1000 resultados para Monitoramento da cana-de-açúcar


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In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.

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The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.

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The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

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This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

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I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of sugar cane upper end on the composition of the stalks and juice of sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was CB 41-76. The data were collected from plant cane at intervals of a two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately, 60 stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalk, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by the techinique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the weight of cane and coefficient of purity of juice, but the percentual differences between the average treatments a and c is 13% and 2%, respectively. II. Treatment differences for cane pol, cane fibre, brix, juice pol, reducing sugars, juice ashes, glucose coefficient, saline coefficient and available sucrose (pol) per cent were not significant. III. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and the juice. This paper shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

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In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

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O presente trabalho relaciona-se com o estudo da broca da cana de açúcar, no que se refere à intensidade de infestação e aos danos causados na cultura e na indústria açucareira. A única espécie encontrada nas regiões canavieiras estudadas, foi a Diatraea saccharalis Fabr., 1794 (Crambidae, Lepidoptera). Foram observadas culturas de cana-planta das seguintes variedades: Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69, nas regiões de Piracicaba, Araras, Santa Bárbasa D'Oeste e Araraquara. A amostragem consistiu na escôlha, ao acaso, de côlmos das 3 variedades citadas, que foram divididos em 3 porções: base, meio e ápice. Foi contado o número total de internódios de cada côlmo e, após a sua secção longitudinal, foram contados os internóidios broqueados em cada porção para se determinar a intensidade de infestação. Para se avaliarem os danos causados pela broca na cultura da cana e na indústria açucareira foram colhidos toletes sadios e broqueados no mesmo talhão; êstes, separadamente, foram pesados e analisados para açúcar provável por cento de cana. A intensidade de infestação média encontrada naquelas localidades para a variedade Co 419 foi de 15,8%, assim distribuída: 6,1% para a base, 6,7% para o meio e 3,0% para o ápice; para a variedade CB 41-76 foi de 21,5% sendo, respectivamente, para aquelas posições, de 6,9, 9,7 e 4,9% e para a variedade CB 40-69 foi de 28,8%, assim distribuida, 8,4, 13,8 e 6.6%. A média geral é de 22,2%. As perdas médias de pêso de cana para as variedades Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69 foram, respectivamente, de 4,4, 3,2 e 6,7% com uma média geral de 4,8%. As perdas médias de açúcar provável por cento de cana para as variedades Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69 foram, respectivamente, de 1,6 4,1 e 6,7¾, com uma média geral de 4,1%. Êstes danos representam uma perda estimada em 106.075 toneladas de cana na cultura, além de 133.166 sacas de açúcar (de 60 kg) na industria açucareira, para as 5 usinas estudadas e, na safra de 1960/61. Êstes dois dados estão relacionados com a intensidade de infestação média observada, de 22,2%.

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Em experimentos conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação e em canteiros, toletes de cana-de-açúcar foram armazenados por tempo e em condições variáveis, em seguida inoculados com cultura pura de Ceratocystis paradoxo, e plantados. Os resultados mostraram que: 1) - o armazenamento pode aumentar o índice de germinação, na dependência da variedade de cana, e da época do ano; 2) - nas condições do presente trabalho, o armazenamento em ambiente úmido mostrou-se tão bom ou melhor que o em ambiente sêco; 3) - o armazenamento aumenta a suscetibilidade da cana a C. paradoxa; 4) - o armazenamento diminui o nível de auxina em algumas, variedades, manifestado através da redução da curvatura do colmo, quando plantado inteiro.

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This paper deals with a survey on chemical compositions of 39 forage sugar cane varieties carried out at the Bromatology Laboratory of the E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz" (5th chair). Samples were taken at Sugar Cane Experimental Station "Jose Viziolli", Piracicaba, SP, and the material was analised by standard methods. The main conclusions can be summarised as follows: 1. All varieties showed low protein and mineral contents, but were high in crude fiber and nitrogen free extract fractions. 2. A small, but positive correlation was observed between crude fiber and protein content. 3. The amount of observed variation concerning the various nutrient fractions could be used to select better forage sugar cane varieties.

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Neste trabalho é apresentada uma marcha analítica simples, rápida e acessível à maioria dos nossos laboratórios, visando a determinação de constituintes inorgânicos do caldo de cana de açúcar, vinhaça e melaço. Foram estudadas duas técnicas para a digestão do material (via seca e via úmida) e a seguir, nos extratos obtidos determinados cálcio, magnésio, potássio, enxofre e fósforo. Os dados obtidos mostraram que para a análise dos citados constituintes, nos mencionados materiais, pode ser empregado, indiferentemente, o ataque por via seca ou úmida, excetuando-se a determinação de enxofre em melaço que deve ser efetuada por via úmida. As técnicas de análise preconizadas apresentaram uma adequada precisão, conforme demonstram os resultados obtidos neste trabalho.

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O autor faz um estudo de dois processos de plantio da cana de açúcar, o manual e o motomecanizado, analisando-os sob pontos de vista econômico e agrícola. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: 1 - no plantio motomecanizado, um operário consome 119,42 horas para plantar 6.400 m² de canas, ao custo Cr$ 871.99 enquanto que no plantio manual, um operário consome 112.55 horas para plantar 6.400 m² de canas ao custo de Cr$ 342.06. 2 - a análise estatística dos resultados revelou que não existe diferença significativa entre o custo do plantio manual comparado com o motomecanizado. 3 - do ponto de vista agrícola, o plantio motomecanizado apresentou-se com um trabalho de melhor qualidade.

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Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo dos efeitos residuais de fertilizantes fosfatados realizado com auxílio de fósforo radioativo, do método de Neubauer e do método do A. niger. Conclui-se, de um modo geral, que, dos adubos estudados, o menos solúvel, isto é, a Fosforita de Olinda é o que apresenta maior ação residual. O superfosfato e o Fertifos, um fosfato precipitado, praticamente não diferiram entre si. Os resultados obtidos em laboratório estão de acordo com aqueles conseguidos sob condição de campo.