A measurement of B0-B0 mixing in e+e- annihilation at 29 GeV

This thesis describes a measurement of B⁰- B⁰ mixing in events produced by electron-positron annihilation at a center of mass energy of 29 GeV. The data were taken by the Mark II detector in the PEP storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center between 1981 and 1987, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 224pb^-1.

We used a new method, based on the kinematics of hadronic events containing two leptons, to provide a measurement of the probability, x, that a hadron, initially containing a b (b) quark decays to a positive (negative) lepton to be X = 0.17^+0.15_-0.08, with 90% confidence level upper and lower limits of 0.38 and 0.06, respectively, including all estimated systematic errors. Because of the good separation of signal and background, this result is relatively insensitive to various systematic effects which have complicated previous measurements.

We interpret this result as evidence for the mixing of neutral B mesons. Based on existing B⁰_d mixing rate measurements, and some assumptions about the fractions of B⁰_d and B⁰_s mesons present in the data, this result favors maximal mixing of B⁰_s mesons, although it cannot rule out zero B⁰_s mixing at the 90% confidence level.

The vacuum Regge Trajectory in conventional field theory

The effect on the scattering amplitude of the existence of a pole in the angular momentum plane near J = 1 in the channel with the quantum numbers of the vacuum is calculated. This is then compared with a fourth order calculation of the scattering of neutral vector mesons from a fermion pair field in the limit of large momentum transfer. The presence of the third double spectral function in the perturbation amplitude complicates the identification of pole trajectory parameters, and the limitations of previous methods of treating this are discussed. A gauge invariant scheme for extracting the contribution of the vacuum trajectory is presented which gives agreement with unitarity predictions, but further calculations must be done to determine the position and slope of the trajectory at s = 0. The residual portion of the amplitude is compared with the Gribov singularity.

I. Baryon-antibaryon phase transition at high temperature. II. Inclusive virtual photon-hadron reactions in the parton model

Part I

Present experimental data on nucleon-antinucleon scattering allow a study of the possibility of a phase transition in a nucleon-antinucleon gas at high temperature. Estimates can be made of the general behavior of the elastic phase shifts without resorting to theoretical derivation. A phase transition which separates nucleons from antinucleons is found at about 280 MeV in the approximation of the second virial coefficient to the free energy of the gas.

Part II

The parton model is used to derive scaling laws for the hadrons observed in deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering which lie in the fragmentation region of the virtual photon. Scaling relations are obtained in the Bjorken and Regge regions. It is proposed that the distribution functions become independent of both q² and ν where the Bjorken and Regge regions overlap. The quark density functions are discussed in the limit x→1 for the nucleon octet and the pseudoscalar mesons. Under certain plausible assumptions it is found that only one or two quarks of the six types of quarks and antiquarks have an appreciable density function in the limit x→1. This has implications for the quark fragmentation functions near the large momentum boundary of their fragmentation region. These results are used to propose a method of measuring the proton and neutron quark density functions for all x by making measurements on inclusively produced hadrons in electroproduction only. Implications are also discussed for the hadrons produced in electron-positron annihilation.

Relativistic quark models and the current algebra

In this thesis we are concerned with finding representations of the algebra of SU(3) vector and axial-vector charge densities at infinite momentum (the "current algebra") to describe the mesons, idealizing the real continua of multiparticle states as a series of discrete resonances of zero width. Such representations would describe the masses and quantum numbers of the mesons, the shapes of their Regge trajectories, their electromagnetic and weak form factors, and (approximately, through the PCAC hypothesis) pion emission or absorption amplitudes.

We assume that the mesons have internal degrees of freedom equivalent to being made of two quarks (one an antiquark) and look for models in which the mass is SU(3)-independent and the current is a sum of contributions from the individual quarks. Requiring that the current algebra, as well as conditions of relativistic invariance, be satisfied turns out to be very restrictive, and, in fact, no model has been found which satisfies all requirements and gives a reasonable mass spectrum. We show that using more general mass and current operators but keeping the same internal degrees of freedom will not make the problem any more solvable. In particular, in order for any two-quark solution to exist it must be possible to solve the "factorized SU(2) problem," in which the currents are isospin currents and are carried by only one of the component quarks (as in the K meson and its excited states).

In the free-quark model the currents at infinite momentum are found using a manifestly covariant formalism and are shown to satisfy the current algebra, but the mass spectrum is unrealistic. We then consider a pair of quarks bound by a potential, finding the current as a power series in 1/m where m is the quark mass. Here it is found impossible to satisfy the algebra and relativistic invariance with the type of potential tried, because the current contributions from the two quarks do not commute with each other to order 1/m³. However, it may be possible to solve the factorized SU(2) problem with this model.

The factorized problem can be solved exactly in the case where all mesons have the same mass, using a covariant formulation in terms of an internal Lorentz group. For a more realistic, nondegenerate mass there is difficulty in covariantly solving even the factorized problem; one model is described which almost works but appears to require particles of spacelike 4-momentum, which seem unphysical.

Although the search for a completely satisfactory model has been unsuccessful, the techniques used here might eventually reveal a working model. There is also a possibility of satisfying a weaker form of the current algebra with existing models.

Estudo do comportamento de variáveis cinemáticas na produção difrativa de mésons D-+* em colisões próton-próton √s = 7TeV

Apresentamos um estudo preliminar da produção difrativa de mésons utilizando dados obtidos da colisão próton-próton, a energias de centro de massa de 7 TeV, com o experimento CMS-LHC. O trabalho inclui o desenvolvimento do algoritmo de reconstrução dos mésons D* através do canal de decaimento D*->D0 + pion (lento) ->K+pion, a medida da eficiência de detecção e reconstrução, e uma análise do comportamento de variáveis cinemáticas na produção difrativa dessas partículas, particularmente, das lacunas de rapidez. Para isso, foi utilizada uma luminosidade integrada de 3,171pb^(-1) de dados coletados no ano de 2010. As análises com os dados experimentais foram comparadas com os resultados obtidos com geradores de Monte Carlo PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8 e POMPYT.

Constantes de acoplamento de vértices com mésons estranhos e charmosos usando as regras de soma da QCD

Neste trabalho, foram calculados os fatores de forma e as constantes de acoplamento dos vértices mesônicos J/ψ DsDs, J/ψ Ds*Ds e J/ψ Ds*Ds*usando a técnica das regras de soma da QCD (RSQCD) até a ordem 5 da OPE. Estes três vértices estão envolvidos em algumas das numerosas hipóteses que tentam explicar a estrutura interna de alguns mésons charmosos exóticos que começaram a ser observados a partir de 2003. Tais mésons não se encaixam no espectro do charmonium e/ou apresentam números quânticos exóticos dentro do modelo CQM (constituent quark model). Um exemplo é o méson Y(4140), cujo decaimento observado é no par J/ψφ enquanto o esperado seria que tivesse decaimento predominante em mésons com open charm, devido à sua massa. Uma das propostas para se entender este méson consiste em estudá-lo como um estado molecular Ds*ar{D}s*, de modo que seu decaimento seria Y(4140) → Ds* ar{D}s* → J/ψφ. Neste processo, aparecerão os vértices de interação estudados neste trabalho, de maneira que o conhecimento mais preciso de seus fatores de forma e de suas constantes de acoplamento pode beneficiar a compreensão sobre a constituição fundamental do Y(4140) assim como a de outros novos estados como o X(4350), Y(4274) e Y(4660) por exemplo. Foram considerados neste trabalho, todos os casos off-shell possíveis para cada um dos três vértices, obtendo assim dois fatores de forma distintos para o vértice J/ψ DsDs, três para o vértice J/ψ Ds*Ds e dois para o vértice J/ψ Ds* Ds*. Nestes três vértices, os fatores de forma para o caso J/ψ off-shell foram bem ajustados por curvas monopolares enquanto os casos Ds e Ds* foram ajustados por curvas exponenciais, o que está de acordo com o comportamento encontrado em trabalhos anteriores do grupo. Os cálculos das constantes de acoplamento tiveram como resultados: g_{J/ψ Ds Ds} = 5.98^{+0.67}_{ -0.58}, g_{J/ψ D*s Ds} = 4.30_{+0.41}^{-0.35}GeV^{-1} e g_{J/ψ Ds* Ds*} = 7.47^{+1.04}_{-0.71}, resultados estes que estão compatíveis com os trabalhos anteriores que utilizaram as RSQCD para o cálculo das constantes de acoplamento dos vértices J/ψ D(*)D(*).

Fatores de forma em processos com mésons B

Neste trabalho calculamos os fatores de forma e constantes de acoplamento para os vértices B*sBK, B*BsK e BsBK* usando as Regras de Soma da Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD). Ainda estão incluídos os diagramas não perturbativos. Nós usamos a técnica de considerar dois mésons fora da camada de massa para obter dois fatores de forma diferentes a fim de diminuir as incertezas. Os cálculos das incertezas foram incluídos neste trabalho.

Hyperon coupling dependence of hadron matter properties in relativistic mean field model

The properties of hadronic matter at beta equilibrium in a wide range of densities are described by appropriate equations of state in the framework of the relativistic mean field model. Strange meson fields, namely the scalar meson field sigma*(975) and the vector meson field sigma*(1020), are included in the present work. We discuss and compare the results of the equation of state, nucleon effective mass, and strangeness fraction obtained by adopting the TM1, TMA, and GL parameter sets for nuclear sector and three different choices for the hyperon couplings. We find that the parameter set TM1 favours the onset of hyperons most, while at high densities the GL parameter set leads to the most hyperon-rich matter. For a certain parameter set (e.g. TM1), the most hyperon-rich matter is obtained for the hyperon potential model. The influence of the hyperon couplings on the effective mass of nucleon, is much weaker than that on the nucleon parameter set. The nonstrange mesons dominate essentially the global properties of dense hyperon matter. The hyperon potential model predicts the lowest value of the neutron star maximum mass of about 1.45 M-sun to be 0.4-0.5 M-sun lower than the prediction by using the other choices for hyperon couplings.

Effective mass of kaons in hyperon-rich matter

By including the scalar isovector meson delta, we extend the relativistic mean field model and the one-boson exchange model of changing K-meson in the framework of Schaffner's relativistic mean field model. We re-consider the coupling constants for the interactions between the meson and the baryon and the interactions of the K meson with different mesons as well in various parameter sets. Using our model, we discuss the effective masses of K mesons in the hyperon-rich nuclear matter. We find that the density modification of the K meson mass in the strange nuclear matter is smaller than that in the pure nuclear matter. The influence of the scalar isovector meson 6 on the effective mass of kaon is rather evident. But the extent of the influence is different in different parameter sets.

Effect of pentaquark Theta(+) on the equation of state of nuclear matter

Assuming Theta(+) interacts with nucleon or Theta(+) by exchanging isoscalar mesons sigma and omega, the equation of state of {p, n, Theta(+)} and possible metastable state are studied in the framwork of the density dependent relativistic hadron field theory(DDRH). The ratio of the proton isospin to the neutron isospin with different baryon densities and the effect of the Theta(+) component on the binding energy per baryon of the system are also discussed. It is shown that when the binding energy per baryon of the system takes the maximal value, Theta(+) might be bound in the nuclear matter.

Pb isotope shifts in the relativistic mean field theory

The ground state properties of the Pb isotopic are studied by using the axially deformed relativistic mean field (RMF) calculation with the parameter set TM1. The pairing correlation is treated by the BCS method and the isospin dependent pairing force is used. The 'blocking' method is used to deal with unpaired nucleons. The theoretical results show that the relativistic mean field theory with non-linear self-interactions of mesons provides a good description of the binding energy and neutron separation energy. The present paper focus on the physical mechanism of the Pb isotope shifts.

Measurement of the Bottom Quark Contribution to Nonphotonic Electron Production in p plus p Collisions at root s=200 GeV

The contribution of B meson decays to nonphotonic electrons, which are mainly produced by the semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor mesons, in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV has been measured using azimuthal correlations between nonphotonic electrons and hadrons. The extracted B decay contribution is approximately 50% at a transverse momentum of p(T) >= 5 GeV/c. These measurements constrain the nuclear modification factor for electrons from B and D meson decays. The result indicates that B meson production in heavy ion collisions is also suppressed at high p(T).

X(3915) and X(4350) as New Members in the P-Wave Charmonium Family

The analysis of the mass spectrum and the calculation of the strong decay of P-wave charmonium states strongly purport to explain the newly observed X(3915) and X(4350) as new members in the P-wave charmonium family, i.e., chi'(c0) for X(3915) and chi ''(c2) for X(4350). Under the P-wave charmonium assignment to X(3915) and X(4350), the J(PC) quantum numbers of X(3915) and X(4350) must be 0(++) and 2(++) respectively, which provide important criteria to test the P-wave charmonium explanation for X(3915) and X(4350) proposed by this Letter. The decay behavior of the remaining two P-wave charmonium states with the second radial excitation is predicted, and an experimental search for them is suggested.

B-(*())(B)over-bar(()*()) intermediate states contribution to Gamma(4S, 5S) -> eta(b) + gamma radiative decay

In this work, we investigate the rescattering effects in the radiative decay Gamma(5S) -> eta(b) + gamma , which were suggested to be crucially important for understanding the anomalous largeness of the branching ratios B(Gamma(5S) -> Gamma(1S) + pi pi) and B(Gamma(5S) -> Gamma(1S) + eta). Our calculations show that the rescattering effects may enhance Gamma(Gamma(10860) -> eta(b) +gamma) by four orders, but the tetraquark structure does not. Recently the BABAR and CLEO collaborations have measured the mass of eta(b) and the branching ratios B(Gamma(2S) -> eta(b) +gamma), B(Gamma(3S) -> eta(b) +gamma). We hope that very soon, Gamma(10860) -> eta(b) + gamma) will be measured and it would be an ideal opportunity for testing whether the rescattering or the tetraquark structure is responsible for the anomaly of B(Gamma(5S) -> Gamma(nS) pi(+) pi(-))(n = 1, 2, 3)), i. e., the future measurements on the radiative decays of Gamma(5S) might be a touchstone of the two mechanisms.

Restudy on the wave functions of Gamma(nS) states in the light-front quark model and the radiative decays of Gamma(nS) -> eta(b) + gamma

The light-front quark model has been applied to calculate the transition matrix elements of heavy hadron decays. However, it is noted that using the traditional wave functions of the light-front quark model given in the literature, the theoretically determined decay constants of the Gamma(nS) obviously contradict the data. This implies that the wave functions must be modified. Keeping the orthogonality among the nS states and fitting their decay constants, we obtain a series of the wave functions for Gamma(nS). Based on these wave functions and by analogy with the hydrogen atom, we suggest a modified analytical form for the Gamma(nS) wave functions. Using the modified wave functions, the obtained decay constants are close to the experimental data. Then we calculate the rates of radiative decays of Gamma(nS) -> eta(b) + gamma. Our predictions are consistent with the experimental data on decays Gamma(3S) -> eta(b) + gamma within the theoretical and experimental errors.