Parasitisme i condició del lluç (Merluccius merluccius) del Golf de Lleó

El lluç europeu del Golf de Lleó és una espècie amb un gran valor comercial a les llotges catalanes per la qual cosa es troba sobreexplotat. Els paràmetres indicadors de la condició física avaluen la salut dels peixos i poden ajudar a predir la productivitat de les poblacions explotades. Un factor que pot estar relacionat amb la condició és el parasitisme, tot i que les investigacions en aquest sentit són molt escasses. Aquest estudi avalua per primera vegada la relació entre parasitisme i condició del lluç europeu. S’han examinat 30 individus, entre gener i març de 2010, i s’han localitzat paràsits que s’han classificat com a nematodes, cestodes, copèpodes i trematodes. S’han calculat també, els índexs de condició Le Cren, índex hepatosomàtic, índex gonodosomàtic i contingut lipídic en fetge i gònades. Els resultats d’aquest estudi suggereixen que els lluços infectats amb copèpodes tenen una quantitat inferior de lípids al fetge, la qual cosa podria indicar una menor condició física. Malgrat tot, cal disposar de més mostres per poder afirmar aquest fet, així com una sèrie temporal de dades que comprengui totes les estacions de l’ any

POPULATIONAL STUDY OF CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISM IN ZONOTRICHIA-CAPENSIS (EMBERIZIDAE, PASSERIFORMES, AVES)

The karyotypes of 328 specimens of Zonotrichia capensis from four regions, three in the state of Parana and one in the state of São Paulo (Brazil), were studied. This species presents a chromosomal polymorphism due to pericentric inversion, involving the 3rd and 5th chromosome pairs. Chromosome 3 exists in the 3st and 3sm conditions and chromosome 5, in 5st and 5m conditions. Mitotic metaphase spreads were obtained from bone-marrow material of colchicine-treated animals.At all collection sites the frequency of chromosome 5m was considerably lower than that of the inverted chromosome 3sm.The present work tried to establish a correlation between the frequencies of the 3rd and 5th chromosome pairs with the climatical and geographical parameters at the collecting regions.Data show that the frequency of chromosome 5m is higher in regions with low temperature and high altitude.

Spatio-temporal variations in the diet and stable isotope composition of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 of the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil

The feeding ecology of Merluccius hubbsi was investigated in 2 regions of SE Brazil. The major food sources for the hakes were fish, crustaceans, and squid. In the upwelling system of Cabo Frio, the diet was very similar in the summers of 2001/2002 and spring 2002; fish were the most important prey followed by crustaceans. In Ubatuba, euphausiids were an important prey during the winter 2001 (100 m), while in the summer 2002, fish and amphipods predominated in the diet in the shallower site (40 m) and squid in the deeper site (100 m). The hakes showed temporal differences in stable isotope signatures in both regions, while C:N ratios varied only in Cabo Frio. delta(15)N and delta(13)C (bulk and corrected for lipid content) increased with fish length, which seems to be related to the increasing importance of fish and decreasing importance of euphausiids and amphipods in the diet of larger hakes. The mean trophic level of 3.7 for M. hubbsi was estimated using delta(15)N of bivalves as baseline and the fractionation of 3.4aEuro degrees between trophic levels.

Caratteristiche merceologiche, nutrizionali, sensoriali e di freschezza di Nasello (Merluccius merluccius), Lanzardo (Scomber japonicus) e Suro (Trachurus trachurus)

Three finfish species frequently caught in the waters of the Gulf of Manfredonia (Apulia, Italy) were studied in order to know how the flesh composition (proximate, fatty acid, macro- and micro- element contents) could be affected by the season effect. The species we examined were European hake (Merluccius merluccius), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), which were analysed at the raw state in three catch season and after cooking in two catch season. More precisely, European hake and chub mackerel caught during winter, summer and fall were analysed at the raw state. The composition of the flesh of grilled European hake and chub mackerel was study on fish caught in winter and fall. Horse mackerel of summer and winter catches were analysed both at the raw and grilled state. Furthermore, an overall sensory profile was outlined for each species in two catch season and the relevant spider web diagrams compared. On the whole, two hundred and eighty fish were analysed during this research project in order to obtain a nutritional profile of the three species. One hundred and fifty was the overall number of specimens used to create complete sensory profiles and compare them among the species. The three finfish species proved to be quite interesting for their proximate, fatty acids, macro- and micro-element contents. Nutritional and sensory changes occurred as seasons elapsed for chub and horse mackerel only. A high variability of flesh composition seemed to characterise these two species. European hake confirmed its mild sensory profile and good nutritional characteristics, which were not affected by any season effect.

Novel tools for conservation genetics in marine fish: population structure and evolution of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) inferred by SNP variation and applications to traceability

The research presented in my PhD thesis is part of a wider European project, FishPopTrace, focused on traceability of fish populations and products. My work was aimed at developing and analyzing novel genetic tools for a widely distributed marine fish species, the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), in order to investigate population genetic structure and explore potential applications to traceability scenarios. A total of 395 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were discovered from a massive collection of Expressed Sequence Tags, obtained by high-throughput sequencing, and validated on 19 geographic samples from Atlantic and Mediterranean. Genome-scan approaches were applied to identify polymorphisms on genes potentially under divergent selection (outlier SNPs), showing higher genetic differentiation among populations respect to the average observed across loci. Comparative analysis on population structure were carried out on putative neutral and outlier loci at wide (Atlantic and Mediterranean samples) and regional (samples within each basin) spatial scales, to disentangle the effects of demographic and adaptive evolutionary forces on European hake populations genetic structure. Results demonstrated the potential of outlier loci to unveil fine scale genetic structure, possibly identifying locally adapted populations, despite the weak signal showed from putative neutral SNPs. The application of outlier SNPs within the framework of fishery resources management was also explored. A minimum panel of SNP markers showing maximum discriminatory power was selected and applied to a traceability scenario aiming at identifying the basin (and hence the stock) of origin, Atlantic or Mediterranean, of individual fish. This case study illustrates how molecular analytical technologies have operational potential in real-world contexts, and more specifically, potential to support fisheries control and enforcement and fish and fish product traceability.

Struttura di età di nasello (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758) in alto-medio Adriatico mediante analisi degli otoliti e frequenza di taglia

The aim of present study is to define the general framework of Merluccius merluccius population structure, to estimate the growth rate and to assess the recruitment dynamics of juveniles from Northern and Central Adriatic, through otoliths analysis. The otoliths of hake specimens collected during the MedITS trawl survey in the 2012 in GSA 17, were cleaned and 102 otoliths out of 506 were embedded, sectioned, grindined and polished to obtain frontal and sagittal sections. The whole sample were analysed under stereomicroscope and optical microscope, with camera and connected to PC provided of an image analyses program. The frequency analysis of size classes and age revealed that the species is dominated by hake with >200mm TL and > one year old. The fish average size of M. merluccius at the end of the first year of life is about 199 mm TL. Allometrics analyses between fish TL and Feret (major axis), MiniFeret (minor axis), Area, Perimeter, showed a direct proportionality among lengths. Among the 88 otoliths sections analysed, the number of daily increments read ranged from 86 to 206, within 55 and 175mm TL range. The age estimate ranged from about 2-3 to 9 months and the growth rate from 20.99 to 27.15mm TL. The hatch-date distribution, obtained by back calculation, showed that the hatching occurs in November-March. In conclusion, strong preventive measures are needed for hake adults because the success of this species seems to be linked to deep water ecosystem protection where big spawners dwell.

Influenze ontogenetiche e ambientali sui fattori di condizione di Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces: Gadiformes) e Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 (Pisces: Carcharhiniformes): Implicazioni sulla gestione delle risorse

In ecologia della pesca, i fattori o indicatori della “condizione” di un organismo forniscono molte informazioni sulle caratteristiche di adattamento dei pesci all’ambiente e sul loro ruolo nell’ecosistema. La “condizione” include molte caratteristiche strutturali ed energetiche che possono variare in funzione dell’ontogenesi, del ciclo riproduttivo, ma anche in funzione delle caratteristiche dell’ambiente, incluso il grado di stress al quale è sottoposta una specie (es. la pressione di pesca). L’obiettivo del presente studio sperimentale è stato valutare eventuali differenze nell’abbondanza, nei parametri di popolazione, nella struttura demografica e negli indicatori di “condizione” di due specie, Merluccius merluccius (Pisces: Gadiformes) e Galeus melastomus (Pisces: Carcharhiniformes), in due diverse aree: Toscana settentrionale e meridionale, differenti per caratteristiche ambientali e pressione di pesca. Nella prima parte dell’analisi, sono stati confrontati gli indici di densità e biomassa, la struttura di taglia delle due popolazioni, su dati estratti dagli archivi storici delle campagne di pesca sperimentale MEDITS dal 1994 al 2013. Nella seconda parte dell’analisi invece, sono stati analizzati 1000 individui provenienti dalla campagna MEDITS 2014, integrati con campioni provenienti dallo sbarcato commerciale per il biennio 2014-2015. Gli individui di M. merluccius sono stati ripartiti in due classi di taglia (I = individui ≤ 18 cm LT; II = individui > 18 cm LT), quelli di G. melastomus in tre classi di taglia (I = individui ≤ 20 cm LT; II = individui 20 cm< x ≤ 35 cm LT; III= individui > 35 cm LT), suddivisi rispettivamente in 50 maschi e 50 femmine, per ogni classe. E’ stato condotto lo studio della crescita relativa attraverso l’analisi della relazione taglia/peso e lo studio della condizione tramite i seguenti indicatori: il fattore K di Fulton, l’indice epatosomatico (HSI) e l’indice gonadosomatico (GSI). I risultati di questa tesi hanno evidenziato differenze nei popolamenti, riconducibili alle diverse condizioni ambientali e alla pressione di pesca, tra le due aree indagate. L’area sud, interessata da un più intenso sforzo di pesca esercitato sui fondali della piattaforma e della scarpata continentale e da una morfologia del fondale differente, mostra una diversità in termini di crescita relativa e stato della “condizione”, che risulta più elevata in entrambe le specie, rispetto all’area settentrionale, caratterizzata invece da uno sforzo di pesca meno intenso, incentrato sull’ampia piattaforma continentale.

Abitudini alimentari di Merluccius merluccius in Alto-Medio Adriatico

Lo studio delle relazioni trofiche del nasello tramite analisi del contenuto stomacale è particolarmente importante per la gestione della pesca sia di questa specie che delle specie appartenenti alla sua alimentazione. Lo scopo della tesi è stato quello di esaminare l’alimentazione di questa specie utilizzando 200 campioni di nasello provenienti dalla Campagna Medits 2014, e confrontare la metodologia morfologica utilizzata con quella molecolare, determinando i vantaggi di ognuna ed i possibili limiti. La campagna di strascico è stata sviluppata secondo uno schema random stratificato in relazione alla profondità e all’interno di ciascun strato. Lo sbarcato è stato preventivamente sottoposto ad analisi biometriche registrando lunghezza totale, peso, sesso e maturità sessuale di ogni singolo individuo; successivamente sono stati conservati in etanolo gli stomaci prelevati dai 200 naselli scelti per classe di taglia. Sono state riconosciute le prede dei campioni di nasello sia analizzandole qualitativamente (al livello tassonomico più basso possibile), che quantitativamente, considerando alcuni degli indici maggiormente utilizzati. È stato poi calcolato l’indice trofico del nasello e sono stati infine confrontati i risultati con quelli delle analisi molecolari evidenziando le prede non riconosciute e gli errori di identificazione. La metodologia morfologica ha sottolineato che l’alimentazione del nasello dipende fortemente dalla taglia del predatore e dal loro grado di maturità sessuale, ma non varia significativamente in base al sesso. Ha infatti evidenziato una taglia del nasello, corrispondente alla taglia di prima maturità sessuale, in cui la specie cambia gradualmente la sua alimentazione, passando da piccoli crostacei a pesci di grandezza sempre maggiore. Risulta essere un forte predatore specializzato, ma che al tempo stesso risulta essere una specie opportunista, scegliendo il proprio cibo da ciò che ha a disposizione. Il confronto con l’analisi molecolare è stato utile per descrivere i pro e i contro di ciascuna metodologia, dimostrando che è necessario sfruttarle entrambe per avere risultati efficaci e completi dell’alimentazione di una specie.

Suitability of real-time quantitative PCR to estimate the relative telomere length in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758)

Telomere length measurement has been proposed as a promising tool to estimate the age of individuals in natural populations. We used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure relative telomere length in four tissues (brain, kidney, liver and muscle) of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in different groups based upon body length an otolith age estimate. We observed a high level of inter-individual differences in the measurements of relative telomere length in hakes of similar age and body length groups. The results of qPCR analysis showed a great variability in all measures and a lack of repeatability and reproducibility with significant statistical differences in the results of the different assays. The paper discusses the technical reasons for the variability in qPCR obtained in this work and by other authors.

Neues Motiv für das Ornament: ein behauener Farnstamm, Hemitelia capensis R. Br.

anonym

Droserea capensis : 5/4 nat. Gr.

R. Anheisser