Shapefile of the survey tracks of 'Mosaic 02' at the Regab pockmark (Northern Congo Fan)

The Regab pockmark is a large cold seep area located 10 km north of the Congo deep sea channel at about 3160 m water depth. The associated ecosystem hosts abundant fauna, dominated by chemosynthetic species such as the mussel Bathymodiolus aff. boomerang, vestimentiferan tubeworm Escarpia southwardae, and vesicomyid clams Laubiericoncha chuni and Christineconcha regab. The pockmark was visited during the West African Cold Seeps (WACS) cruise with RV Pourquoi Pas? in February 2011, and a 14,000-m**2 high-resolution videomosaic was constructed to map the most populated area and to describe the distribution of the dominant megafauna (mussels, tubeworms and clams). The results are compared with previous published works, which also included a videomosaic in the same area of the pockmark, based on images of the BIOZAIRE cruise in 2001. The 10-year variation of the faunal distribution is described and reveals that the visible abundance and distribution of the dominant megafaunal populations at Regab have not changed significantly, suggesting that the overall methane and sulfide fluxes that reach the faunal communities have been stable. Nevertheless, small and localized distribution changes in the clam community indicate that it is exposed to more transient fluxes than the other communities. Observations suggest that the main megafaunal aggregations at Regab are distributed around focused zones of high flux of methane-enriched fluids likely related to distinct smaller pockmark structures that compose the larger Regab pockmark. Although most results are consistent with the existing successional models for seep communities, some observations in the distribution of the Regab mussel population do not entirely fit into these models. This is likely due to the high heterogeneity of this site formed by the coalescence of several pockmarks. We hypothesize that the mussel distribution at Regab could also be controlled by the occurrence of zones of both intense methane fluxes and reduced efficiency of the anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly limiting tubeworm colonization.

Abrupt vegetation change after the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinction in southeastern Australia

A substantial extinction of megafauna occurred in Australia between 50 and 45 kyr ago, a period that coincides with human colonization of Australia. Large shifts in vegetation also occurred around this time, but it is unclear whether the vegetation changes were driven by the human use of fire-and thus contributed to the extinction event-or were a consequence of the loss of megafaunal grazers. Here we reconstruct past vegetation changes in southeastern Australia using the stable carbon isotopic composition of higher plant wax n-alkanes and levels of biomass burning from the accumulation rates of the biomarker levoglucosan from a well-dated sediment core offshore from the Murray-Darling Basin. We find that from 58 to 44 kyr ago, the abundance of plants with the C-4 carbon fixation pathway was generally high-between 60 and 70%. By 43 kyr ago, the abundance of C-4 plants dropped to 30% and biomass burning increased. This transient shift lasted for about 3,000 years and came after the period of human arrival and directly followed megafauna extinction at 48.9-43.6 kyr ago. We conclude that the vegetation shift was not the cause of the megafaunal extinction in this region. Instead, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that vegetation change was the consequence of the extinction of large browsers and led to the build-up of fire-prone vegetation in the Australian landscape.

Species name, classification (WORMS), abundance and biomass of the megabenthic communities of the Algarve

The present study analysed the megabenthic diversity in subtidal soft bottoms and assessed the main environmental drivers of megabenthic community organisation along the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). We tested the hypothesis that megabenthic communities respond to the same environmental drivers than macrofauna. We found that similar to macrofauna, megafaunal communities were organised in relation to the depth of closure, light reaching the bottom, and the hydrodynamic conditions related with exposure within the shallower areas. The influence of the main river outflow prevailed over other drivers, but only up to 9 m depth. We found that seven different spatial units should be considered, each characterised by different indicator species. Additionally, among a total of 412 taxa collected between 4 and 50 m depth, we provide the characteristics of the 64 commonest species in terms of occurrence, frequency, distribution, abundance, bathymetric and sedimentary preferences, which constitutes most valuable information for ecosystem modelling. Megabenthic alpha diversity decreased with depth, contrary to evenness and was higher in the proximity of the river Guadiana and in highly exposed shores. We conclude that the megafauna, which is significantly quicker to collect and analyse, can provide an accurate alternative to macrofauna sampling, as their communities are shaped by the same drivers.

Thirty-year recovery trend in the once depleted Hawaiian green sea turtle stock

The green sea turtle is one of the long-lived species that comprise the charismatic marine megafauna. The green turtle has a long history of human exploitation with some stocks extinct. Here we report on a 30-year study of the nesting abundance of the green turtle stock endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. We show that there has been a substantial long-term increase in abundance of this once seriously depleted stock following cessation of harvesting since the 1970s. This population increase has occurred in a far shorter period of time than previously thought possible. There was also a distinct 3-4 year periodicity in annual nesting abundance that might be a function of regional environmental stochasticity that synchronises breeding behaviour throughout the Archipelago. This is one of the few reliable long-term population abundance time series for a large long-lived marine species, which are needed for gaining insights into the recovery process of long-lived marine species and long-term ecological processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems

Alligators and crocodiles integrate biological impacts of hydrological operations, affecting them at all life stages through three key aspects of Everglades ecology: (1) food webs, (2) diversity and productivity, and (3) freshwater flow. Responses of crocodilians are directly related to suitability of environmental conditions and hydrologic change. Correlations between biological responses and environmental conditions contribute to an understanding of species’ status and trends over time. Positive or negative trends of crocodilian populations relative to hydrologic changes permit assessment of positive or negative trends in restoration. The crocodilian indicator uses monitoring parameters (performance measures) that have been shown to be both effective and efficient in tracking trends. The alligator component uses relative density (reported as an encounter rate), body condition, and occupancy rates of alligator holes; the crocodile component uses juvenile growth and hatchling survival. We hypothesize that these parameters are correlated with hydrologic conditions including depth, duration, timing, spatial extent and water quality. Salinity is a critical parameter in estuarine habitats. Assessments of parameters defined for crocodilian performance measures support these hypotheses. Alligators and crocodiles are the charismatic megafauna of the Everglades. They are both keystone and flagship species to which the public can relate. In addition, the parameters used to track trends are easy to understand. They provide answers to the following questions: How has the number of alligators or crocodiles changed? Are the animals fatter or thinner than they should be? Are the animals in the places (in terms of habitat and geography) where they should be? As surely as there is no other Everglades, no other single species defines the Everglades as does the American alligator. The Everglades is the only place in the world where both alligators and crocodiles exist. Crocodilians clearly respond to changes in hydrologic parameters of management interest. These relationships are easy to communicate and mean something to managers, decision makers, and the public. Having crocodilians on the list of system-wide, general indicators provides us with one of the most powerful tools we have to communicate progress of ecosystem restoration in Greater Everglades ecosystems to diverse audiences.

Distribuição e uso de habitat por peixes recifais em um gradiente ambiental: estudo de caso em recifes areníticos

There are several abiotic factors reported in the literature as regulators of the distribution of fish species in marine environments. Among them stand out structural complexity of habitat, benthic composition, depth and distance from the coast are usually reported as positive influencers in the diversity of difentes species, including reef fish. These are dominant elements in reef systems and considered high ecological and socioeconomic importance. Understanding how the above factors influence the distribution and habitat use of reef fish communities are important for their management and conservation. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the influence of these variables on the community of reef fishes along an environmental gradient of depth and distance from shore base in sandstone reefs in the coast of state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. These variables are also used for creating a simple predictive model reef fish biomass for the environment studied. Data collection was performed through visual surveys in situ, and recorded environmental data (structural complexity of habitat, type of coverage of the substrate, benthic invertebrates) and ecological (wealth, abundance and reef fish size classes). As a complement, information on the diet were raised through literature and the biomass was estimated from the length-weight relationship of each species. Overall, the reefs showed a low coverage by corals and the Shallow reefs, Intermediate I and II dominated by algae and the Funds by algae and sponges. The complexity has increased along the gradient and positively influenced the species richness and abundance. Both attributes influenced in the structure of the reef fish community, increasing the richness, abundance and biomass of fish as well as differentiating the trophic structure of the community along the depth gradient and distance from the coast. Distribution and use of habitat by recifas fish was associated with food availability. The predictor model identified depth, roughness and coverage for foliose algae, calcareous algae and soft corals as the most significant variables influencing in the biomass of reef fish. In short, the description and understanding of these patterns are important steps to elucidate the ecological processes. In this sense, our approach provides a new understanding of the structure of the reef fish community of Rio Grande do Norte, allowing understand a part of a whole and assist future monitoring actions, evaluation, management and conservation of these and other reefs of Brazil.

(Appendix A) Pigment content, microbial biomass and activity, and grain size characteristics in caged and control sites of the Arctic long-term observatory HAUSGARTEN

Present theories of deep-sea community organization recognize the importance of small-scale biological disturbances, originated partly from the activities of epibenthic megafaunal organisms, in maintaining high benthic biodiversity in the deep sea. However, due to technical difficulties, in situ experimental studies to test hypotheses in the deep sea are lacking. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of cages as tools for studying the importance of epibenthic megafauna for deep-sea benthic communities. Using the deep-diving Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) "VICTOR 6000", six experimental cages were deployed at the sea floor at 2500 m water depth and sampled after 2 years (2y) and 4 years (4y) for a variety of sediment parameters in order to test for caging artefacts. Photo and video footage from both experiments showed that the cages were efficient at excluding the targeted fauna. The cage also proved to be appropriate to deep-sea studies considering the fact that there was no fouling on the cages and no evidence of any organism establishing residence on or adjacent to it. Environmental changes inside the cages were dependent on the experimental period analysed. In the 4y experiment, chlorophyll a concentrations were higher in the uppermost centimeter of sediment inside cages whereas in the 2y experiment, it did not differ between inside and outside. Although the cages caused some changes to the sedimentary regime, they are relatively minor compared to similar studies in shallow water. The only parameter that was significantly higher under cages at both experiments was the concentration of phaeopigments. Since the epibenthic megafauna at our study site can potentially affect phytodetritus distribution and availability at the seafloor (e.g. via consumption, disaggregation and burial), we suggest that their exclusion was, at least in part, responsible for the increases in pigment concentrations. Cages might be suitable tools to study the long-term effects of disturbances caused by megafaunal organisms on the diversity and community structure of smaller-sized organisms in the deep sea, although further work employing partial cage controls, greater replication, and evaluating faunal components will be essential to unequivocally establish their utility.

Mapped cetacean habitat suitability and richness in the Azores, links to ArcGIS files

Marine spatial planning and ecological research call for high-resolution species distribution data. However, those data are still not available for most marine large vertebrates. The dynamic nature of oceanographic processes and the wide-ranging behavior of many marine vertebrates create further difficulties, as distribution data must incorporate both the spatial and temporal dimensions. Cetaceans play an essential role in structuring and maintaining marine ecosystems and face increasing threats from human activities. The Azores holds a high diversity of cetaceans but the information about spatial and temporal patterns of distribution for this marine megafauna group in the region is still very limited. To tackle this issue, we created monthly predictive cetacean distribution maps for spring and summer months, using data collected by the Azores Fisheries Observer Programme between 2004 and 2009. We then combined the individual predictive maps to obtain species richness maps for the same period. Our results reflect a great heterogeneity in distribution among species and within species among different months. This heterogeneity reflects a contrasting influence of oceanographic processes on the distribution of cetacean species. However, some persistent areas of increased species richness could also be identified from our results. We argue that policies aimed at effectively protecting cetaceans and their habitats must include the principle of dynamic ocean management coupled with other area-based management such as marine spatial planning.

Physical oceanography from CTD during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM20/4 in spring 2012

With an extension of > 40 km**2 the recently discovered Campeche cold-water coral province located at the northeastern rim of the Campeche Bank in the southern Gulf of Mexico belongs to the largest coherent cold-water coral areas discovered so far. The Campeche province consists of numerous 20-40 m-high elongated coral mounds that are developed in intermediate water depths of 500 to 600 m. The mounds are colonized by a vivid cold-water coral ecosystem that covers the upper flanks and summits. The rich coral community is dominated by the framework-building Scleractinia Enallopsammia profunda and Lophelia pertusa, while the associated benthic megafauna shows a rather scarce occurrence. The recent environmental setting is characterized by a high surface water production caused by a local upwelling center and a dynamic bottom-water regime comprising vigorous bottom currents, obvious temporal variability, and strong density contrasts, which all together provide optimal conditions for the growth of cold-water corals. This setting - potentially supported by the diel vertical migration of zooplankton in the Campeche area - controls the delivering of food particles to the corals. The Campeche cold-water coral province is, thus, an excellent example highlighting the importance of the oceanographic setting in securing the food supply for the development of large and vivid cold-water coral ecosystems.

Pigments of sediment cores of the Northwest European Continental Margin

In the context of the European OMEX Programme this investigation focused on gradients in the biomass and activity of the small benthic size spectrum along a transect across the Goban Spur from the outer Celtic Sea into Porcupine Abyssal Plain. The effects of food pulses (seasonal, episodic) on this part of the benthic size spectrum were investigated. Sediments sampled during eight expeditions at different seasons covering a range from 200 m to 4800 m water depth were assayed with biochemical bulk measurements: determinations of chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE), the sum of chlorophyll a and its breakdown products, provide information concerning the input of phytodetrital matter to the seafloor; phospholipids were analyzed to estimate the total biomass of small benthic organisms (including bacteria, fungi, flagellata, protozoa and small metazoan meiofauna). A new term 'small size class biomass' (SSCB) is introduced for the biomass of the smallest size classes of sediment-inhabiting organisms; the reduction of fluorescein-di-acetate (FDA) was determined to evaluate the potential activity of ester-cleaving bacterial exoenzymes in the sediment samples. At all stations benthic biomass was predominantly composed of the small size spectrum (90% on the shelf; 97-98% in the bathyal and abyssal parts of the transect). Small size class biomass (integrated over a 10 cm sediment column) ranged from 8 g C/m**2 on the shelf to 2.1 g C/m**2 on the adjacent Porcupine Abyssal Plain, exponentially decreasing with increasing water depth. However, a correlation between water depth and SSCB, macrofauna biomass as well as metazoan meiofauna biomass exhibited a significantly flatter slope for the small size classes in comparison to the larger organisms. CPE values indicated a pronounced seasonal cycle on the shelf and upper slope with twin peaks of phytodetrital deposition in mid spring and late summer. The deeper stations seem to receive a single annual flux maximum in late summer. SSCB and heterotrophic activity are significantly correlated to the amount of sediment-bound pigments. Seasonality in pigment concentrations is clearly followed by SSCB and activity. In contrast to macro- and megafauna which integrate over larger periods (months/years), the small benthic size classes, namely bacteria and foraminifera, proved to be the most reactive potential of the benthic communities to any perturbations on short time scales (days/weeks). The small size classes, therefore, occupy a key role in early diagenetic processes.

Zur Biostratigraphie und Fazies der Unterkreide-Serien (Hauterivium - Aptium) im Eisenerz-Tagebau "Morgenstern" N-Goslar (SE-Niedersachsen)

Im aufgelassenen Eisenerz-Tagebau "Morgenstern" wurde zwischen liegendem Erz und hangendem "Gaultkonglomerat" ein ca. 58 m mächtiger Schichtkomplex lithologisch und biostratigraphisch bearbeitet. Die Schichtglieder konnten anhand der begleitenden Megafauna (Belemniten, Ammoniten) und in Verbindung mit der Mikrofauna (Foraminiferen) stratigraphisch eingestuft werden. Die Foraminiferenfauna aus 93 Mikroproben wurde bearbeitet und im Sinne von MICHAEL (1974) palökologisch analysiert. Die aufgeschlossenen Schichtglieder gehören dem höchsten Mittel- Barremium (Zone des "Crioceras" sparsicosta), dem Ober-Barre- mium sowie dem Aptium an. Das Ober-Barremium konnte in die Zone des Simancyloceras stolleyi und die Zone des Parancyloceras bidentatum & P. scalare gegliedert werden. Innerhalb des Aptium konnten die beiden Unterstufen gegeneinander abgegrenzt werden; eine Ausgliederung der Zonen war hier jedoch nur teilweise und unter Vorbehalt möglich. Der aufgeschlossene Teil der Erzfazies bleibt auf das oberste Mittel-Barremium (Dachbereich des "Hauptlagers") und die stolleyi- Zone des Ober-Barremium ("Hangendes Lager" und "Zwischenlager") beschränkt; die Lager sind somit jünger als bisher von älteren Autoren (z.B. KOLBE 1962, 1970; NEUMANN 1964) angenommen wurde.

Eine bemerkenswerte Bio- und Lithofazies an der Basis des Unter-Hauterivium Nordwestdeutschlands

Im östlichen Teil des Niedersächsischen Beckens ist das Trans gressionskonglomerat des Unter-Hauterivium-Meeres ("Hilskon- glomerat") in Küsten- und Schwellennähe durch einen hohen, meist organogenen Karbonatgehalt (Biosparit), Biomikrit, Kalk und Mergelstein) sowie Brauneisengeröll- und Quarzsandführung gekennzeichnet. Gleichzeitig weisen diese Basisschichten des Unter-Hauterivium hier einen außergewöhnlichen Fauneninhalt auf ("Sonderfazies”), der im küstenferneren Bereich des östlichen wie auch im Gesamtbereich des mittleren und westlichen Niedersächsischen Beckens bisher nicht beobachtet werden konnte ("Normalfazies"). In der Mikrofauna erscheinen, z.T. im Faunenbild dominierend, Foraminiferen mediterraner Herkunft (Trocholina, Meandrospira Cyclammina u.a.). Auch die Megafauna der "Sonderfazies" ist durch Warm- und Flachwasserformen (Kalkschwämme, Korallen, Bryozoen, Serpuliden, Seelilien) charakterisiert. Da auch in der östlichen Fortsetzung des Norddeutsch-Polnischen Unterkreide-Meeres (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg) u.a. eben falls die Foraminiferen-Gattungen Trocholina und Cyclammina sowie Bryozoen und Seelilien beobachtet werden konnten und im Hauterivium lediglich über die südpolnische Meeresstraße eine Verbindung zum mediterranen Meeresraum bestand, müssen warme Meeresströmungen aus südöstlicher Richtung als Ursache für den Karbonatreichtum der Sedimente und deren Besiedelung durch benthische "Warmwasserformen" angenommen werden. Auch die Ammoniten-Gattung Endemoceras ist nach Untersuchungen von THIERMANN (1963) auf diesem Wege in das Niedersächsische Becken eingewandert. Da die Unterkreide-Transgression mit Konglomerat- und Aufarbeitungshorizonten in einigen küsten- und schwellennahen Bereichen des nordwestdeutschen Unterkreide-Meeres bereits im höheren Valanginium oder aber erst im höheren Unter-Hauteri- vium (z.B. Fallsteingebiet) bzw. tiefem Ober-Hauterivium (z.B. Westerberg b. Alfeld) erfolgte, ist das sog. "Hilskon- glomerat" i.w.S. nicht als synchrone Bildung anzusehen. Allerdings konnten der spezifische petrographische Charakter sowie die typische Fauaenvergesellschaftung der "Sonderfazies" bisher nur im Basiskonglomerat des Unter-Hauterivium und nur im östlichen Teil des Niedersächsischen Beckens beobachtet werden. Daraus ließe sich ableiten, daß nur für einen (im geologischen Maßstab!) enger begrenzten Zeitraum (tieferes Unter- Hauterivium) die zur Entstehung der "Sonderfazies" notwendigen hydrologischen und klimatischen Voraussetzungen gegeben waren. So nimmt der Karbonatgehalt der Sedimente bis zum Unter-Aptium deutlich ab; nur im höheren Ober-Hauterivium steigen die Karbonatgehalte wieder stärker an, um dann im Barremium und Unter- Aptium die im Durchschnitt geringsten Werte der borealen Unterkreide NW-Deutschlands zu erreichen. Erst im Ober-Aptium steigen die Karbonatgehalte wieder an, sinken im Unter-Albium deutlich ab und nehmen vom Mittel-Albium bis Cenomanium kontinuierlich zu. Parallel zum abnehmenden Karbonatgehalt der Sedimente verschwinden bereits im Hauterivium Korallen, Kalkschwämme und Bryozoen, im höchsten Ober-Hauterivium auch die Crinoiden. Erst im höheren Unter-Albium erscheinen wieder Crinoiden im Faunenbild der Bodentier-Vergesellschaftungen. Daraus läßt sich eine deutliche Temperaturabnahme - zumindest im Bodenwasserbereich - infolge fehlender warmer Meeres-Strömungen, verbunden mit einer Zunahme der Wassertiefe im Beckenbereich vom Unter-Barremium bis Unter-Aptium, ableiten. Nach beträchtlicher regionaler Ausweitung der Meeresräume während des Albium kennzeichnen abseits der Küsten- und Schwellenbereiche erstmalig pelagische Faziesverhältnisse das lithologische und faunistische Bild der höheren Unterkreide NW-Deutschlands.