

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百花湖是一个具有季节性分层的富营养小型湖泊,在秋季湖水倒转期经常发生水质恶化事件,碳氮循环出现异常。文章研究特选择在秋初,湖泊分层开始消失时,测定了湖水中不同深度的N2O ,CH4 ,CO2 ,有机和无机碳同位素以及其他化学参数变化。结果发现:采样时百花湖在约6m和16m 深度附近出现了两个温度不连续层(SDL和PDL) ,并影响到有机颗粒的沉降和分解。相对而言,有较多的有机质在这两个层内发生降解,但降解的途径有所不同,上部主要是有氧降解,下部则主要是无氧降解过程。N2O 的产生和消耗与有机质的降解过程完全对应:PDL 层以上,ΔN2O 与AOU 的线性关系反映了N2O 主要形成于硝化作用;PDL 层以下反硝化作用导致N2O 严重不饱和;PDL 内位于硝化作用和反硝化作用过渡带的N2O 峰,显然是硝化与反硝化联合作用的结果。PDL 层内较大的CH4 浓度变化梯度,说明嗜甲烷细菌可能通过氧化NH+4 贡献了部分N2O。百花湖秋、冬季表层湖水N2O 都是过饱和的,都是大气N2O 的源,依据分子扩散模型计算湖泊N2O 的释放通量在12~14μmol/ m·day 之间,秋、冬季没有明显的差别。秋季底层湖水的反硝化作用是湖泊N2O 的汇,其消耗通量与表层的释放通量基本相当。

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运用相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析等统计学方法, 对2004—2005年间浙江省金华市的大气降水化学组成和分布特征进行了分析. 结果表明, SO2 -4 , NH +4 , Ca2 + , NO -3 和H+是降水的主要离子, 降水的pH值、电导率及离子组分均呈明显的正偏态分布, 降水样品以低离子含量的样本为主. 降水中水溶性离子主要分为4类, SO2 -4 , NH+4 , NO -3 , Ca2 +和F- 主要来自人为活动的贡献, K+和Mg2 +主要来自土壤、沙尘等地壳来源, Na+和Cl- 属于典型的海盐性成分, H+则反映了各种离子中和作用对降水酸度的综合影响.

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Visando a elucidar alguns aspectos do metabolismo do nitrogenio por plantas de Panicum maximum, estudaram-se os efeitos da proporcao NH +4/NO-3 na variacao do pH das solucoes nutritivas de tratamento, no acumulo de materia seca e na distribuicaoo de nitrogenio na planta. Para tal, as plantas foram cultivadas em camara de crescimento na solucao nutritiva (pH 5,5) completa, contendo nitrogenio somente na forma nitrica. Aos 25 dias depois da germinacao, as plantas foram submetidas a 100 ppm de nitrogenio fornecido nas formas nitrica e amoniacal ou amonical, nas seguintes proporcoes 0/100,25/75,50/50,75/25 e 100/0, durante quatro dias. O pH das solucoes nutritivas foi medido e corrigido diariamente. Os resultados demostraram que o pH aumentou na presenca exclusiva de nitrato (pH 6,5) e decresceu na presenca exclusiva de amonio (pH 3,5). Na presenca de ambas as formas de nitrogenio, o pH permaneceu em torno de 5,0 nos dois primeiros dias entao diminui para cerca de 4,5 nos dias subsequentes. Esses resultados indicam que as plantas de Panicum maximum absorveram o nitrato, inicialmente, porem com o tempo adaptaram-se a presenca de amonio e tenderam a absorver ambas as formas. As plantas que receberam nitrato, combinados ou não com amonio, apresentaram o peso da materia seca, N-total e N-soluvel total superiores as que receberam somente amonio como fonte de N, havenso pequena tendencia de maior acumulo na presenca de ambas as fontes. No tratamento 100% de amonio, pN-total e o N-soluvel total diminuiram apreciavelmente, indicando baixa capacidade de essa especie utilizar amonio como fonte única de nitrogenio. Os resultados indicam que, embora as plantas possa absorver as duas formas de nitrogenio, a combinacao entre ambas parece ser a forma ideal para o crescimento das mesmas.

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Elevated concentrations of ammonia in the brain as a result of hyperammonemia leads to cerebral dysfunction involving a spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms (impaired memory, shortened attention span, sleep-wake inversions, brain edema, intracranial hypertension, seizures, ataxia and coma). Many studies have demonstrated ammonia as a major player involved in the neuropathophysiology associated with liver failure and inherited urea cycle enzyme disorders. Ammonia in solution is composed of a gas (NH(3)) and an ionic (NH(4) (+)) component which are both capable of crossing plasma membranes through diffusion, channels and transport mechanisms and as a result have a direct effect on pH. Furthermore, NH(4) (+) has similar properties as K(+) and, therefore, competes with K(+) on K(+) transporters and channels resulting in a direct effect on membrane potential. Ammonia is also a product as well as a substrate for many different biochemical reactions and consequently, an increase in brain ammonia accompanies disturbances in cerebral metabolism. These direct effects of elevated ammonia concentrations on the brain will lead to a cascade of secondary effects and encephalopathy.

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There are two principal chemical concepts that are important for studying the natural environment. The first one is thermodynamics, which describes whether a system is at equilibrium or can spontaneously change by chemical reactions. The second main concept is how fast chemical reactions (kinetics or rate of chemical change) take place whenever they start. In this work we examine a natural system in which both thermodynamics and kinetic factors are important in determining the abundance of NH+4 , NO−2 and NO−3 in superficial waters. Samples were collected in the Arno Basin (Tuscany, Italy), a system in which natural and antrophic effects both contribute to highly modify the chemical composition of water. Thermodynamical modelling based on the reduction-oxidation reactions involving the passage NH+4 -> NO−2 -> NO−3 in equilibrium conditions has allowed to determine the Eh redox potential values able to characterise the state of each sample and, consequently, of the fluid environment from which it was drawn. Just as pH expresses the concentration of H+ in solution, redox potential is used to express the tendency of an environment to receive or supply electrons. In this context, oxic environments, as those of river systems, are said to have a high redox potential because O2 is available as an electron acceptor. Principles of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics allow to obtain a model that often does not completely describe the reality of natural systems. Chemical reactions may indeed fail to achieve equilibrium because the products escape from the site of the rection or because reactions involving the trasformation are very slow, so that non-equilibrium conditions exist for long periods. Moreover, reaction rates can be sensitive to poorly understood catalytic effects or to surface effects, while variables as concentration (a large number of chemical species can coexist and interact concurrently), temperature and pressure can have large gradients in natural systems. By taking into account this, data of 91 water samples have been modelled by using statistical methodologies for compositional data. The application of log–contrast analysis has allowed to obtain statistical parameters to be correlated with the calculated Eh values. In this way, natural conditions in which chemical equilibrium is hypothesised, as well as underlying fast reactions, are compared with those described by a stochastic approach

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Treatment of of (R,R)-N,N-salicylidene cyclohexane 1,2-diamine(H(2)L(1)) in methanol with aqueous NH(4)VO(3) solution in perchloric acid medium affords the mononuclear oxovanadium(V) complex [VOL(1)(MeOH)]-ClO(4) (1) as deep blue solid while the treatment of same solution of (R,R)-N,N-salicylidene cyclohexane 1,2-diamine(H(2)L(1)) with aqueous solution of VOSO(4) leads to the formation of di-(mu-oxo) bridged vanadium(V) complex [VO(2)L(2)](2) (2) as green solid where HL(2) = (R,R)-N-salicylidene cyclohexane 1,2-diamine. The ligand HL(2) is generated in situ by the hydrolysis of one of the imine bonds of HL(1) ligand during the course of formation of complex [VO(2)L(2)](2) (2). Both the compounds have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction as well as spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 are to act as catalyst for the catalytic bromide oxidation and C-H bond oxidation in presence of hydrogen peroxide. The representative substrates 2,4-dimethoxy benzoic acid and para-hydroxy benzoic acids are brominated in presence of H(2)O(2) and KBr in acid medium using the above compounds as catalyst. The complexes are also used as catalyst for C-H bond activation of the representative hydrocarbons toluene, ethylbenzene and cyclohexane where hydrogen peroxide acts as terminal oxidant. The yield percentage and turnover number are also quite good for the above catalytic reaction. The oxidized products of hydrocarbons have been characterized by GC Analysis while the brominated products have been characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopic studies.

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A set of backbone modified peptides of general formula Boc-Xx-m-ABA-Yy-OMe where m-ABA is meta-aminobenzoic acid and Xx and Yy are natural amino acids such as Phe, Gly, Pro, Leu, Ile, Tyr and Trp etc., are found to self-assemble into soft nanovesicular structures in methanol-water solution (9:1 by v/v). At higher concentration the peptides generate larger vesicles which are formed through fusion of smaller vesicles. The formation of vesicles has been facilitated through the participation of various noncovalent interactions such as aromatic pi-stacking, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Model study indicates that the pi-stacking induced self-assembly, mediated by m-ABA is essential for well structured vesicles formation. The presence of conformationally rigid m-ABA in the backbone of the peptides also helps to form vesicular structures by restricting the conformational entropy. The vesicular structures get disrupted in presence of various salts such as KCl, CaCl(2), N(n-Bu)(4)Br and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in methanol-water solution. Fluorescence microscopy and UV studies reveal that the soft nanovesicles encapsulate organic dye molecules such as Rhodamine B and Acridine Orange which could be released through salts induced disruption of vesicles.

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Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) assimilation, particularly during seed development. Three cytosolic GS isoforms (HvGS1) were identified in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Golden Promise). Quantitation of gene expression, localization and response to N supply revealed that each gene plays a non-redundant role in different tissues and during development. Localization of HvGS1_1 in vascular cells of different tissues, combined with its abundance in the stem and its response to changes in N supply, indicate that it is important in N transport and remobilization. HvGS1_1 is located on chromosome 6H at 72.54 cM, close to the marker HVM074 which is associated with a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for grain protein content (GPC). HvGS1_1 may be a potential candidate gene to manipulate barley GPC. HvGS1_2 mRNA was localized to the leaf mesophyll cells, in the cortex and pericycle of roots, and was the dominant HvGS1 isoform in these tissues. HvGS1_2 expression increased in leaves with an increasing supply of N, suggesting its role in the primary assimilation of N. HvGS1_3 was specifically and predominantly localized in the grain, being highly expressed throughout grain development. HvGS1_3 expression increased specifically in the roots of plants grown on high NH+4, suggesting that it has a primary role in grain N assimilation and also in the protection against ammonium toxicity in roots. The expression of HvGS1 genes is directly correlated with protein and enzymatic activity, indicating that transcriptional regulation is of prime importance in the control of GS activity in barley.

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Three sludge types from the same treatment stream (undigested liquid, anaerobically digested liquid and dewatered, anaerobically digested cake) were used in a field based tub study. Amendments (4, 8, and 16 Mg dry solid (ds)ha(-1)) were incorporated into the upper 15 cm of a sandy loam soil prior to sowing with rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.). Nitrogen transformations in the soil were determined for the 80 d period following incorporation. Nitrogen uptake and crop yield were measured in the cut sward 35 and 70 d after sowing. The study showed that application of sewage sludge at rates as low as 4 Mgha(-1) can have a nutritional benefit to rye-grass over the two harvests. Differences in N transformation, and hence crop nutritional benefit, between sludge types were evident throughout the experiment. In particular, the dewatering process changed the mineral N characteristics of the anaerobically digested sludge, which, when not dewatered, outperformed the other sludges in terms of yield and mineralisation rate at both harvests. The dewatered sludge produced the lowest yield of rye-grass. The undigested liquid sludge had the lowest foliar N and soil NO(3)-N concentrations, possibly immobilised as the large oxidisable C component of this sludge was metabolised by the microbial biomass. Correlation data support the concept of preferential uptake of NH(4)-N over NO(3)-N in Lolium perenne. Results are discussed in the context of managing sludge type and application for a plant nutrient source and NO(3)-N release.

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Leite-Dellova DC, Malnic G, Mello-Aires M. Genomic and non-genomic stimulatory effect of aldosterone on H(+)-ATPase in proximal S3 segments. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300: F682-F691, 2011. First published December 29, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00172.2010.-The genomic and nongenomic effects of aldosterone on the intracellular pH recovery rate (pHirr) via H(-)(+)ATPase and on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) were investigated in isolated proximal S3 segments of rats during superfusion with an Na(+)-free solution, by using the fluorescent probes BCECF-AM and FLUO-4-AM, respectively. The pHirr, after cellular acidification with a NH(4)Cl pulse, was 0.064 +/- 0.003 pH units/min (n = 17/74) and was abolished with concanamycin. Aldosterone (10(-12), 10(-10),10(-8), or 10(-6) M with 1-h or 15- or 2-min preincubation) increased the pHirr. The baseline [Ca(2+)](i) was 103 +/- 2 nM (n = 58). After 1 min of aldosterone preincubation, there was a transient and dose-dependent increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and after 6-min preincubation there was a new increase in [Ca(2+)](i) that persisted after 1 h. Spironolactone [mineralocorticoid (MR) antagonist], actinomycin D, or cycloheximide did not affect the effects of aldosterone (15- or 2-min preincubation) on pHirr and on [Ca(2+)](i) but inhibited the effects of aldosterone (1-h preincubation) on these parameters. RU 486 [glucocorticoid (GR) antagonist] and dimethyl-BAPTA (Ca(2+) chelator) prevented the effect of aldosterone on both parameters. The data indicate a genomic (1 h, via MR) and a nongenomic action (15 or 2 min, probably via GR) on the H(+)-ATPase and on [Ca(2+)](i). The results are compatible with stimulation of the H(+)-ATPase by increases in [Ca(2+)](i) (at 10(-12)-10(-6) M aldosterone) and inhibition of the H(+)-ATPase by decreases in [Ca(2+)](i) (at 10(-12) or 10(-6) M aldosterone plus RU 486).

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The leaf is considered the most important vegetative organ of tank epiphytic bromeliads due to its ability to absorb and assimilate nutrients. However, little is known about the physiological characteristics of nutrient uptake and assimilation. In order to better understand the mechanisms utilized by some tank epiphytic bromeliads to optimize the nitrogen acquisition and assimilation, a study was proposed to verify the existence of a differential capacity to assimilate nitrogen in different leaf portions. The experiments were conducted using young plants of Vriesea gigantea. A nutrient solution containing NO(3)(-)/NH(4)(+) or urea as the sole nitrogen source was supplied to the tank of these plants and the activities of urease, nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) were quantified in apical and basal leaf portions after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h. The endogenous ammonium and urea contents were also analyzed. Independent of the nitrogen sources utilized, NR and urease activities were higher in the basal portions of leaves in all the period analyzed. On the contrary. GS and GDH activities were higher in apical part. It was also observed that the endogenous ammonium and urea had the highest contents detected in the basal region. These results suggest that the basal portion was preferentially involved in nitrate reduction and urea hydrolysis, while the apical region could be the main area responsible for ammonium assimilation through the action of GS and GDH activities. Moreover, it was possible to infer that ammonium may be transported from the base, to the apex of the leaves. In conclusion, it was suggested that a spatial and functional division in nitrogen absorption and NH(4)(+) assimilation between basal and apical leaf areas exists, ensuring that the majority of nitrogen available inside the tank is quickly used by bromeliad`s leaves. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.