Putting the horse before the cart: a pragmatist analysis of knowledge

The definition of knowledge as justified true belief is the best we presently have. However, the canonical tripartite analysis of knowledge does not do justice to it due to a Platonic conception of a priori truth that puts the cart before the horse. Within a pragmatic approach, I argue that by doing away with a priori truth, namely by submitting truth to justification, and by accordingly altering the canonical analysis of knowledge, this is a fruitful definition. So fruitful indeed that it renders the Gettier counterexamples vacuous, allowing positive work in epistemology and related disciplines.

Recueil de portraits des roys et reynes de France, des princes, princesses, seigneurs et dames, et des personnes de toutes sortes de professions, dessinez à la main ou peints en miniature, et pris sur des monumens qui font connoistre les differens habillemens de chaque regne. T. I, Clovis - Saint-Louis

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Compendio di gesti del magnanimo et gloriosissimo Signore Sforza, inc[ipiente] dal tempo de la sua natiuità fine a la morte sua, compiliato in vulgare per Antonio Placentino nel anne MCCCCLVIII in Milano sotto lo Illustrissimo Signore Francesco Sforza Duca Duca quarto. (In fine: " Bartholomeus Gambagnola Cremonensis scripsit mandato Mag[nifi]ci domini Marchisini stanghe ducalis secretarii Die uigesimo septembris MCCCCLXXXX primo ". Membran. Con finissime miniature a f. 1 e 5. Il f. 4 è occupato da una mirabile miniatura rappresentante un guerriero a cavallo; sotto, leggesi: " Sfortia Atendolus italicorum ducum clarissimus ". Il suo ritratto è miniato anche a f. 5: nel margine inferiore della prima pagina è quello di Francesco Sforza. Nel corpo del testo molte lettere iniziali sono miniate).

Visconti. Saisi par Louis XII dans la bibliothèque des ducs de Milan à Pavie . N° 1466 du catalogue de 1544 et cote "Des vulgaires italiens pulpito 1°" de la Librairie royale de Blois ; — n° 2826 du catalogue de la Bibliothèque du roi à Paris à la fin du XVIe s.

Miniature Wulff-type generator for improving feed to fuel cells /|nT.-S. Tan. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

The original objective of this work was to provide a simple generator w.hich would produce hydrogen torLfuel-cell feed and which could be operated under remote or northern conditions. A secondary objective was to maximize the yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from available feed-stocks. A search of the patent literature has indicated that the concept of a small Wulff-type generator is essentially sound and that hydrogen may be recovered from a wide variety of hydrocarbon feed-stocks. A simple experimental set-up has been devised, patterned after ~~t originally used by R. G. Wulff for producing acetylene. This provides a supply of feed-stock, with or Without a carrier gas, which may be passed directly through a heated tube, which may contain a catalyst. A suitable procedure has been devised for analysi~ effluent gases for hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane and carbon monoxide by gas chromatography with the column packed with .Molecular .:>ieve .5 4. Athanol with air a.s carrier gas and at the same time as oxidant o was thermolyzed at temperatures in the ra~e 700-1100 C, with or Wi~lout catalyst. Methanol with or without nitrogen as a carrier gas was also cracked with • the same type of reactor refractory tube, but the temperature range was lower t down to ,300 " C when a catalyst was used. The problems of converting methane to hydrogen and carbon monoxide effiCiently, using air and/or water as oxidants were also studied.

Photograph of Charles Bell with Horse and Cart, St. Catharines [n.d.]

Charles Bell is pictured in this black and white undated photograph with his horse and cart. Mr. Bell ran an ice and coal business on Geneva St. in St. Catharines, Ontario. This photograph was in the possession of the Rick Bell family, of St. Catharines.Handwritten inscription on the reverse reads: "Grandpa Charles Bell ran ice and coal business, Geneva St. St. Catharines"

Miniature Portrait of Captain John Brock

A miniature portrait of Captain John Brock, 81st Regiment of Foot. There is an inscription on parchment attached to the reverse which reads "Major Gen. Sir Isaac Brock Lieut. Govenor of Upper Canada Fell at Queenston Heights on 13th Oct 1812" "The Hero of Canada". Above this inscription is a picture of an Indian on a battlement, holding what appears to be a tomahawk. Directly below this picture is a banner with the word "Canada" on it. The entire inscription is surrounded by a braided lock of hair which is enclosed in the case. This inscription contains a number of historical inaccuracies. The portrait also shows the buttons of the 81st Regiment. Sir Isaac Brock belonged to the 49th Regiment of Foot. It has thus been determined that the portrait is not of Isaac Brock but of his brother John.

Diagram of a Horse

A diagram of a horse, labelled and illustrated by Dorothy Rungeling.

Photograph - Hamilton Killaly Woodruff with a Child on Rocking Horse

Black and white photograph, 16 cm x 11 ½ cm, of Hamilton Killaly Woodruff with a young child [Charles Woodruff Band?]. The child is sitting on a rocking horse and Hamilton is standing watching the child with his hat in one hand and his cane in the other.

The Horse Shoe Fall

The description on the reverse states "The Majesty and Beauty of Niagara. The Horse Shoe Fall." There is also a No. associated with the card, but the original printed number (5800_01) has been crossed out and replaced in ink with 5795.

List of prices paid to Dilly Coleman by Doctor Richard .S. King for the board and feeding of a horse

List (2 pages, handwritten) of prices paid to Dilly Coleman by Doctor Richard .S. King for the board and feeding of a horse. There is a handwritten note on the inner page regarding instructions for feeding the horse, Sept. 1850.

Voucher from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension to W.G. Thompson regarding horse hire (copy), Jul. 30, 1857

Voucher from the Engineer Department of Port Dalhousie and Thorold Railway Extension to W.G. Thompson regarding horse hire (copy), Jul. 30, 1857.