A voz e a invocação para musicar a vida: ressonâncias entre música e psicanálise

A articulação entre a psicanálise e a música, mais especificamente a produzida a partir do paradigma de Arnold Schönberg, renovado por John Cage, se mostra emblemática para pensar a constituição do sujeito em Sigmund Freud e Jacques Lacan, bem como para refletir sobre a escuta clínica, o ato analítico enquanto poético, e a escrita pulsional do sujeito como resposta à invocação da voz. O momento de estruturação do sujeito implica a dimensão de musicalidade da linguagem que permite o ato da fala. O sujeito nasce em um ponto em que o significante (simbólico) escreve no real do corpo um possível, um começo, uma marca que invoca uma nota e uma letra, sendo estes os dois aspectos da linguagem: a musicalidade (continuidade) e a fala (descontinuidade em movimento). Este ponto escreve e cria um vazio no sujeito que está e estará sempre em pulsação. Se o real grita caoticamente, é possível que se cante e se musique a vida com a criação de notas singulares, efeito do movimento desejante e de uma escrita pelo circuito da pulsão invocante na partitura já dada pelo Outro e face aos encontros com pedaços de real. A música tem a capacidade de retirar o sujeito de uma surdez de seu próprio desejo, o convocando a recriar a linguagem por seus atos. O paradigma de Schönberg, bem como a música criada a partir deste momento, nos dá a ouvir um saber-fazer com a voz no qual a dimensão equivocante (de equivoco e de invocação) da linguagem pode ressurgir por uma via nova. A transmissão de um saber-fazer com o objeto voz por ele efetuado se apresenta como uma radicalização do efeito de verdade do real, ressoando borromeanamente sobre o simbólico e o imaginário, invocando o momento originário do sujeito, de um começo sempre a recomeçar, que se faz ouvir como uma invocação de musicar a vida de uma maneira ética, estética e poética. É através dos eixos acima expostos que nos é possível sustentar, com Lacan, uma prática clínica orientada para além da repetição em direção a um significante novo. Trata-se de uma orientação que parte dos encontros com o real aos quais o sujeito é confrontado ao acaso visando o movimento renascente pelo qual ele pode re-escutar o inaudito do real contínuo perdido, o que faz com que seu ritmo singular possa ser, uma vez mais e de modo inédito, reinventado. A psicanálise pode ser, portanto, entendida como uma prática invocante, como uma abertura para que o sujeito possa, com entusiasmo, musicar a vida.

Sequência descritiva: da análise de livros didáticos de língua portuguesa do ensino médio a uma proposta para uma sequência didática produtiva

Este trabalho propõe a revisão crítica da abordagem do ensino da descrição nos livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa indicados para o Ensino Médio, aprovados pelo Programa Nacional de Livro Didático (PNLD-2012). A fundamentação teórica que respalda este estudo é a teoria das sequências textuais do linguista Jean-Michel Adam. O estudo se justifica, pois, sabe-se que os gêneros textuais são o foco do ensino do texto. Segundo os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN), é de fundamental importância estudar as sequências textuais que estruturam esses gêneros e, em especial, a descritiva, pois ela, além de estar presente em vários gêneros, exerce um papel fundamental no texto, sendo uma estratégia de argumentatividade e um elemento essencial na construção do sentido do texto. Sendo assim, este trabalho pretende contribuir para um campo pouco investigado, o ensino da descrição em livros didáticos de Ensino Médio, apresentando propostas de exercícios sobre o ensino da sequência descritiva para alguns livros analisados no corpus e sugerindo atividades para um livro de Ensino Médio, avançando, assim, na reflexão de uma prática pedagógica que propicie uma maior competência de leitura e escrita aos discentes

Usual interstitial pneumonia

We report the case of a 49-year old woman with an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) initially diagnosed as a systemic lupus erythematosus. The IPF is an uncommon clinical entity with an estimated prevalence from 3 to 6 cases per 100,000 in the general population of the United States. This disease is characterised by an insidious onset, a pejorative course and poor survival prognosis (median survival: 2.8 years). The diagnosis is often difficult and depends on the exclusion of other diseases associated with interstitial lung injury. It is generally established only after collegial coordination between the clinician, the radiologist and the pathologist. New consensuses are now published to establish a clear and explicit classification of the IPF. Moreover, because of the poor results obtained with conventional immunosuppressive drugs, new treatments are proposed.

Aristolochic acid intoxication is associated with functional CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Implication de lymphocytes T régulateurs CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ dans la néphropathie expérimentale aux acides aristolochiques

10ème réunion commune de la Société de Néphrologie et de la Société Francophone de Dialyse (Marrakech, 26-29 novembre 2008)

Phénotype et localisation des cellules infiltrant l’interstitium rénal dans la néphropathie aux acides aristolochiques

10ème réunion commune de la Société de Néphrologie et de la Société Francophone de Dialyse (Marrakech, 26-29 novembre 2008)

Fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique

SCOPUS: ar.j

Tuberculin skin test versus blood immunologic diagnosis of latent mycobacterium tuberclosis infection among old subjects

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Interprétation de l’intradermoréaction tuberculinique chez la personne âgée

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Analyse phytogéographique comparative des savanes et des forêts de Ngotto (République Centrafricaine)

After several investigations on the savanna and forest of Ngotto (Central African Republic), we propose a phytogeographical interpretation of our data on the systematic (level family), the biological forms, the dispersion of diaspores and phytogeographical elements spectra. These spectra are given regarding both formation type (savanna, forest) to appreciate their originality. Then, a comparaison is driven in order to set up the differences between these two formations.

Heparin-binding hemagglutinin, from an extrapulmonary dissemination factor to a powerful diagnostic and protective antigen against tuberculosis.

Interactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with macrophages have long been recognized to be crucial to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The role of non-phagocytic cells is less well known. We have discovered a M. tuberculosis surface protein that interacts specifically with non-phagocytic cells, expresses hemagglutination activity and binds to sulfated glycoconjugates. It is therefore called heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). HBHA-deficient M. tuberculosis mutant strains are significantly impaired in their ability to disseminate from the lungs to other tissues, suggesting that the interaction with non-phagocytic cells, such as pulmonary epithelial cells, may play an important role in the extrapulmonary dissemination of the tubercle bacillus, one of the key steps that may lead to latency. Latently infected human individuals mount a strong T cell response to HBHA, whereas patients with active disease do not, suggesting that HBHA is a good marker for the immunodiagnosis of latent tuberculosis, and that HBHA-specific Th1 responses may contribute to protective immunity against active tuberculosis. Strong HBHA-mediated immuno-protection was shown in mouse challenge models. HBHA is a methylated protein and its antigenicity in latently infected subjects, as well as its protective immunogenicity strongly depends on the methylation pattern of HBHA. In both mice and man, the HBHA-specific IFN-gamma was produced by both the CD4(+) and the CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, the HBHA-specific CD8(+) T cells expressed bactericidal and cytotoxic activities to mycobacteria-infected macrophages. This latter activity is most likely perforin mediated. Together, these observations strongly support the potential of methylated HBHA as an important component in future, acellular vaccines against tuberculosis.

In vitro expansion of CD4+CD25highFOXP3+CD127low/- regulatory T cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected humans.

CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells have recently been found at elevated levels in the peripheral blood of tuberculosis patients, compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis latently infected (LTBI) healthy individuals and non-infected controls. Here, we show that CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ T lymphocytes can be expanded in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of LTBI individuals, but not of uninfected controls by incubating them with BCG in the presence of TGF-beta. These expanded cells from the PBMC of LTBI subjects expressed CTLA-4, GITR and OX-40, but were CD127low/- and have therefore the phenotype of Treg cells. In addition, they inhibited in a dose-dependant manner the proliferation of freshly isolated mononuclear cells in response to polyclonal stimulation, indicating that they are functional Treg lymphocytes. In contrast, incubation of the PBMC with BCG alone preferentially induced activated CD4+ T cells, expressing CD25 and/or CD69 and secreting IFN-gamma. These results show that CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Treg cells can be expanded or induced in the peripheral blood of LTBI individuals in conditions known to predispose to progression towards active tuberculosis and may therefore play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Heparin-binding-hemagglutinin-induced IFN-gamma release as a diagnostic tool for latent tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: The detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a major component of tuberculosis (TB) control strategies. In addition to the tuberculosis skin test (TST), novel blood tests, based on in vitro release of IFN-gamma in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (IGRAs), are used for TB diagnosis. However, neither IGRAs nor the TST can separate acute TB from LTBI, and there is concern that responses in IGRAs may decline with time after infection. We have therefore evaluated the potential of the novel antigen heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) for in vitro detection of LTBI. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HBHA was compared to purified protein derivative (PPD) and ESAT-6 in IGRAs on lymphocytes drawn from 205 individuals living in Belgium, a country with low TB prevalence, where BCG vaccination is not routinely used. Among these subjects, 89 had active TB, 65 had LTBI, based on well-standardized TST reactions and 51 were negative controls. HBHA was significantly more sensitive than ESAT-6 and more specific than PPD for the detection of LTBI. PPD-based tests yielded 90.00% sensitivity and 70.00% specificity for the detection of LTBI, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for the ESAT-6-based tests were 40.74% and 90.91%, and those for the HBHA-based tests were 92.06% and 93.88%, respectively. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) test applied on 20 LTBI subjects yielded 50% sensitivity. The HBHA IGRA was not influenced by prior BCG vaccination, and, in contrast to the QFT-IT test, remote (>2 years) infections were detected as well as recent (<2 years) infections by the HBHA-specific test. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ESAT-6- and CFP-10-based IGRAs may underestimate the incidence of LTBI, whereas the use of HBHA may combine the operational advantages of IGRAs with high sensitivity and specificity for latent infection.

Regulatory T cells depress immune responses to protective antigens in active tuberculosis.

RATIONALE: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death, and the role of T-cell responses to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is well recognized. Patients with latent TB infection develop strong IFN-gamma responses to the protective antigen heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), whereas patients with active TB do not. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the mechanism of this difference and evaluated the possible involvement of regulatory T (Treg) cells and/or cytokines in the low HBHA T-cell responses of patients with active TB. METHODS: The impact of anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and anti-IL-10 antibodies and of Treg cell depletion on the HBHA-induced IFN-gamma secretion was analyzed, and the Treg cell phenotype was characterized by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Although the addition of anti-TGF-beta or anti-IL-10 antibodies had no effect on the HBHA-induced IFN-gamma secretion in patients with active TB, depletion of CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+) T lymphocytes resulted in the induction by HBHA of IFN-gamma concentrations that reached levels similar to those obtained for latent TB infection. No effect was noted on the early-secreted antigen target-6 or candidin T-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS: Specific CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+) T cells depress the T-cell-mediated immune responses to the protective mycobacterial antigen HBHA during active TB in humans.

How a different look at latency can help to develop novel diagnostics and vaccines against tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most successful human pathogens. It kills every year approximately 1.5 - 2 million people, and at present a third of the human population is estimated to be infected. Fortunately, only a relatively small proportion of the infected individuals will progress to active disease, and most will maintain a latent infection. Although a latent infection is clinically silent and not contagious, it can reactivate to cause highly contagious pulmonary tuberculosis, the most prevalent form of the disease in adults. Therefore, a thorough understanding of latency and reactivation may help to develop novel control strategies against tuberculosis. The most widely held view is that the mycobacteria are imprisoned in granulomatous structures during latency, where they can survive in a non-replicating, dormant form until reactivation occurs. However, there is no hard data to sustain that the reactivating mycobacteria are indeed those that laid dormant within the granulomas. In this review an alternative model, based on evidence from early studies, as well as recent reports is presented, in which the latent mycobacteria reside outside granulomas, within non-macrophage cell types throughout the infected body. Potential implications for new diagnostic and vaccine design are discussed.