Análise termodinâmica, termoeconômica e econômica de uma usina sucroalcooleira com processo de extração por difusão

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

A modernização na era das incertezas: crise e desafios da teoria social

O artigo discute os desafios colocados às teorias sociais modernas gerados pela crise nas teorias do planejamento do desenvolvimento, diante da conformação de uma sociedade de risco _ individual, social e ambiental. Neste sentido as teses formuladas no âmbito das teorias desenvolvimentistas, que prometiam realizar a felicidade da humanidade, transformaram-se em um projeto normativo e teórico de modernização-racionalização, pela via da certeza de seus resultados através do planejamento. No entanto, contrariamente a esta perspectiva concebida no seio da filosofia iluminista, acaba por constituir a idéia de progresso paralelamente a uma situação iminente de riscos sociais, que então, contra-argumenta as teorias sociais modernas e sua perspectiva de análise globalizante.

Transmission Expansion Planning Via a Constructive Heuristic Algorithm in Restructured Electricity Industry

The transmission expansion planning problem in modern power systems is a large-scale, mixed-integer, nonlinear and non-convex problem. this paper presents a new mathematical model and a constructive heuristic algorithm (CHA) for solving transmission expansion planning problem under new environment of electricity restructuring. CHA finds an acceptable solution in an iterative process, where in each step a circuit is chosen using a sensitivity index and added to the system. The proposed model consider multiple generation scenarios therefore the methodology finds high quality solution in which it allows the power system operate adequacy in an environment with multiple generators scenarios. Case studies and simulation results using test systems show possibility of using Constructive heuristic algorithm in an open access system.

Mulher e poder: percepções de líderes femininas nas organizações

The final paper “Woman and power: perceptions of women leaders in organizations” is a study based on the perception of the female rise to leaderships positions. Through the history and social relations, this study aims to understand how this process happens in fact. This topic has been part of studies over the last 200 years and still is far away from being over. In order to enrich this paper, a historical investigation was conducted focusing on woman occupying public and private spaces. To improve this experience, Michel Foucault and his power theories were used to understand how this process happens. Complementing this study, Margarida Kunsch, the PR theoretician, investigated the power relations trough the organization environment, based on the influence caused by Organization Communication. To complement this study, 9 women in leadership positions shared their experience in leadership positions and the main characteristic of women in this position. Throughout the study, it was noticed that the social-historical interventions affect not only the professional life, but also, the personal life. Concluding this study, it was noticed that there is no recipe to be a woman in a leadership position, but, each interviewed constructed their own way, living the deconstructions process of the social accepted gender

Construções euclidianas e o desfecho de problemas famosos da geometria

Construction techniques with ruler and the compasses, fundamental on Euclidean geometry, have been related to modern algebraic theories such as solving equations and extension of bodies from the works by Paolo Ruffini (1765-1822), Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829) and Evariste Galois (1811-1832). This relation could provide an answer to some famous problems, from ancient Greece, such as doubling the cube, the trisection Angle, the Quadrature of the Circle and the construction of regular polygons, which remained unsolved for over two thousand years. Also important for our purposes are the notions of algebraic numbers, transcendental and the criteria for constructability, of those numbers. The objective of this study is to reconstruct relevant steps of geometric constructions with ruler (unmarked) and the compasses, from the elementary to the outcome buildings, in the nineteenth century, considering those mentioned problems.

Medeae Medea forem! : zur Euripidesrezeption Ovids in den Heroides

In den Briefen 4, 6, 11 und 12 der Heroides hat Ovid direkt oder indirekt Figuren des Mythos zum Gegenstand seiner Dichtung gemacht, die den zeitgenössischen wie auch den heutigen Rezipienten insbesondere durch Tragödien des Euripides bekannt sind. Die zu Beginn dieser Arbeit dazu durchgeführte historische Analyse der grundsätzlichen Bedingungen der Rezeption der Tragödien des Euripides in der Zeit Ovids zeigt, dass der römische Dichter für ein intertextuelles Dichten in den Heroides die Werke des griechischen Tragikers als Prätexte nutzen konnte, da die Rezipienten über die theoretische und praktische Kompetenz verfügten, entsprechende Verweisungen zu identifizieren, diese in einem Prozess der intertextuellen Lektüre zu dekodieren und den Text auf diese Weise zu interpretieren. Eine Beschreibung dieses antiken literarischen Kommunikationsprozesses zwischen Ovid und seinen Rezipienten erfolgt dabei mit den Mitteln einer für die Euripidesrezeption Ovids konkretisierten Intertextualitätstheorie (Kapitel A.I und II). Die ausführlichen Interpretationen zu den Heroides-Briefen 12, 6, 4 und 11 sowie zur Rezeption des Medea-Prologs in verschiedenen Gedichten Ovids (Kapitel B.I bis V) zeigen, dass der römische Dichter verschiedene Formen intertextueller Verweisungen nutzt, um in den bekannten Geschichten von Medea, Hypsipyle, Phaedra und Canace bislang ungenutztes narratives Potential zu entdecken und auf dieser Grundlage eine alte Geschichte neu zu erzählen. Das in der Forschung bereits vielfach beschriebene Prinzip Ovids des idem aliter referre ist in den untersuchten Texten konkret darauf ausgerichtet, die aus den Tragödien bekannten Heroinen in einer bestimmten Phase ihrer Geschichte zu Figuren einer elegischen Welt werden zu lassen. Diese neu geschaffene elegische Dimension einer ursprünglich tragischen Geschichte dient dabei nicht einer umwertenden Neuinterpretation der bekannten tragischen Figur. Vielmehr lässt Ovid seine Briefe zu einem Teil des Mythos werden, zu einem elegischen Vorspiel der Tragödie, die einen durch Euripides vorgegebenen Rahmen des Mythos erweitern und damit zugleich zentrale Motive der tragischen Prätexte vorbereiten. Ovid gestaltet aus, was in dem von Euripides initiierten Mythos angelegt ist, und nutzt das elegische Potential der tragischen Erzählung, um das Geschehen und vor allem die Heroine selbst in seinem Brief zur Tragödie hinzuführen. Damit bereitet Ovid in den Heroides die weitere Entwicklung der äußeren tragischen Handlung vor, indem er vor allem eine innere Entwicklung der von ihm geschaffenen Briefschreiberin aufzeigt und auf diese Weise jeweils aus einer von ihm geschaffenen elegischen Frau jene tragische Heldin werden lässt, die den Rezipienten aus der jeweiligen Tragödie des Euripides bekannt ist. Die sich daraus notwendigerweise ergebenden Spannungen und Interferenzen zwischen den Erwartungen der Rezipienten und der Realität der von Ovid neu gestalteten Figur in ihrem elegischen Kontext werden von dem römischen Dichter produktiv genutzt und durch die im Text initiierte Entwicklung aufgehoben. So scheinen dann letztlich aus den Elegien Ovids die Tragödien des Euripides hervorzugehen.

AIDS talk

The observations of Michel Foucault, noted Twentieth Century French philosopher, regarding modern power relations and orders of discourse, form the framework utilized to analyze and interpret the power struggles of AIDS activists and their opponents--the religious and radical right, and the administrative agencies of the 'Liberal' welfare State. Supported by the tools of sociolinguistic inquiry, the analysis highlights the success of a safer sex campaign in Houston, Texas to illustrate the dynamics of cultural and political change by means of discursive transformations initiated by the gay micro-culture. The KS/AIDS Foundation, allied with both the biomedical community and gay entertainment spheres, was successful in conveying biomedical cautions that resulted in altered personal behavior and modified public attitudes by using linguistic conventions consonant with the discourse of the Houston gay micro-culture. The transformation of discursive practices transgressed not only the Houston gay micro-culture's boundaries, but the city boundaries of Houston as well. In addition to cultural and political change, moderate and confrontational gay activists also sought to change the cognitive boundaries surrounding 'the gold standard' for clinical research trials.^ From a Foucauldian perspective, the same-sex community evolved from the subordinated Other to a position of power in a period of five years. Transformations in discursive practices and power relations are exemplified by the changing definitions employed by AIDS policy-makers, the public validation of community-based research and the establishment of parallel track drug studies. Finally, transformations in discursive practices surrounding the issues of HIV antibody testing are interpreted using Foucault's six points of power relations. The Montrose Clinic provides the case study for this investigation. The clinic turned the technical rationalities of the State against itself to achieve its own ends and those of the gay micro-culture--anonymous testing with pre and post test counseling. AIDS Talk portrays a dramatic transformation in discursive practices and power relations that transcends the historical moment to provide a model for future activists. Volume 2 contains copies of fugitive primary source materials largely unavailable elsewhere. Original documents are archived in the Harris County Medical Archives in the Houston Academy of Medicine located in the Texas Medical Center Library, Houston, Texas. ^

Prioritizing – the task strategy of the powerful?

Previous research has shown that power increases focus on the main goal when distractor information is present. As a result, high-power people have been described as goal-focused. In real life, one typically wants to pursue multiple goals at the same time. There is a lack of research on how power affects how people deal with situations in which multiple important goals are present. To address this question, 158 participants were primed with high or low power or assigned to a control condition, and were asked to perform a dual-goal task with three difficulty levels. We hypothesized and found that high-power primed people prioritize when confronted with a multiple-goal situation. More specifically, when task demands were relatively low, power had no effect; participants generally pursued multiple goals in parallel. However, when task demands were high, the participants in the high-power condition focused on a single goal whereas participants in the low-power condition continued using a dual-task strategy. This study extends existing power theories and research in the domain of goal pursuit.

Novel Inductor‐less Conversion Strategy Based on Multiphase Transformer‐Coupled Converters: Analysis, Design and Applications

There are many the requirements that modern power converters should fulfill. Most of the applications where these converters are used, demand smaller converters with high efficiency, improved power density and a fast dynamic response. For instance, loads like microprocessors demand aggressive current steps with very high slew rates (100A/mus and higher); besides, during these load steps, the supply voltage of the microprocessor should be kept within tight limits in order to ensure its correct performance. The accomplishment of these requirements is not an easy task; complex solutions like advanced topologies - such as multiphase converters- as well as advanced control strategies are often needed. Besides, it is also necessary to operate the converter at high switching frequencies and to use capacitors with high capacitance and low ESR. Improving the dynamic response of power converters does not rely only on the control strategy but also the power topology should be suited to enable a fast dynamic response. Moreover, in later years, a fast dynamic response does not only mean accomplishing fast load steps but output voltage steps are gaining importance as well. At least, two applications that require fast voltage changes can be named: Low power microprocessors. In these devices, the voltage supply is changed according to the workload and the operating frequency of the microprocessor is changed at the same time. An important reduction in voltage dependent losses can be achieved with such changes. This technique is known as Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS). Another application where important energy savings can be achieved by means of changing the supply voltage are Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers. For example, RF architectures based on ‘Envelope Tracking’ and ‘Envelope Elimination and Restoration’ techniques can take advantage of voltage supply modulation and accomplish important energy savings in the power amplifier. However, in order to achieve these efficiency improvements, a power converter with high efficiency and high enough bandwidth (hundreds of kHz or even tens of MHz) is necessary in order to ensure an adequate supply voltage. The main objective of this Thesis is to improve the dynamic response of DC-DC converters from the point of view of the power topology. And the term dynamic response refers both to the load steps and the voltage steps; it is also interesting to modulate the output voltage of the converter with a specific bandwidth. In order to accomplish this, the question of what is it that limits the dynamic response of power converters should be answered. Analyzing this question leads to the conclusion that the dynamic response is limited by the power topology and specifically, by the filter inductance of the converter which is found in series between the input and the output of the converter. The series inductance is the one that determines the gain of the converter and provides the regulation capability. Although the energy stored in the filter inductance enables the regulation and the capability of filtering the output voltage, it imposes a limitation which is the concern of this Thesis. The series inductance stores energy and prevents the current from changing in a fast way, limiting the slew rate of the current through this inductor. Different solutions are proposed in the literature in order to reduce the limit imposed by the filter inductor. Many publications proposing new topologies and improvements to known topologies can be found in the literature. Also, complex control strategies are proposed with the objective of improving the dynamic response in power converters. In the proposed topologies, the energy stored in the series inductor is reduced; examples of these topologies are Multiphase converters, Buck converter operating at very high frequency or adding a low impedance path in parallel with the series inductance. Control techniques proposed in the literature, focus on adjusting the output voltage as fast as allowed by the power stage; examples of these control techniques are: hysteresis control, V 2 control, and minimum time control. In some of the proposed topologies, a reduction in the value of the series inductance is achieved and with this, the energy stored in this magnetic element is reduced; less stored energy means a faster dynamic response. However, in some cases (as in the high frequency Buck converter), the dynamic response is improved at the cost of worsening the efficiency. In this Thesis, a drastic solution is proposed: to completely eliminate the series inductance of the converter. This is a more radical solution when compared to those proposed in the literature. If the series inductance is eliminated, the regulation capability of the converter is limited which can make it difficult to use the topology in one-converter solutions; however, this topology is suitable for power architectures where the energy conversion is done by more than one converter. When the series inductor is eliminated from the converter, the current slew rate is no longer limited and it can be said that the dynamic response of the converter is independent from the switching frequency. This is the main advantage of eliminating the series inductor. The main objective, is to propose an energy conversion strategy that is done without series inductance. Without series inductance, no energy is stored between the input and the output of the converter and the dynamic response would be instantaneous if all the devices were ideal. If the energy transfer from the input to the output of the converter is done instantaneously when a load step occurs, conceptually it would not be necessary to store energy at the output of the converter (no output capacitor COUT would be needed) and if the input source is ideal, the input capacitor CIN would not be necessary. This last feature (no CIN with ideal VIN) is common to all power converters. However, when the concept is actually implemented, parasitic inductances such as leakage inductance of the transformer and the parasitic inductance of the PCB, cannot be avoided because they are inherent to the implementation of the converter. These parasitic elements do not affect significantly to the proposed concept. In this Thesis, it is proposed to operate the converter without series inductance in order to improve the dynamic response of the converter; however, on the other side, the continuous regulation capability of the converter is lost. It is said continuous because, as it will be explained throughout the Thesis, it is indeed possible to achieve discrete regulation; a converter without filter inductance and without energy stored in the magnetic element, is capable to achieve a limited number of output voltages. The changes between these output voltage levels are achieved in a fast way. The proposed energy conversion strategy is implemented by means of a multiphase converter where the coupling of the phases is done by discrete two-winding transformers instead of coupledinductors since transformers are, ideally, no energy storing elements. This idea is the main contribution of this Thesis. The feasibility of this energy conversion strategy is first analyzed and then verified by simulation and by the implementation of experimental prototypes. Once the strategy is proved valid, different options to implement the magnetic structure are analyzed. Three different discrete transformer arrangements are studied and implemented. A converter based on this energy conversion strategy would be designed with a different approach than the one used to design classic converters since an additional design degree of freedom is available. The switching frequency can be chosen according to the design specifications without penalizing the dynamic response or the efficiency. Low operating frequencies can be chosen in order to favor the efficiency; on the other hand, high operating frequencies (MHz) can be chosen in order to favor the size of the converter. For this reason, a particular design procedure is proposed for the ‘inductorless’ conversion strategy. Finally, applications where the features of the proposed conversion strategy (high efficiency with fast dynamic response) are advantageus, are proposed. For example, in two-stage power architectures where a high efficiency converter is needed as the first stage and there is a second stage that provides the fine regulation. Another example are RF power amplifiers where the voltage is modulated following an envelope reference in order to save power; in this application, a high efficiency converter, capable of achieving fast voltage steps is required. The main contributions of this Thesis are the following: The proposal of a conversion strategy that is done, ideally, without storing energy in the magnetic element. The validation and the implementation of the proposed energy conversion strategy. The study of different magnetic structures based on discrete transformers for the implementation of the proposed energy conversion strategy. To elaborate and validate a design procedure. To identify and validate applications for the proposed energy conversion strategy. It is important to remark that this work is done in collaboration with Intel. The particular features of the proposed conversion strategy enable the possibility of solving the problems related to microprocessor powering in a different way. For example, the high efficiency achieved with the proposed conversion strategy enables it as a good candidate to be used for power conditioning, as a first stage in a two-stage power architecture for powering microprocessors.

Joint 4-D variational stereo reconstruction and camera calibration refinement for oceanic sea state measurements

Validating modern oceanographic theories using models produced through stereo computer vision principles has recently emerged. Space-time (4-D) models of the ocean surface may be generated by stacking a series of 3-D reconstructions independently generated for each time instant or, in a more robust manner, by simultaneously processing several snapshots coherently in a true ?4-D reconstruction.? However, the accuracy of these computer-vision-generated models is subject to the estimations of camera parameters, which may be corrupted under the influence of natural factors such as wind and vibrations. Therefore, removing the unpredictable errors of the camera parameters is necessary for an accurate reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that can jointly perform a 4-D reconstruction as well as correct the camera parameter errors introduced by external factors. The technique is founded upon variational optimization methods to benefit from their numerous advantages: continuity of the estimated surface in space and time, robustness, and accuracy. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested using synthetic data produced through computer graphics techniques, based on which the errors of the camera parameters arising from natural factors can be simulated.

PODER E FRAGMENTAÇÃO NA MODERNIDADE RELIGIOSA: UMA ANÁLISE DA ATOMIZAÇÃO NEOPENTECOSTAL EM SOROCABA

Este trabalho analisa a fragmentação que vem ocorrendo no neopentecostalismo, procurando investigar as relações entre as causas dessa fragmentação e a forma específica como os grupos neopentecostais se colocam na Modernidade, sobretudo em seus conceitos de poder e nas formas de sua estruturação. Essa investigação é feita em diálogo com as teorias da secularização, da modernidade e do poder moderno e é fundamentada empiricamente em pesquisa de campo qualitativa realizada através de entrevistas com líderes de igrejas neopentecostais na cidade de Sorocaba. Ao desenvolver essa análise, demonstramos como essas expressões religiosas representam uma adaptação ao ambiente da modernidade brasileira e à cultura moderna, especialmente pela assimilação de crenças e práticas populares e da adoção da lógica e da cultura de mercado. É nessa vinculação entre as formas de exercício do poder e o contexto cultural, político e econômico modernos que explica-se a acentuada fragmentação neopentecostal.(AU)

PODER E FRAGMENTAÇÃO NA MODERNIDADE RELIGIOSA: UMA ANÁLISE DA ATOMIZAÇÃO NEOPENTECOSTAL EM SOROCABA

Este trabalho analisa a fragmentação que vem ocorrendo no neopentecostalismo, procurando investigar as relações entre as causas dessa fragmentação e a forma específica como os grupos neopentecostais se colocam na Modernidade, sobretudo em seus conceitos de poder e nas formas de sua estruturação. Essa investigação é feita em diálogo com as teorias da secularização, da modernidade e do poder moderno e é fundamentada empiricamente em pesquisa de campo qualitativa realizada através de entrevistas com líderes de igrejas neopentecostais na cidade de Sorocaba. Ao desenvolver essa análise, demonstramos como essas expressões religiosas representam uma adaptação ao ambiente da modernidade brasileira e à cultura moderna, especialmente pela assimilação de crenças e práticas populares e da adoção da lógica e da cultura de mercado. É nessa vinculação entre as formas de exercício do poder e o contexto cultural, político e econômico modernos que explica-se a acentuada fragmentação neopentecostal.(AU)

PODER E FRAGMENTAÇÃO NA MODERNIDADE RELIGIOSA: UMA ANÁLISE DA ATOMIZAÇÃO NEOPENTECOSTAL EM SOROCABA

Este trabalho analisa a fragmentação que vem ocorrendo no neopentecostalismo, procurando investigar as relações entre as causas dessa fragmentação e a forma específica como os grupos neopentecostais se colocam na Modernidade, sobretudo em seus conceitos de poder e nas formas de sua estruturação. Essa investigação é feita em diálogo com as teorias da secularização, da modernidade e do poder moderno e é fundamentada empiricamente em pesquisa de campo qualitativa realizada através de entrevistas com líderes de igrejas neopentecostais na cidade de Sorocaba. Ao desenvolver essa análise, demonstramos como essas expressões religiosas representam uma adaptação ao ambiente da modernidade brasileira e à cultura moderna, especialmente pela assimilação de crenças e práticas populares e da adoção da lógica e da cultura de mercado. É nessa vinculação entre as formas de exercício do poder e o contexto cultural, político e econômico modernos que explica-se a acentuada fragmentação neopentecostal.(AU)

Application of Volterra Equations to Solve Unit Commitment Problem of Optimised Energy Storage and Generation

Development of reliable methods for optimised energy storage and generation is one of the most imminent challenges in modern power systems. In this paper an adaptive approach to load leveling problem using novel dynamic models based on the Volterra integral equations of the first kind with piecewise continuous kernels. These integral equations efficiently solve such inverse problem taking into account both the time dependent efficiencies and the availability of generation/storage of each energy storage technology. In this analysis a direct numerical method is employed to find the least-cost dispatch of available storages. The proposed collocation type numerical method has second order accuracy and enjoys self-regularization properties, which is associated with confidence levels of system demand. This adaptive approach is suitable for energy storage optimisation in real time. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on the Single Electricity Market of Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Application of battery energy storage in the Québec interconnection

Le Système Stockage de l’Énergie par Batterie ou Batterie de Stockage d’Énergie (BSE) offre de formidables atouts dans les domaines de la production, du transport, de la distribution et de la consommation d’énergie électrique. Cette technologie est notamment considérée par plusieurs opérateurs à travers le monde entier, comme un nouveau dispositif permettant d’injecter d’importantes quantités d’énergie renouvelable d’une part et d’autre part, en tant que composante essentielle aux grands réseaux électriques. De plus, d’énormes avantages peuvent être associés au déploiement de la technologie du BSE aussi bien dans les réseaux intelligents que pour la réduction de l’émission des gaz à effet de serre, la réduction des pertes marginales, l’alimentation de certains consommateurs en source d’énergie d’urgence, l’amélioration de la gestion de l’énergie, et l’accroissement de l’efficacité énergétique dans les réseaux. Cette présente thèse comprend trois étapes à savoir : l’Étape 1 - est relative à l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réduction des pertes électriques ; l’Étape 2 - utilise la BSE comme élément de réserve tournante en vue de l’atténuation de la vulnérabilité du réseau ; et l’Étape 3 - introduit une nouvelle méthode d’amélioration des oscillations de fréquence par modulation de la puissance réactive, et l’utilisation de la BSE pour satisfaire la réserve primaire de fréquence. La première Étape, relative à l’utilisation de la BSE en vue de la réduction des pertes, est elle-même subdivisée en deux sous-étapes dont la première est consacrée à l’allocation optimale et le seconde, à l’utilisation optimale. Dans la première sous-étape, l’Algorithme génétique NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) a été programmé dans CASIR, le Super-Ordinateur de l’IREQ, en tant qu’algorithme évolutionniste multiobjectifs, permettant d’extraire un ensemble de solutions pour un dimensionnement optimal et un emplacement adéquat des multiple unités de BSE, tout en minimisant les pertes de puissance, et en considérant en même temps la capacité totale des puissances des unités de BSE installées comme des fonctions objectives. La première sous-étape donne une réponse satisfaisante à l’allocation et résout aussi la question de la programmation/scheduling dans l’interconnexion du Québec. Dans le but de réaliser l’objectif de la seconde sous-étape, un certain nombre de solutions ont été retenues et développées/implantées durant un intervalle de temps d’une année, tout en tenant compte des paramètres (heure, capacité, rendement/efficacité, facteur de puissance) associés aux cycles de charge et de décharge de la BSE, alors que la réduction des pertes marginales et l’efficacité énergétique constituent les principaux objectifs. Quant à la seconde Étape, un nouvel indice de vulnérabilité a été introduit, formalisé et étudié ; indice qui est bien adapté aux réseaux modernes équipés de BES. L’algorithme génétique NSGA-II est de nouveau exécuté (ré-exécuté) alors que la minimisation de l’indice de vulnérabilité proposé et l’efficacité énergétique représentent les principaux objectifs. Les résultats obtenus prouvent que l’utilisation de la BSE peut, dans certains cas, éviter des pannes majeures du réseau. La troisième Étape expose un nouveau concept d’ajout d’une inertie virtuelle aux réseaux électriques, par le procédé de modulation de la puissance réactive. Il a ensuite été présenté l’utilisation de la BSE en guise de réserve primaire de fréquence. Un modèle générique de BSE, associé à l’interconnexion du Québec, a enfin été proposé dans un environnement MATLAB. Les résultats de simulations confirment la possibilité de l’utilisation des puissances active et réactive du système de la BSE en vue de la régulation de fréquence.