Detecção e quantificação de corantes de importância ambiental empregando sensores químicos baseados em fibras ópticas e polímeros molecularmente impressos

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Performance of an electronic tongue during monitoring 2-rnethylisoborneol and geosmin in water samples

2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM) are sub products from algae decomposition and, depending on their concentration, can be toxic: otherwise, they give unpleasant taste and odor to water. For water treatment companies it is important to constantly monitor their presence in the distributed water and avoid further costumer complaints. Lower-cost and easy-to-read instrumentation would be very promising in this regard. In this study, we evaluate the potentiality of an electronic tongue (ET) system based on non-specific polymeric sensors and impedance measurements in monitoring MIB and GSM in water samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the generated data matrix indicated that this ET was capable to perform with remarkable reproducibility the discrimination of these two contaminants in either distilled or tap water, in concentrations as low as 25 ng L-1. Nonetheless, this analysis methodology was rather qualitative and laborious, and the outputs it provided were greatly subjective. Also, data analysis based on PCA severely restricts automation of the measuring system or its use by non-specialized operators. To circumvent these drawbacks, a fuzzy controller was designed to quantitatively perform sample classification while providing outputs in simpler data charts. For instance, the ET along with the referred fuzzy controller performed with a 100% hit rate the quantification of MIB and GSM samples in distilled and tap water. The hit rate could be read directly from the plot. The lower cost of these polymeric sensors allied to the especial features of the fuzzy controller (easiness on programming and numerical outputs) provided initial requirements for developing an automated ET system to monitor odorant species in water production and distribution. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel imprinted polymers as artificial enzymes

Derivatives of L-histidine were investigated as suitable models for the Asp-His couple found in the catalytic triad of serine proteases. A combination of molecular dynamics and IH NMR spectroscopy suggested that the most populous conformations of N-acetyl-L-histidine and the N-acetyl-L-histidine anion were predominated by those in which the carboxylate group was gauche to the imidazole ring overcoming steric and electrostatic repulsion, suggesting there is an interaction between the carboxylate group and the imidazole ring. Kinetic studies, using imidazole, N-acetyl-L-histidine and the N-acetyl-L-histidine anion showed that in a DMSO/H20 9: 1 v/v solution, the N-acetyl-L-histidine anion catalysed the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate at a greater rate than using either imidazole or N-acetyl-L-histidine as catalyst. This indicates that the carboxylate group affects the nucleophilicity of the unprotonated imidazole ring. 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy was investigated as a new technique for the study of the template molecule environment within the polymer networks. It was found that it was possible to distinguish between template associated with the polymer and that which was precipitated onto the surface, though it was not possible to distinguish between polymer within imprinted cavities and that which was not. Attempts to study the effect of the carboxylate group/imidazole ring interaction in the imprinted cavity of a molecularly imprinted polymer network were hindered by the method used to follow the reaction. It was found though that in a pH 8.0 buffered solution the presence of imprinted cavities increased the rate of reaction for those polymers derived from L-histidine. Some preliminary investigations into the design and synthesis of an MIP which would catalyse the oxy-Cope rearrangement were carried out but the results were inconclusive.

Synthesis and characterisation of imprinted polymeric receptor mimics

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are crosslinked polymers containing bespoke functionalised cavities arising from the inclusion of template molecules in the polymerisation mixture and their later extraction. When the polymers are prepared functional polymerisable monomers are included which become part of the polymer matrix and serve to decorate the cavities with functionality appropriate to the template molecules. Overall, binding sites are created which have a memory for the template both in terms of shape and matching functionality. Fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymers have the benefit of a fluorophore in their cavities that may respond to the presence of bound test compound by a change in their fluorescence output. The work presented falls into three main areas. A series of fluorescent MIPs was prepared with a view to generating material capable of mimicking the binding characteristics of the metabolically important cytochrome isoform CYP2D6. The MIPs re-bound their templates and various cross-reactivities were encountered for test compound/drug recognition. One MIP in particular exhibited a rational discrimination amongst the related synthetic templates and was reasonably successful in recognising CYP2D6 substrates from the drug set tested. In order to give some insights into binding modes in MIPs, attempts were made to produce functional monomers containing two or more fluorophores that could be interrogated independently. A model compound was prepared which fitted the dual-fluorophore criteria and which will be the basis for future incorporation into MIPs. A further strand to this thesis is the deliberate incorporation of hydrophobic moieties into fluorescent functional monomers so that the resulting imprinted cavities might be biomimetic in their impersonation of enzyme active sites. Thus the imprinted cavities had specific hydrophobic regions as well as the usual polar functionality with which to interact with binding test compounds.

Desenvolvimento de um biossensor para monitorização de acetilcolina, um biomarcador associado à Doença de Alzheimer

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de sensores potenciométricos com base em polímeros de impressão molecular (MIP, do inglês, Molecularly Imprinted Polymer) para a determinação da molécula alvo, a acetilcolina. A acetilcolina (ACh) é um neurotransmissor que está associado à doença de Alzheimer. Os materiais biomiméticos desenvolvidos para a interação com a ACh foram obtidos por polimerização em bulk, recorrendo a uma combinação de nanotubos de carbono com monómeros de anilina, dispersos em solvente plastificante oNFOE e PVC. Para aferir sobre o efeito da impressão de ACh na resposta dos materiais MIP, foram igualmente preparados e avaliados materiais de controlo, ou seja, materiais sem impressão molecular (NIP). O controlo da constituição química destes materiais foi realizado recorrendo a Espectroscopia de Raman e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR, do inglês Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy). Os materiais desenvolvidos foram integrados em membranas seletivas de ião, preparadas com ou sem aditivo iónico lipófilo, de carga negativa ou positiva. A avaliação das características gerais das membranas baseou-se na comparação das caraterísticas dos diversos elétrodos. Estas caraterísticas foram obtidas a partir de curvas de calibração, conseguidas para valores de pH diferentes. Em meio ácido, mais precisamente para pH 4, as membranas com materiais impressos e aditivo aniónico foram as que apresentaram as melhores características analíticas, quer em termos de sensibilidade (+83,86 mV década-1) quer em gama de linearidade (de 3,52×10-5 a 1,73×10-3 M). O estudo de seletividade realizado aos sensores revelou que os elétrodos cuja membrana possuía aditivo aniónico apresentavam menores valores de log KPOT. A presença desse constituinte fez com que a seletividade aumentasse nesses mesmos elétrodos. A espécie menos interferente foi a creatina e a mais interferente a creatinina. Os elétrodos foram, ainda, aplicados em amostras de soro sintético. A qualidade dos resultados obtidos dependeu do nível de concentração em estudo, sendo possível identificar uma região onde os resultados foram exatos e precisos. De uma forma geral, os biossensores com MIP e aditivo aniónico apresentaram um desempenho adequado à prossecução deste estudo em amostras reais.

Direct Solid-Phase Optical Measurements in Flow Systems: A Review

Measurements based on absorption, reflectance, or luminescence of molecular species or complex ions can be carried out directly on a solid support simultaneously to the retention of the analyte. The use of this strategy in flow-based systems is advantageous in view of the reproducible handling of solutions in retention and elution steps of the analyte. This approach can be exploited to increase sensitivity, minimize reagent consumption as well as waste generation, improve selectivity or for simultaneous determination based on selective retention or differences in sorption rates of the analytes. This review focuses on the main characteristics of direct solid-phase measurements in flow systems, including the discussion of advantages and limitations and practical guidelines to the successful implementation of this approach. Selected applications in diverse fields, such as pharmaceutical, food, and environmental analysis are discussed.

MIP-graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of trimethoprim

A novel sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed by electropolymerization of pyrrole(PY)and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)which was synthesized onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in aqueous solution using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of Trimethoprim (TMP) as template molecules. Furthermore,a previous electrode modification was performed by deposition of a suspension of graphene on the electrode's surface. The performance of the imprinted and non-imprinted (NIP) films was evaluated by impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) of a ferric solution. The molecularly imprinted film exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity toward TMP. The sensor presented a linear range, between peak current intensity and logarithm of TMP concentration between 1.0x10-6 and 1.0x10-4 M. The results were accurate (with recoveries higher than 94%), precise (with standard deviations less than 5%) and the detection limit was 1.3x10-7 M. The new sensor is selective, simple to construct and easy to operate. The MIP sensor was successfully applied to quantify TMP in urinesamples.

Desenvolvimento e aplicação de um biossensor para monitorização de creatinina, um biomarcador associado a doenças emergentes

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um material sensor para creatinina por impressão molecular em estrutura polimérica (MIP) e a sua aplicação no desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de natureza potenciométrica para a determinação da molécula alvo em fluidos biológicos. A creatinina é um dos biomarcadores mais utilizados no acompanhamento da doença renal, já que é um bom indicador da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG). Os materiais biomiméticos desenhados para interação com a creatinina foram obtidos por polimerização radicalar, recorrendo a monómeros de ácido metacríclico ou de vinilpiridina e a um agente de reticulação apropriado. De modo a aferir o efeito da impressão da creatinina na resposta dos materiais MIP à sua presença, foram também preparados e avaliados materiais de controlo, obtidos sem impressão molecular (NIP). O controlo da constituição química destes materiais, incluindo a extração da molécula impressa, foi realizado por Espectroscopia de Raman e de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourrier. A afinidade de ligação entre estes materiais e a creatinina foi também avaliada com base em estudos cinéticos. Todos os materiais descritos foram integrados em membranas selectivas de elétrodos seletivos de ião, preparadas sem ou com aditivo iónico lipófilo, de carga negativa ou positiva. A avaliação das características gerais de funcionamento destes elétrodos, em meios de composição e pH diferentes, indicaram que as membranas com materiais impressos e aditivo aniónico eram as únicas com utilidade analítica. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em solução tampão Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2- ethanesulfonic acid), PIPES, de pH 2,8, condição que permitiu obter uma resposta quasi-Nernstiana, a partir de 1,6×10-5 mol L-1. Estes elétrodos demonstraram ainda uma boa selectividade ao apresentaram uma resposta preferencial para a creatinina quando na presença de ureia, carnitina, glucose, ácido ascórbico, albumina, cloreto de cálcio, cloreto de potássio, cloreto de sódio e sulfato de magnésio. Os elétrodos foram ainda aplicados com sucesso na análise de amostras sintéticas de urina, quando os materiais sensores eram baseados em ácido metacrilico, e soro, quando os materiais sensores utilizados eram baseados em vinilpiridina.

Electrochemical biosensor based on biomimetic material for myoglobin detection

A novel reusable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) assembled on a polymeric layer of carboxylated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVCsingle bondCOOH) for myoglobin (Myo) detection was developed. This polymer was casted on the gold working area of a screen printed electrode (Au-SPE), creating a novel disposable device relying on plastic antibodies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies confirmed the surface modification. The MIP/Au-SPE devices displayed a linear behaviour in EIS from 0.852 to 4.26 μg mL−1, of positive slope 6.50 ± 1.48 (kΩ mL μg−1). The limit of detection was 2.25 μg mL−1. Square wave voltammetric (SWV) assays were made in parallel and showed linear responses between 1.1 and 2.98 μg mL−1. A current decrease was observed against Myo concentration, producing average slopes of −0.28 ± 0.038 μA mL μg−1. MIP/Au-SPE also showed good results in terms of selectivity. The error% found for each interfering species were 7% for troponin T (TnT), 11% for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 2% for creatine kinase MB (CKMB), respectively. Overall, the technical modification over the Au-SPE was found a suitable approach for screening Myo in biological fluids.

Surface Imprinting Approach on Screen Printed Electrodes Coated with Carboxylated PVC for Myoglobin detection with Electrochemical Transduction

A novel surface molecularly-imprinted (MI) material to detect myoglobin (Myo) using gold screen printed electrodes (SPE) was developed. The sensitive detection was carry out by introducing a carboxylic polyvinyl chloride (PVC-COOH) layer on gold SPE surface. Myo was attached to the surface of gold SPE/PVC-COOH and the vacant spaces around it were filled by polymerizing acrylamide and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (cross-linker). This polymerization was initiated by ammonium persulphate. After removing the template, the obtained material was able to rebind Myo and discriminate it among other interfering species. Various characterization techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed the surface modification. This sensor seemed a promising tool for screening Myo in point-of-care.

Artificial antibodies for troponin T by its imprinting on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Its use as sensory surfaces

A novel artificial antibody for troponin T (TnT) was synthesized by molecular imprint (MI) on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). This was done by attaching TnT to the MWCNT surface, and filling the vacant spaces by polymerizing under mild conditions acrylamide (monomer) in N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (cross-linker) and ammonium persulphate (initiator). After removing the template, the obtained biomaterial was able to rebind TnT and discriminate it among other interfering species. Stereochemical recognition of TnT was confirmed by the non-rebinding ability displayed by non-imprinted (NI) materials, obtained by imprinting without a template. SEM and FTIR analysis confirmed the surface modification of the MWCNT. The ability of this biomaterial to rebind TnT was confirmed by including it as electroactive compound in a PVC/plasticizer mixture coating a wire of silver, gold or titanium. Anionic slopes of 50 mV decade−1 were obtained for the gold wire coated with MI-based membranes dipped in HEPES buffer of pH 7. The limit of detection was 0.16 μg mL−1. Neither the NI-MWCNT nor the MWCNT showed the ability to recognize the template. Good selectivity was observed against creatinine, sucrose, fructose, myoglobin, sodium glutamate, thiamine and urea. The sensor was tested successfully on serum samples. It is expected that this work opens new horizons on the design of new artificial antibodies for complex protein structures.

Synthesis of an antibody-like material for the detection of Albumin

6th Graduate Student Symposium on Molecular Imprinting

Construção de um sensor eletroquímico molecularmente impresso para monitorização do cancro da mama

O Cancro da mama é uma doença cuja incidência tem vindo a aumentar de ano para ano e além disso é responsável por um grande número de mortes em todo mundo. De modo a combater esta doença têm sido propostos e utilizados biomarcadores tumorais que permitem o diagnóstico precoce, o acompanhamento do tratamento e/ou a orientação do tipo tratamento a adotar. Atualmente, os biomarcadores circulantes no sangue periférico recomendados pela Associação Americana de Oncologia Clinica (ASCO) para monitorizar os pacientes durante o tratamento são o cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), o cancer antigen 27.29 (CA 27.29) e o cancer embryobic antigen (CEA). Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sensor eletroquímico (voltamétrico) para monitorizar o cancro da mama através da análise do biomarcador CA 15-3. Inicialmente realizou-se o estudo da adsorção da proteína na superfície do elétrodo para compreender o comportamento do sensor para diferentes concentrações. De seguida, estudaram-se três polímeros (poliaminofenol, polifenol e polifenilenodiamina) e selecionou-se o poliaminofenol como o polímero a utilizar, pois possuía a melhor percentagem de alteração de sinal. Após a seleção do polímero, este foi depositado na superfície do elétrodo por eletropolimerização, formando um filme polimérico molecularmente impresso (MIP) à volta da proteína (molde). Posteriormente, foram analisados cinco solventes (água, mistura de dodecil sulfato de sódio e ácido acético, ácido oxálico, guanidina e proteinase K) e o ácido oxálico revelou ser mais eficaz na extração da proteína. Por último, procedeu-se à caraterização do sensor e analisou-se a resposta analítica para diferentes concentrações de CA 15-3 revelando diferenças claras entre o NIP (polímero não impresso) e o MIP.

Desarrollo de sistemas nano/micro-particulados con aplicación en la fotodegradación selectiva de contaminantes orgánicos en solución. Development of nano / micro-particles systems with application to selective photodegradation of organic pollutants in solution.

IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE ESTUDIO. Las sustancias orgánicas solubles en agua no biodegradables tales como ciertos herbicidas, colorantes industriales y metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo son una de las principales fuentes de contaminación en aguas subterráneas de zonas agrícolas y en efluentes industriales y domésticos. Las reacciones fotocatalizadas por irradiación UV-visible y sensitizadores orgánicos e inorgánicos son uno de los métodos más económicos y convenientes para la descomposición de contaminantes en subproductos inocuos y/o biodegradables. En muchas aplicaciones es deseable un alto grado de especificidad, efectividad y velocidad de degradación de un dado agente contaminante que se encuentra presente en una mezcla compleja de sustancias orgánicas en solución. En particular son altamente deseables sistemas nano/micro -particulados que formen suspensiones acuosas estables debido a que estas permiten una fácil aplicación y una eficaz acción descontaminante en grandes volúmenes de fluidos. HIPÓTESIS Y PLANTEO DE LOS OBJETIVOS. El objetivo general de este proyecto es desarrollar sistemas nano/micro particulados formados por polímeros de impresión molecular (PIMs) y foto-sensibilizadores (FS). Un PIMs es un polímero especialmente sintetizado para que sea capaz de reconocer específicamente un analito (molécula plantilla) determinado. La actividad de unión específica de los PIMs en conjunto con la capacidad fotocatalizadora de los sensibilizadores pueden ser usadas para lograr la fotodescomposición específica de moléculas “plantilla” (en este caso un dado contaminante) en soluciones conteniendo mezclas complejas de sustancias orgánicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS A UTILIZAR. Se utilizaran técnicas de polimerización en mini-emulsión para sintetizar los sistemas nano/micro PIM-FS para buscar la degradación de ciertos compuestos de interés. Para caracterizar eficiencias, mecanismos y especificidad de foto-degradación en dichos sistemas se utilizan diversas técnicas espectroscópicas (estacionarias y resueltas en el tiempo) y de cromatografía (HPLC y GC). Así mismo, para medir directamente distribuciones de afinidades de unión y eficiencia de foto-degradación se utilizaran técnicas de fluorescencia de molécula/partícula individual. Estas determinaciones permitirán obtener resultados importantes al momento de analizar los factores que afectan la eficiencia de foto-degradación (nano/micro escala), tales como cantidad y ubicación de foto- sensibilizadores en las matrices poliméricas y eficiencia de unión de la plantilla y los productos de degradación al PIM. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS. Los estudios propuestos apuntan a un mejor entendimiento de procesos foto-iniciados en entornos nano/micro-particulados para aplicar dichos conocimientos al diseño de sistemas optimizados para la foto-destrucción selectiva de contaminantes acuosos de relevancia social; tales como herbicidas, residuos industriales, metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo, etc. IMPORTANCIA DEL PROYECTO. Los sistemas nano/micro-particulados PIM-FS que se propone desarrollar en este proyecto se presentan como candidatos ideales para tratamientos específicos de efluentes industriales y domésticos en los cuales se desea lograr la degradación selectiva de compuestos orgánicos. Los conocimientos adquiridos serán indispensables para construir una plataforma versátil de sistemas foto-catalíticos específicos para la degradación de diversos contaminantes orgánicos de interés social. En lo referente a la formación de recursos humanos, el proyecto propuesto contribuirá en forma directa a la formación de 3 estudiantes de postgrado y 2 estudiantes de grado. En las capacidades institucionales se contribuirá al acondicionamiento del Laboratorio para Microscopía Óptica Avanzada (LMOA) en el Dpto. de Química de la UNRC y al montaje de un sistema de microscopio de fluorescencia que permitirá la aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de espectroscopia de fluorescencia de molecula individual. Water-soluble organic molecules such as certain non-biodegradable herbicides, industrial dyes and metabolites of widespread use drugs are a major source of pollution in groundwater from agricultural areas and in industrial and domestic effluents. Photo-catalytic reactions by UV-visible irradiation and organic sensitizers are one of the most economical and convenient methods for the decomposition of pollutants into harmless byproducts. In many applications it is highly desirable a high degree of specificity, effectiveness and speed of degradation of specific pollutants present in a complex mixture. In particular nano/micro-particles systems that form stable aqueous suspensions are highly desirable because they allow for easy application and effective decontamination of large volumes of fluids. Herein we propose the development of nano/micro particles composed by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and photo-sensitizers (PS). The specific binding of MIP and the photo-catalytic ability of the sensitizers are used to achieve the photo-decomposition of specific "template" molecules in complex mixtures. Mini-emulsion polymerization techniques will be used to synthesize nano/micro MIP-FS systems. Spectroscopy (steady-state and time resolved) and chromatography (GC and HPLC) will be used to characterize efficiency, mechanisms and specificity of photo-degradation in these systems. In addition single molecule/particle fluorescence spectroscopy techniques will be used to directly measure distributions of binding affinities and photo-degradation efficiency in individual particles. The proposed studies point to a more detailed understanding of the factors affecting the photo-degradation efficiency in nano/micro-particles and to apply that knowledge in the design of optimized systems for photo-selective destruction of socially relevant aqueous pollutants.

Polímeros com capacidade de reconhecimento molecular no controlo da libertação de fármacos. Parte 1: síntese e caracterização

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) consist of synthetic macromolecular matrix, obtained through molecular imprinting-based methods that show ability to selectively recognize important biological molecules and its application in the drug delivery field is under development. In the present review the main aspects related to the synthesis and characterization of MIPs are studied. The fundamental variables participating in the synthesis process, such as template molecule, functional monomers, cross-linking agents, solvents and imprinting approaches are discussed. Moreover, the main available methods for MIPs chemical and morphological characterization are presented and the importance of the obtained information is discussed.