Faulkner adapting Faulkner : gender and genre in Hollywood and after

Cette dissertation propose un nouveau récit des expériences de William Faulkner à Hollywood afin de réévaluer la deuxième moitié de son œuvre de fiction. Dans ses premiers projets de scénarios de films, Faulkner a choisi d’adapter des œuvres de fiction qu’il avait publiées antérieurement. À la lumière de l’utilisation du genre —autant des films que des personnes— par les studios d’Hollywood pour organiser la production et le marketing des films, la fiction de Faulkner apparut soudainement comme perverse et ses représentations de la masculinité comme homoérotiques. Dans les premiers jets de Turn About et de War Birds, Faulkner s’approprie les normes du genre hollywoodien pour nier ces connotations sexuelles. Ses révisions ultérieures révèlent un recul systématique par rapport à la perversité d’Hollywood et au genre du woman’s film, au profit de la performance de la masculinité propre aux war pictures. Ses révisions réimaginent également des matériaux qui sont au cœur de son œuvre de fiction. Quand il se remet à écrire de la fiction, Faulkner répète cette approche narrative dans des nouvelles telles que “Golden Land” et “An Odor of Verbena,” deux récits qui rompent avec les pratiques et le style de ses premières fictions majeures. Les conséquences découlant de cette influence hollywoodienne—une volonté d’éradiquer toute connotation sexuelle, l’adoption authentique plutôt qu’ironique du mélodrame générique, et une rhétorique morale explicitement construite comme une négation d’Hollywood—se manifestent plus tard dans des textes aussi divers que The Reivers, Compson Appendix, ou son discours de réception du Prix Nobel. Vues sous cet angle, les dernières fictions de Faulkner deviennent une composante essentielle de son œuvre, fournissant une base nouvelle pour réexaminer la place des genres narratifs populaires, du genre et de la sexualité dans son cycle de Yoknapatawpha.

La creación del canal de televisión en Mocoa Un espacio para la cultura

En Colombia los verdaderos dueños de la televisión son las grandes empresas comerciales y las programadoras pero no la comunidad. Además, las leyes parecen no haber contemplado la posibilidad de una verdadera participación democrática en los medios

Dustbin baby.

La historia aborda las grandes cuestiones emocionales de una manera realista, nunca cae en el melodrama, y transmite al lector un sentimiento de esperanza, permitiendo a sus personajes prosperar en un contexto de tristeza. Cuenta la historia de April, llamada así porque un primero de abril la encontraron en un cubo de basura cuando tenía sólo unas horas de vida. Su vida ha pasado en hogares de acogida, pero, ahora que tiene catorce años, decide que es el momento de averiguar la verdad acerca de su familia de origen.

Del papel al celuloide: la adaptación cinematográfica de la novela Las tres ratas, de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco (Del Fabulador)

En este ensayo el autor analiza la manera en que fue adaptada, en 1946, la novela Las tres ratas, describe aspectos de las dos narrativas (literaria y fílmica), para determinar qué elementos de la novela fueron conservados en la adaptación argentina, y cuáles fueron cambiados u omitidos. Sostiene que la película fracasa en la reconstrucción de la esencia de la obra, principalmente porque se omite el segundo nivel discursivo de la novela (la aproximación a la caída del liberalismo en el Ecuador), además, se cambia el carácter de varios personajes (la hermana mayor, el novio de Ana Luisa, o el usurero Don Horacio), cuyos rasgos son importantes pues aportan al conflicto, al tono y ambiente de la historia, finalmente, la adaptación omite la recreación del ambiente de fracaso del proyecto político liberal, para inscribir la historia en clave de melodrama.

Familia contemporánea y televisión: recepción del talk show “Caso Cerrado”

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un estudio de recepción del talk show Caso Cerrado en tres familias de la ciudad de Quito. Dentro de esta búsqueda se trazaron los parámetros para definir la imagen de la familia que se crea en el espacio mediático en función de la recepción del talk show seleccionado. A partir de esta imagen, así como de la estructura que cada familia estudiada posee y de las características individuales de quienes la conforman, se estableció el grado de identificación o de rechazo que esta imagen mediática genera en la rutina de consumo y re-significación de los discursos emitidos. Por otro lado, se indagó en los usos que se hace de estos contenidos en el ámbito cotidiano-familiar. Para llegar a esta meta se elaboró una guía metodológica y conceptual que aborda la construcción de las mediaciones como la base de la relación entre las audiencias y la televisión. El glosario de conceptos claves, que incluye el melodrama, el talk show, la televerdad y las audiencias, permite consolidar un espacio de discusión en el que gira la investigación y el requerimiento de los datos que después se recopilaron. Además se realizó un análisis de contenido de Caso Cerrado. Fue necesario fragmentar la estructura del talk show para utilizar elementos puntuales el momento de generar la relación entre las familias y el producto mediático. El análisis comparativo fue el cierre de una investigación que recopiló datos que se construyeron en la rutina de consumo y recepción de estas tres familias, cuyos espacios son diferentes y cuyos integrantes configuran mediaciones en relación con su individualidad y las instituciones a las que pertenecen.

La narrativa del amor y la intimidad en una serie de televisión

Este libro contiene una reflexión acerca de la constitución del amor, en la que se indaga cómo el cerebro procesa este sentimiento y cómo la cultura cuenta esa experiencia a través de narrativas audiovisuales. El autor estudia el complejo proceso amatorio en la serie de televisión Grey´s Anatomy, en la que se representa la experiencia de amar atrapando a los espectadores en el vértigo de las emociones y el relato. La identificación del espectador con este tipo de series televisivas, se logra por el uso de recursos cinematográficos que acercan estas narrativas más al cine que al melodrama, en las que la música se fusiona con los planos, provocando una modificación en la percepción a través de la rememoración de la experiencia personal. El amor está inscrito en la estructura cerebral, al igual que lo está el lenguaje. Nos enamoramos fenomenológicamente, es decir, perceptivamente: a través de la mirada; con ella la experiencia individual y cultural se refleja en el objeto del deseo amoroso. El estudio concluye que los relatos audiovisuales sobre el amor constituyen en sí mismos un proceso comunicativo, cuyo fin es hacer sentir el amor a los espectadores.

La teatralidad mediática: cartografías del reality show Ecuador tiene talento

Los reality shows están de moda en la televisión ecuatoriana, la que puede ser explicada desde la repetición de estos programas. Este “boom” mediático evidencia que es los reality shows son una industria saludable, donde las estéticas del espectáculo, el entretenimiento y la repetición se han instaurado como los discursos a seguir, los que reflejan varias aristas sociales, así desde la economía se han constituido en pilares donde se asienta el negocio televisivo, la antropología y la sociología permite delinear miradas para ubicarnos en una esfera del vacío social, es decir, denuncian lo que hoy es la época del no pensar, del no reflexionar, y desde la comunicación sirven para pensar a la sociedad como un entrenado de sensibilidades, una marca distintiva de los tiempos contemporáneos. Pero más allá de esto, los reality reflejan un tiempo social de pérdida del sentido de la crítica, los concursos de “talentos” han remplazado a los programas educativos, a la comedia basada en la denuncia social, o al periodismo de investigación. Se premia al melodrama que se ha convertido en el centro de la producción mediática, la telenovela dejó el primer lugar en la producción de nuevos imaginarios sociales, hoy los reality han ocupado su puesto. “Ecuador Tiene Talento”, ha conjugado las categorías citadas, la utilización de la dramaturgia y el melodrama como un discurso “oficial” se han conjugado para la construcción del mejor espectáculo destinado a construir una fama efímera de los participante y de un “gancho” televisivo para los espectadores, que tienden a recrear las historias de los participantes como propias. La ecuación del triunfador constituye en la narración más dramática, que se enmarca en una idea de superación personal y familiar. Todo este entramado discursivo y estético funciona como un espejo desde donde la sociedad se refleja, y donde una abundancia informativa llena de simulación y simulacro se ha instaurado en la televisión ecuatoriana. El juego mediático en “Ecuador Tiene Talento” es la tragicomedia de la producción televisiva nacional, donde el cruce de palabras entre el jurado y los concursantes es lo llamativo a ver.

Classed femininity, performativity, and camp in British structured reality programming

This article explores the representations and tonal qualities of British “structured reality” programming. Focusing on The Only Way Is Essex and Made in Chelsea, it investigates their glocalizing of the model established by MTV’s Laguna Beach and The Hills. It argues that while they blur boundaries between docusoap, drama, and soap opera, the British programs also recognize and foreground issues of construction for their reality TV-literate youth audience. It suggests the programs play a key role in their respective channel identities and the ideologies of British youth television, connecting to larger issues of class, gender, and taste. This is articulated through their regional and classed femininities, with the article exploring how the programs draw on classed ideologies surrounding “natural” and “excessive” femininities and of the role of this in their engagement with construction and camp play. This play contributes to the tonal shift offered by the British programs, mixing the melodrama of the MTV programs with a knowing, at times comic edge that can tip into mockery. In doing so, the programs offer their audience a combination of performative self-awareness and emotional realism that situates them clearly within British youth television

The zero, the centre and the empty utopia: from Rossellini to Walter Salles

This article examines utopian gestures and inaugural desires in two films which became symbolic of the Brazilian Film Revival in the late 1990s: Central Station (1998) and Midnight (1999). Both evolve around the idea of an overcrowded or empty centre in a country trapped between past and future, in which the motif of the zero stands for both the announcement and the negation of utopia. The analysis draws parallels between them and new wave films which also elaborate on the idea of the zero, with examples picked from Italian neo-realism, the Brazilian Cinema Novo and the New German Cinema. In Central Station, the ‘point zero’, or the core of the homeland, is retrieved in the archaic backlands, where political issues are resolved in the private sphere and the social drama turns into family melodrama. Midnight, in its turn, recycles Glauber Rocha’s utopian prophecies in the new millennium’s hour zero, when the earthly paradise represented by the sea is re-encountered by the middle-class character, but not by the poor migrant. In both cases, public injustice is compensated by the heroes’ personal achievements, but those do not refer to the real nation, its history or society. Their utopian breadth, based on nostalgia, citation and genre techniques, is of a virtual kind, attune to cinema only.

My generation(s): cycles, branding and renewal in E4’s 'Skins'

In an era of fragmenting audience and diversified viewing platforms, youth television needs to move fast and make a lot of noise in order to capture and maintain the attention of the teenage viewer. British ensemble youth drama Skins (E4, 2007-2013) calls attention to itself with its high doses of drugs, chaotic parties and casual attitudes towards sexuality. It also moves quickly, shedding its cast every two seasons as they graduate from school, then renewing itself with a fresh generation of 16 year old characters - three cycles in total. This essay will explore the challenges of maintaining audience connections whilst resetting the narrative clock with each cycle. I suggest that the development of the Skins brand was key to the programme’s success. Branding is particularly important for an audience demographic who increasingly consume their television outside of broadcast flow and essential for a programme which renews its cast every two years. The Skins brand operate as a framework, as the central audience draw, have the strength to maintain audience connections when it ‘graduates’ those characters they identify with at the close of each cycle and starts again from scratch. This essay will explore how the Skins brand constructs a cohesive identity across its multiple generations, yet also consider how the cyclic form poses challenges for the programme’s representations and narratives. This cyclic form allows Skins to repeatedly reach out to a new audience who comes of age alongside each new generation and to reflect shifts in British youth culture. Thus Skins remains ever-youthful, seeking to maintain an at times painfully hip identity. Yet the programme has a somewhat schizophrenic identity, torn between its roots in British realist drama and surrealist comedy and an escapist aspirational glamour that shows the influence of US Teen TV. This combination results in a tendency towards a heightened melodrama at odds with Skins claims for authenticity - its much vaunted teenage advisors and young writers - with the cyclic structure serving to amplify the programme’s excessive tendencies. Each cycle wrestles with a need for continuity and familiarity - partly maintained through brand, aesthetic and setting - yet a desire for freshness and originality, to assert difference from what has gone before. I suggest that the inevitable need for each cycle to ‘top’ what has gone before results in a move away from character-based intimacy and the everyday to high-stakes drama and violence which sits uncomfortably within British youth television.

Dickens, Hogarth and artistic perception: the case of Nicholas Nickleby

This essay considers the interest shared by William Hogarth and Charles Dickens on the idea of instrumentality in the art of realism. Taking his cue from eighteenth-century epistemological philosophy, Hogarth developed an idea of beauty and realism as insisting upon the need for human subjectivity or perspective. Naïve realism was a style that troubled both Hogarth and Dickens and both men developed forms in which caricature, melodrama and exaggeration is crucial to the development of verisimilitude. Considering the progress pieces and the writings of Hogarth as a preface to the style of Dickens, I argue that Nicholas Nickleby developed an extraordinary self-reflexivity. Both Nicholas and his uncle Ralph form part of a narrative study of the implications of filtering perception through the distorting lens of the individual.

Aesthetical and narrative uses of the trench in the Hollywood cinema of 1918-1930

Throughout history of painting, the representation of landscape has been considered a laboratory for the human gaze on the world. The First World War and its new approach to the battlefield altered deeply the classical forms of representation, and replaced them with a mechanised and fragmentary vision, which was related with the development of photography and cinema. As Vicente J. Benet has analysed, Hollywod cinema used these deep changes in its filmic versions of the conflict, although it organised them following a narrative logic. In this text we intend to study how the battlefield and, particularly, the trench, are inserted in this logic of the history of landscape painting. We do so through some Hollywood films from the period 1918-1930. Firstly, we approach the trench as a composition value which can structure the image and guide the camera movement. In the second place, we study how it creates a dialog between its inside, melodrama scenery, and the outside, battlefield and danger. In both cases, we conclude that the trench as a form and as a narrative element plays a structuring and integrative role with the storytelling logic.

Communicating the 'unspeakability' of violent acts in cinema

This paper explores the forensic testimony employed in James Benning‟s experimental narrative film Landscape Suicide (1986, 16mm, 95min USA). As a belated example of Judith Walker‟s „Trauma Cinema‟, this film in part re-enacts the court transcripts of two perpetrators of physical violence: Ed Gein and Michelle Protti. Teenager Protti killed another student with a kitchen knife after having been subjected to bullying by a group of girls and Wisconsin farmer Gein shot a storekeeper‟s wife, took the body home to then skin and dissect it. Gein‟s case is said to have provided the model for the cinematic serial killers portrayed in Psycho (1959), The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974). In its strategy of communicating or representing the overwhelming and traumatic impact of violence cinematically Landscape Suicide is contrasted to the melodrama and shock of mainstream violence in Psycho, Texas Chainsaw Massacre and Silence of the Lambs for its ability to identify „unspeakable‟ aspects of overwhelming experience. This paper will concentrate on the representation of Ed Gein‟s violent acts, rather than Protti‟s and enlists recent neurological research that suggests a model for forgetting that is identifiable in the film‟s structure and content.

Collapse

Collapse was a visual performance installation presented at the Old Port of Melbourne in 2008. The audience travelled by boat across Port Phillip Bay to witness the performance begins at Sciencework’s Spotswood Jetty, where the audience travelled by ferry across the Port Phillip Bay to a remote location, where society has “collapsed”. The performance then becomes a walking tour around this new location, encountering and experiencing the world that Red Cabbage has created.

“At that point…the collapse of their morale, their will power and their patience was so abrupt that they felt they would never be able to climb back out of their hole…Hence, floundering halfway between the abyss and the peak, they drifted rather than lived, given up to aimless days and sterile memories, wandering shadows who could have only found strength by resigning themselves to taking root in the soil of their distress.”- Albert Camus The Plague

Floundering halfway between the abyss and the peak…exist those that have not yet fallen…in a state of recurring collapse. The girl in the yellow dress, the man in the grey suit, the old man in the brown pants, the woman in the blue shirt and the man in the red hat are suspected carriers of the white sickness. They have been removed from their homes to the edge of the city for standard assessment. Here they meet the others, processed…waiting…isolated. By boat…they travel across the bay to their final destination. Not another Hollywood style apocalyptic melodrama in which our heroes find grace, hope and redemption in the utter destruction of modern civilization…in the collapse of lived time the ruins of humanity are exposed as already existent…the limits of our ability to be graceful were discovered long ago…the trauma of the end of time a given…the plague is now.

Knights moves

This essay examines how the found footage films of Martin Arnold (Alone: Life Wastes Andy Hardy, 1998) and Peter Tscherkassky (Outer Space, 1999 and Dream Work, 2002) can be read as a belated response to Peter Wollen’s 1970s splitting of the avant-garde. Wollen’s tactical move, his article The Two Avant-gardes (Wollen, 1975 and revised in 1982) marked a historic moment when both critics and artists gained easy access to the film editing-machine for both film analysis and reflexive film production respectively. Wollen’s text asserted differences between a political and formalist avant-garde, opening up a space between structuralist/materialist film and feminist film theory and its counter-cinema. This move enabled Laura Mulvey and other Cine-Feminists to eschew formalism in favor of a political feminist counter–cinema and further, as part of its move into the academy, to develop and enlist Textual Analysis as a tool for uncovering the patriarchal ideologies at the heart of Hollywood melodrama.