Análisis descriptivo de la degradación ruminal in situ de piscidium de Moringa oleífera en la Finca Santa Rosa, Managua, Nicaragua

Se realizó un estudio en la finca Santa Rosa propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria ubicada en Managua-Nicaragua. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis descriptivo de la composición química de la harina de piscidium de Moringa oleifera [Materia seca (MS), Proteína Bruta (PB), Fibra Cruda (FC), Extracto etéreo (EE) y Ceniza (CE)] así como la degradación ruminal in situ de la MS (DMS), PB (DPB) y FC (DFC) de la misma. Se utilizó la técnica de degradación in situ para evaluar la cinética de la degradabilidad de piscidium de Moringa en el rumen. Los tiempos de incubación evaluados fueron 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72h. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la composición química de piscidium de Moringa presentó valores de 97.16% MS, 5.27% PB, 59.7% FC, 1.08% EE y CE de 8.18%. La DMS fue de 36.12% a las 72 h de incubación. La DPB tuvo una rápida degradabilidad en las primeras 6 h (29.75%) con un máximo de degradación potencial a las 72 h de 45.71%, sin embargo la DFC fue lenta durante las primeras 12 h, (6.77%), posterior a las mismas se incrementó la degradabilidad de la FC alcanzando un máximo potencial de degradabilidad de 19.38% a las 72 h de incubación. Los resultados indican que la harina de piscidium de Moringa es un alimento de mayor valor nutritivo que muchos alimentos toscos o lignificados, sin embargo para mejorar su aprovechamiento en la alimentación animal debe ser acompañado con una fuente nitrogenada o ser incluido como material de relleno en alimentos concentrados, bloques multinutricionales o amonificado.

Inclusión de harina de hojas de Marango (Moringa oleífera) en la alimentación de pollos de engorde y su efecto en el comportamiento productivo

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión de harina de hoja de Marango (Moringa oleifera) en dietas para pollos de engorde y su efecto sobre el comportamiento productivo (Consumo, Ganancia media Diaria (GMD) , peso final (PF), Peso de la canal (PC), Rendimiento de la canal (RC), Conversión alimenticia (CA) ) así como su efecto sobre el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) y calidad de la canal (CC) . Se utilizaron 210 aves de la línea Cobb 500 con peso promedio 30.09 g (0.5) . Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), distribuido en tres tratamientos con siete repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1:concentrado comercial, T2: concentrado con 5% de harina de hoja de Marango (Moringa oleifera ) y T3: concentrado con 10% de harina de hoja de Marango ( Moringa olei fera ). Los datos fueron analizados por PROC ANDEVA con el paquete estadístico SAS® Ver. 9.1 , las comparaciones de medias por la prueba de Tu key . No se encontraron diferencias (p>0.05) para consumo , GMD, PF, PC, y RC. Existieron diferencias (p <0.05) para CA T1 ( 1.6 ) supero a T3 ( 1.79 ) pero fue similar a T2 ( 1. 64 ) . La morfometría del TGI no se vio afectada en términos generales por los tratamientos en estudio. La CC no mostro diferencias entre los tratamientos, con una mejor aceptación de las canales provenien te de las aves alimentadas con harina de hoja de Marango (T2 y T3). La valoración financiera determino que el T2 es una alternativa viable para sustituir dietas basadas en alimentos comerciales, al generar mayores utilidades sin que esto afecte el peso final de las aves.

Evaluación del efecto de inclusión de harina de piscidium de Marango (Moringa oleífera) en la elaboración de bloques multinutricionales en ovinos en desarrollo en la finca Santa Rosa, Managua

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión harina de piscidium de Marango ( Moringa oleifera) en bloques multinutricionales (BMN) y su efecto sobre los parámetros productivos (Peso final (PF) , conversión alimento (CAL), Ganancia media diaria (GMD), consumo(CA) en ovino de desarrollo. Se utilizaron 18 ovinos con pesos de 12.14 kg ( ± ) y edad de 4 - 5 m , Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), con seis repeticiones y tres tratamiento s. Los tratamientos evaluados T1: BMN con 25% de piscidium de Marango + forraje , T2: BMN + 35% de piscidium de Marango+ forraje T3: forraje fresco. Se utilizó el PROC ANDEVA de un GLM utilizando el Software Minitab ® ver 16.4 . , las diferencias de medias se les aplico la prueba de Tukey . Los resultados obtenidos demostraron diferencias (p<0.005) para consumo de bloques , El consumo de forraje fue similar para T3 y T2, pero ambos difieren de T1 (p<0.05) . Para consumo total de Materia seca T3 difiere de T2 y T1 (p<0.05) . La GMD, PF fue similar (p>0.05) entre T1 y T2, pero difieren (p<0.05) de T3 . La CA nos refleja que el T1 fue el más eficiente seguido de T2 y T3. Desde el punto de vista financiero T1 fue superior a T2 y T3. En resumen la inclusión de harina de piscidium como componente de BMN mejora el consumo, GMD, CA y PF, siendo el nivel de inclusión del 25% el más eficiente, Piscidium de Moringa es un recurso local de bajo costo que puede ser utilizado en la alimentación de ovinos

Physiology and metabolic profile of Moringa olifera and Eucalyptus globulus plants subjected to climate changes

As alterações climáticas emergentes têm um grande impacto no crescimento e desenvolvimento de espécies florestais, nomeadamente em espécies de valor industrial e medicinal, como é o caso do eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus) e da moringa (Moringa oleifera). Assim, é urgente conhecer as respostas fisiológicas e entender as variações que ocorrem nos perfis metabólicos de espécies vegetais. Neste trabalho, plantas jovens de Eucalyptus globulus foram expostas a radiação UVB (12kJ/m2) e foram avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas e o perfil metabólico, um e onze dias após a aplicação da radiação. A dose de UVB usada não afetou as reações fotoquímicas nem as trocas gasosas, contudo ao nível do metabolismo do carbono (AST e amido) e do conteúdo de pigmentos verificaram-se pequenas alterações (AST e pigmentos). Através da análise do perfil metabólico de E. globulus foram encontrados compostos voláteis e semi-voláteis pertencentes às famílias dos terpenos, sesquiterpenos e aldeídos. Em geral, os sesquiterpenos e os álcoois monoterpénicos apresentaram uma tendência para manter e, em alguns casos, diminuir com o stress, enquanto que o grupos dos aldeídos aumentou e os monoterpenos apresentaram um comportamento mais heterogéneo. O E. globulus mostrou ser uma espécie tolerante à aplicação da dose de UVB usada neste trabalho. Por outro lado, plantas jovens de M. oleifera foram expostas a défice hídrico (DH). Um grupo de plantas foi recolhido um dia após o final da exposição e o outro grupo após onze dias do final da exposição. Foi avaliado o perfil metabólico desta espécie através de GC/MS. Os dados cromatográficos indicaram que em condições de stress (DH(1) e DH(11)), as quantidades de compostos associados a vias primárias e secundárias de defesa (como os alcanos, álcoois, ácidos carboxílicos, esteróis, aminoácidos e açucares) sofreram algumas alterações. As plantas analisadas 11 dias após a remoção do stress mostraram maiores variações do perfil de metabolitos. No entanto, tanto um como onze dias após a remoção do stress, as plantas apresentaram a formação de novos rebentos. Apesar do perfil de metabolitos ter sofrido algumas alterações, por não se registarem casos de morte, conclui-se que as plantas de moringa mostraram ser tolerantes aos tratamentos aplicados.

Extração enzimática de óleo e produção in situ de biodiesel a partir da Moringa oleífera Lam

With the growth and development of modern society, arises the need to search for new raw materials and new technologies which present the "clean" characteristic, and do not harm the environment, but can join the energy needs of industry and transportation. The Moringa oleifera Lam, plant originating from India, and currently present in the Brazilian Northeast, presents itself as a multi-purpose plant, can be used as a coagulant in water treatment, as a natural remedy and as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In this work, Moringa has been used as a raw material for studies on the extraction and subsequently in the synthesis of biodiesel. Studies have been conducted on various techniques of Moringa oil extraction (solvents, mechanical pressing and enzymatic), being specially developed an experimental design for the aqueous extraction with the aid of the enzyme Neutrase© 0.8 L, with the aim of analyzing the influence variable pH (5.5-7.5), temperature (45-55°C), time (16-24 hours) and amount of catalyst (2-5%) on the extraction yield. In relation to study of the synthesis of biodiesel was initially carried out a conventional transesterification (50°C, KOH as a catalyst, methanol and 60 minutes reaction). Next, a study was conducted using the technique of in situ transesterification by using an experimental design variables as temperature (30-60°C), catalyst amount (2-5%), and molar ratio oil / ethanol (1:420-1:600). The extraction technique that achieved the highest extraction yield (35%) was the one that used hexane as a solvent. The extraction using 32% ethanol obtained by mechanical pressing and extraction reached 25% yield. For the enzymatic extraction, the experimental design indicated that the extraction yield was most affected by the effect of the combination of temperature and time. The maximum yield obtained in this extraction was 16%. After the step of obtaining the oil was accomplished the synthesis of biodiesel by the conventional method and the in situ technique. The method of conventional transesterification was obtained a content of 100% and esters by in situ technique was also obtained in 100% in the experimental point 7, with a molar ratio oil / alcohol 1:420, Temperature 60°C in 5% weight KOH with the reaction time of 1.5 h. By the experimental design, it was found that the variable that most influenced the ester content was late the percentage of catalyst. By physico-chemical analysis it was observed that the biodiesel produced by the in situ method fell within the rules of the ANP, therefore this technique feasible, because does not require the preliminary stage of oil extraction and achieves high levels of esters

Caracterização de hambúrguer elaborado com farinha de folhas de Moringa (Moringa oleífera Lam.)

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves flour in beef burger during storage for 120 days. Six hamburger formulations were processed: one control (without the use of additives), four with addition of Moringa leaves flour (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 g/100 g aggregate), and one with addition of synthetic antioxidant Propyl Gallate (0.01 g/100 g aggregate). The products were analyzed for their chemical composition with determinations of moisture, protein, dietary fiber, lipids, ash, carbohydrate, and caloric value after preparation. Microbiological and acceptance testing were performed at the beginning and after 120 days of storage. Determination of pH, instrumental color and lipid oxidation (TBARS) were performed at 1, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of storage. All samples showed physical-chemical and microbiological tests in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. pH measurements were between 5.48 and 5.90; however, the intensity of red has changed according to the treatments and storage periods. The addition of Moringa leaves flour had no antioxidant effect on burgers, but its inclusion not only contributed to the improvement of nutritional quality, but also did not harm product acceptance.

Estudio de las posibles zonas de introducción de la Moringa oleífera Lam. en la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias.

Estudio de la posibilidad de introducción de la Moringa oleifera en la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias. Se hace un análisis de las características de esta planta , para dar a conocer su cultivo y usos potenciales por los que pueda resultar interesante la introducción, así como su distribución actual (tanto en la región de origen, como donde se ha introducido) y sus características ecológicas. De esta manera, se consigue una clasificación de los parámetros ecológicos que definen el hábitat de la especie , determinantes para conocer si es posible su introducción en el territorio objeto del estudio. Para conocer la aptitud de la Península, las Islas Baleares y el archipiélago Canario para la introducción de la moringa, se va a realizar un análisis de sus parámetros ecológicos (fisiográficos, climáticos y edáficos) de la especie en el territorio objeto de estudio. Para finalmente conocer las áreas potenciales de introducción de la Moringa oleifera en la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares e Islas Canarias. Islas Canarias.

Desenvolvimento de novos biolubrificantes hidráulicos derivados dos óleos de maracujá e de moringa in natura e epoxidados

With the increasing environmental awareness, maximizing biodegradability and minimizing ecotoxicity is the main driving force for new technological developments. Thus, can be developed new biodegradable lubricants for use in environmentally sensitive areas. The aim of this study was to obtain new bio-lubricants from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) and moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamarck) epoxidized oils and develop a new additive package using experimental design for their use as a hydraulic fluid. In the first stage of this work was performed the optimization of the epoxidation process of the oils using fractional experimental design 24-1 , varying the temperature, reaction time, ratio of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the second step was investigated the selectivity, thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction for obtaining the two epoxides at 30, 50 and 70 °C. The result of the experimental design confirmed that the epoxidation of passion fruit oil requires 2 hours of reaction, 50 °C and a ratio H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1). For moringa oil were required 2 hours reaction, 50 °C and a ratio of H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1.5). The results of the final conversions were equal to 83.09% (± 0.3) for passion fruit oil epoxide and 91.02 (±0,4) for moringa oil epoxide. Following was made the 23 factorial design to evaluate which are the best concentrations of corrosion inhibitor and anti-wear (IC), antioxidant (BHA) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. The bio-lubricants obtained in this step were characterized according to DIN 51524 (Part 2 HLP) and DIN 51517 (Part 3 CLP) standards. The epoxidation process of the oils was able to improve the oxidative stability and reduce the total acid number, when compared to the in natura oils. Moreover, the epoxidized oils best solubilized additives, resulting in increased performance as a lubricant. In terms of physicochemical performance, the best lubricant fluid was the epoxidized moringa oil with additives (EMO-ADI), followed by the epoxidized passion fruit oil with additives (EPF-ADI) and, finally, the passion fruit in natura oil without additives (PFO). Lastly, was made the investigation of the tribological behavior under conditions of boundary lubrication for these lubricants. The tribological performance of the developed lubricants was analyzed on a HFRR equipment (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) and the coefficient of friction, which occurs during the contact and the formation of the lubricating film, was measured. The wear was evaluated through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of extreme pressure (EP) and anti-wear and corrosion inhibitor (CI) additives significantly improve the tribological properties of the fluids. In all assays, was formed a lubricating film that is responsible for reducing the coefficient of metal-to-metal wear. It was observed that the addition of EP and IC additives in the in natura vegetable oils of passion fruit and moringa did not favor a significant reduction in wear. The bio-lubricants developed from passion fruit and moringa oils modified via epoxidation presented satisfactory tribological properties and shown to be potential lubricants for replacement of commercial mineral-based fluids.

N-H...S=C hydrogen bond in O-alkyl N-methoxycarbonyl thiocarbamates, ROC(S)N(H)C(O)O)CH(3) (R = CH(3)(-), CH(3)CH(2)-)

Pure O-methyl N-methoxycarbonyl thiocarbamate CH(3)OC(S)N(H)C(O)OCH(3) (I) and O-ethyl N-methoxycarbonyl thiocarbamate, CH(3)CH(2)OC(S)N(H)C(O)OCH(3) (II), are quantitatively prepared by the addition reaction between the CH(3)OC(O)NCS and the corresponding alcohols. The compounds are characterized by multinuclear ((1)H and (13)C) and bi-dimensional ((13)C HSQC) NMR, GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. Structural and conformational properties are analyzed using a combined approach involving crystallographic data, vibration spectra and theoretical calculations. The low-temperature (150 K) crystal structure of II was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The substance crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 4.088(1)angstrom. b = 22.346(1)angstrom, c = 8.284(1)angstrom, beta = 100.687(3)degrees and Z = 4 molecules per unit cell. The conformation adopted by the thiocarbamate group -OC(S)N(H)- is syn (C=S double bond in synperiplanar orientation with respect to the N-H single bond), while the methoxycarbonyl C=O double bond is in antiperiplanar orientation with respect to the N-H bond. The non-H atoms in II are essentially coplanar and the molecules are arranged in the crystal lattice as centro-symmetric dimeric units held by N-H center dot center dot center dot S=C hydrogen bonds Id(N center dot center dot center dot S) = 3.387(1)angstrom, <(N-H center dot center dot center dot S) = 166.4(2)degrees]. Furthermore, the effect of the it electronic resonance in the structural and vibrational properties is also discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Efeito do alumínio sobre o crescimento de duas espécies florestais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A comparative study: long and short term effect of a nutrition sensitive approach to delay the progression of HIV to AIDS among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Nigeria

Background: Malnutrition has a negative impact on optimal immune function, thus increasing susceptibility to morbidity and mortality among HIV positive patients. Evidence indicates that the prevalence of macro and micronutrient deficiencies (particularly magnesium, selenium, zinc, and vitamin C) has a negative impact on optimal immune function, through the progressive depletion of CD4 T-lymphocyte cells, which thereby increases susceptibility to morbidity and mortality among PLWH. Objective: To assess the short and long term effects of a nutrition sensitive intervention to delay the progression of human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) to AIDS among people living with HIV in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods: A randomized control trial was carried out on 400 PLWH (adult, male and female of different religious background) in Nigeria between January and December 2012. Out of these 400 participants, 100 were randomly selected for the pilot study, which took place over six months (January to June, 2012). The participants in the pilot study overlapped to form part of the scale-up participants (n 400) monitored from June to December 2012. The comparative effect of daily 354.92 kcal/d optimized meals consumed for six and twelve months was ascertained through the nutritional status and biochemical indices of the study participants (n=100 pilot interventions), who were and were not taking the intervention meal. The meal consisted of: Glycine max 50g (Soya bean); Pennisetum americanum 20g (Millet); Moringa oleifera 15g (Moringa); Daucus carota spp. sativa 15g (Carrot). Results: At the end of sixth month intervention, mean CD4 cell count (cell/mm3) for Pre-ART and ART Test groups increased by 6.31% and 12.12% respectively. Mean mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) for Pre-ART and ART Test groups increased by 2.72% and 2.52% within the same period (n 400). Comparatively, participants who overlapped from pilot to scale-up intervention (long term use, n 100) were assessed for 12 months. Mean CD4 cell count (cell/mm3) for Pre-ART and ART test groups increased by 2.21% and 12.14%. Mean MUAC for Pre-ART and ART test groups increased by 2.08% and 3.95% respectively. Moreover, student’s t-test analysis suggests a strong association between the intervention meal, MUAC, and CD4 count on long term use of optimized meal in the group of participants being treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the achieved results take the form of specific technology, it suggests that a prolong consumption of the intervention meal will be suitable to sustain the gained improvements in the anthropometric and biochemical indices of PLWHIV in Nigeria.

Emprego do extrato de Moringa (Moringa oleífera Lamarck) na clarificação do caldo de cana para produção de açúcar e etanol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Broad Bean Stain Virus: Identification, Detectability with ELISA in Faba Bean Leaves and Seeds, Occurrence in West Asia and North Africa and Possible Wild Hosts

Abstract During a survey of faba bean viruses in West Asia and North Africa a virus was identified as broad bean stain virus (BBSV) based on host reactions, electron microscopy, physical properties and serology. An antiserum to a Syrian isolate was prepared. With this antiserum both the direct double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) and dot-ELISA were very sensitive in detecting BBSV in leaf extracts, ground whole seeds and germi nated embryos. Sens it i vity was not reduced when the two-day procedure was replaced by a one-day procedure. us i ng ELISA the vi rus was detected in 73 out of 589 faba bean samples with virus-like symptoms collected from Egypt (4 out of 70 samples tested), Lebanon (6/44) , Morocco (017), Sudan (19/254), Syria (36/145) and Tunisia (8/69). This is the first report of BBSV infection of faba bean in Lebanon, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia. speci es i ndi genous to Syri a were Fourteen wild legume susceptible to BBSV infection, with only two producing obvious symptoms. The virus was found to be seed transmitted ~n Vicia palaestina.

Can rodents enhance germination rates in rainforest seeds?

The decline of large coevolved frugivorous species within fragmented habitats can have an effect on ecological processes, for example, seed dispersal and germination. It is therefore necessary for more resilient species to ensure essential processes are maintained within the system. This study investigates the influence of two rodent species, Melomys cervinipes (Fawn-footed Melomys) and Rattus fuscipes (Bush Rat), on the germination process of rainforest fruits. Both species are endemic to north Queensland rainforest and commonly found in fragmented habitats in high densities. We found in 85% of fruit species tested, rodent feeding increased seed germination rate by a factor of 3.5. Our results suggest that rodents can play a significant role in enhancing germination rates of fruits in the tropical rainforest of far north Queensland.