Influência de diferentes métodos de condicionamento superficial em pinos pré-fabricados resinosos fibro-reforçados em vidro e quartzo na resistência adesiva a compósito de polimerização dual: teste de push-out

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação tridimensional da rugosidade superficial em 3 tipos de pinos de fibra - DT LightPost, FRC Postec Plus e Transluma Post - submetidos a diferentes tratamentos de superfície e avaliar os efeitos dos pré-tratamentos na resistência adesiva a um compósito de presa dual Biscore. Os tratamentos de superfície foram: imersão em ácido hidrofluorídrico, jateamento com óxido de alumínio a 50m, imersão em peróxido de hidrogênio, jateamento com óxido de alumínio a 50m seguido de imersão em ácido hidrofluorídrico e jateamento com óxido de alumínio a 50m seguido de imersão em peróxido de hidrogênio. No experimento 1, 75 pinos foram divididos em 3 grupos (n = 25), de acordo com seu fabricante e subdivididos em cinco subgrupos. A rugosidade superficial foi medida usando um rugosímetro tridimensional e analisada com o software de análise 3D. Os valores de rugosidade foram obtidos antes e após diferentes tratamentos de superfície na área dos mesmos corpos-de-prova. Para o experimento 2, foram utilizados os mesmos corpos-de-prova, os mesmos grupos e subgrupos do experimento 1, tendo sido adicionado o subgrupo de controle (n=90) e a resistência adesiva a um compósito presa dual Biscore foi mensurada através de um teste push-out. A resistência adesiva foi medida em uma máquina universal de ensaios, com uma célula de carga tipo SLBL-5kN em uma velocidade de 0,5 mm / min. Os resultados do experimento 1 foram analisados através de um teste estatístico t-Student. Jateamento e jateamento seguido de imersão em ácido hidrofluorídrico produziram um aumento estatisticamente significante na rugosidade, contudo somente o tratamento por jateamento proporcionou um aumento significativo nos valores de rugosidade. Os resultados do experimento 2 foram obtidos através de um um teste t-unilateral de hipótese com variância desconhecida. Concluiu-se que o jateamento com óxido de alumínio a 50μm em uma distância de 30 mm a 2,5 bar de pressão por 5 segundos foi suficiente para modificar a topografia dos pinos de fibra de vidro e quartzo e que o jateamento com partículas de 50 μ alumina a distância de 30 mm a 2,5 bar de pressão por 5 segundos foi o único tratamento de superfície que aumentou a resistência adesiva do compósito Biscore aos pinos DT Light Post e Transluma Post. Os pinos FRC Postec Plus não demostraram um aumento estatisticamente significante na resistência adesiva em nenhum grupo.

Avaliação de propriedades mecânicas e térmicas de compósito à base de polietileno de alta densidade e hidroxiapatita deficiente de cálcio

No presente trabalho, foram processados compósitos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com hidroxiapatita deficiente de cálcio (HA), com o objetivo de obter materiais com melhores propriedades mecânicas e bioatividade. A adição da HA deficiente de cálcio proporcionou um aumento no módulo de elasticidade (maior rigidez), menor resistência ao impacto e decréscimo do grau de cristalinidade do PEAD, proporcionando uma maior bioatividade ao material. A análise térmica exploratória (sistema não isotérmico) foi realizada por meio da técnica de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e foram avaliados os teores de fosfato de cálcio e a velocidade de rotação da rosca no processamento dos materiais. No estudo da cristalização não-isotérmica observou-se uma diminuição da temperatura de cristalização com o aumento da taxa de resfriamento para todos os materiais sintetizados. A energia de ativação (Ea) da cristalização dos materiais foi avaliada por meio dos métodos Kissinger e Ozawa. A amostra com 5% de HA deficiente de cálcio e velocidade de processamento de 200 rpm foi a que apresentou menor valor de energia de ativação, 262 kJ/mol, menor desvio da linearidade e a que mais se assemelhou à matriz de PEAD sem HA. O teor de hidroxiapatita deficiente de cálcio não favorece o processo de cristalização devido à alta energia de ativação determinada pelos métodos descritos. Provavelmente, a velocidade de rotação, favorece a dispersão da carga na matriz de PEAD, dificultando o processo de cristalização. Na aplicação do método de Osawa-Avrami, os coeficientes de correlação indicaram perda na correlação linear. Estas perdas podem estar associadas a uma pequena percentagem de cristalização secundária e/ou à escolha das temperaturas utilizadas para determinar a velocidade de cristalização. Na determinação dos parâmetros pelo método de Mo, as menores percentagens de cristalização apresentaram um grande desvio da linearidade, com coeficiente de correlação bem menor que 1 e com o aumento da percentagem de cristalização, o desvio da linearidade diminui, ficando próximo de 1. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o modelo de Mo e de Osawa-Avrami não foram capazes de definir o comportamento cinético dos materiais produzidos neste trabalho.

Bio-synthesis of nanosized semiconductors using mine wastes as material sources

This work describes the synthesis of nanosized metal sulfides and respective SiO2 and/or TiO2 composites in high yield via a straightforward process, under ambient conditions (temperature and pressure), by adding to aqueous metals a nutrient solution containing biologically generated sulfide from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The nanoparticles‘ (NPs) morphological properties were shown not to be markedly altered by the SRB growth media composition neither by the presence of bacterial cells. We further extended the work carried out, using the effluent of a bioremediation system previously established. The process results in the synthesis of added value products obtained from metal rich effluents, such as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), when associated with the bioremediation process. Precipitation of metals using sulfide allows for the possibility of selective recovery, as different metal sulfides possess different solubilities. We have evaluated the selective precipitation of CuS, ZnS and FeS as nanosized metal sulfides. Again, we have also tested the precipitation of these metal sulfides in the presence of support structures, such as SiO2. Studies were carried out using both artificial and real solutions in a continuous bioremediation system. We found that this method allowed for a highly selective precipitation of copper and a lower selectivity in the precipitation of zinc and iron, though all metals were efficiently removed (>93% removal). This research has also demonstrated the potential of ZnS-TiO2 nanocomposites as catalysts in the photodegradation of organic pollutants using the cationic dye, Safranin-T, as a model contaminant. The influence of the catalyst amount, initial pH and dye concentration were also evaluated. Finally, the efficiency of the precipitates as catalysts in sunlight mediated photodegradation was investigated, using different volumes of dye-contaminated water (150 mL and 10 L). This work demonstrates that all tested composites have the potential to be used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Safranin-T.

Estudo da viabilidade da incorporação de resíduos de contrafortes de calçados em matriz de gesso para uso como material de construção civil

A reciclagem de resíduos na forma de materiais e componentes de construção civil tem sido uma alternativa bem sucedida em diversos casos, beneficiando a sociedade de várias maneiras, como pela economia de uso de matérias primas extraídas da natureza, pela redução do consumo de energia na produção de materiais e pela diminuição da poluição ambiental. Neste trabalho se estuda a viabilidade de reciclagem de um resíduo industrial sólido, gerado na operação de corte das peças de contrafortes de calçados1, cuja quantidade de geração de resíduos na Região do Vale dos Sinos - RS é estimada em 80 ton/mês, o que eqüivale a um volume mensal de 550m3 de resíduos. Até hoje o resíduo tem como destino final o descarte em aterros apropriados, devido ao alto custo necessário para a reutilização do material no processo industrial. A proposta para o uso do resíduo neste trabalho é sua adição em matriz de gesso, gerando um novo compósito para posterior uso na produção de materiais e componentes de construção civil. A realização do trabalho permitiu verificar que a adição do resíduo em matriz de gesso é possível, em teores de até 25% (massa de resíduo moído em relação à massa de gesso da matriz), não exigindo tecnologia sofisticada para moldagem. Os resultados de ensaios realizados para caracterização do compósito indicam que o resíduo adicionado tem comportamento semelhante ao de uma fibra, incrementando de forma muito significativa a resistência ao impacto e à flexão e o comportamento pós-fissuração. A adição dos resíduos aumentou a tenacidade da matriz , evitando rupturas bruscas e proporcionando uma deformação plástica considerável. O compósito gerado é resistente ao manuseio, sendo adequado para uso na construção civil.

Efeito da fotoativação com LED sobre a microdureza de um compósito em cavidades com diferentes profundidades

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de três aparelhos fotoativadores, sendo que dois aparelhos utilizam a tecnologia de diodos emissores de luz (LED) (Radii-SDI; Single V-Bio art) e o ultimo é um aparelho convencional de lâmpada halógena (XL-2500-3M ESPE), sendo que o primeiro apresenta o diodo emissor de luz na extremidade do aparelho; o segundo apresenta ponteira de fibra óptica turbo e o terceiro apresenta ponteira de fibra óptica convencional. O desempenho dos aparelhos foi analisado por meio da análise de microdureza do fundo de um incremento de 2mm do compósito Z250 (3M ESPE), submetido à polimerização em diferentes profundidades: 2mm, 4mm, 6mm e 8mm. Em todos os casos, o tempo de polimerização adotado foi de 20 s. Para obtenção dos corpos de prova, foi utilizada uma matriz de dentina com uma cavidade de 3mm de diâmetro por 2mm de espessura. Para simular as diferentes profundidades de 2mm, 4mm, 6mm e 8mm, foram utilizados espaçadores de dentina em forma de anel com 2mm, 4mm, e 6mm de espessura sobre a matriz. Para o ensaio de microdureza, foram confeccionados cinco corpos de prova para cada combinação entre aparelho fotoativador e as quatro profundidades, totalizando 60 corpos de prova. . O ensaio foi realizado 15min após a polimerização. Os valores de microdureza foram obtidos a partir de cinco endentações em cada corpo de prova. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Tukey para comparação entre os aparelhos, em cada profundidade (α=0,05). Os valores médios e desvio padrão da microdureza obtidos com os aparelhos Radii(R), Single V (S) e XL-2500(XL), a 2mm, foram respectivamente: 55,16 (±1,66), 58,56 (±1,77), 51,15 (±2,08), mostrando diferença significativa entre eles, sendo que o melhor desempenho foi obtido pelo S seguido pelo R e pelo XL. A 4mm, os valores foram R= 52,23 (±1,66 ); S= 49,04 (±2,04); XL= 47,34 (±2,69), com melhor desempenho do R em relação a XL, porém sem diferença do S. A 6mm, os valores foram R= 46,40 (±1,07); S= 43,64 (±1,56); XL= 42,12 (±1,72). Com melhor desempenho do R, seguidos pelo S e XL que não mostraram diferença entre si. Já a 8mm, os valores foram R= 41,96 (±1,09); S= 38,36(± 0,87); XL= 40,16 (±1,70), com melhor desempenho do R seguido pelo XL e este pelo S, mostrando diferença significativa entre eles. Comparando os aparelhos LED com a lâmpada halógena, pode-se observar que o Radii teve um desempenho superior a ela em todas as profundidades. Já o Single V foi superior na profundidade de 2mm, similar em 4mm e em 6mm e inferior em 8mm, mostrando que os aparelhos LED tiveram um comportamento diferenciado que talvez possa ser atribuído à presença de uma ponteira turbo no Single V. Também com base nos resultados foi possível concluir que houve uma redução significativa, dos valores de microdureza do fundo do material restaurador com o aumento da profundidade da cavidade para todos os aparelhos.

Aproveitamento da fibra do epicarpo do coco babaçu em compósito com matriz epóxi: estudo do efeito do tratamento da fibra

Nowadays the environmental issues are increasingly highlighted since the future of humanity is dependent on the actions taken by man. Major efforts are being expended in pursuit of knowledge and alternatives to promote sustainable development without compromising the environment. In recent years there has been a marked growth in the development of reinforced composite fiber plants, as an alternative for economic and ecological effects, especially in the substitution of synthetic materials such as reinforcement material in composites. In this current study the chemical- physical or (thermophysics )characteristics of the babassu coconut fiber, derived from the epicarp of the fruit (Orbignyda Phalerata), which the main constituents of the fiber: Klason lignin, insoluble, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose and the content of ash and moisture will be determined. A study was conducted about the superficial modification of the fibers of the epicarp babassu coconut under the influence of chemical treatment by alkalinization, in an aqueous solution of NaOH to 2.5% (m/v) and to 5.0% to improve the compatibility matrix / reinforcement composite with epoxy matrix. The results of the changes occurred in staple fibers through the use of the techniques of thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results found on thermal analysis on samples of fiber without chemical treatment (alkalinities), and on fiber samples treated by alkalinization show that the proposed chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of the fibers and provides a growth of the surface of area fibers, parameters that enhance adhesion fiber / composite. The findings were evaluated and compared with published results from other vegetable fibers, showing that the use of babassu coconut fibers has technical and economic potential for its use as reinforcement in composites

Utilização de resíduo lignocelulósico na obtenção de chapa de madeira aglomerada homogênea e compósito reforçado com fibra de vidro-E

This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

Desenvolvimento de um compósito de espuma rígida de poliuretana de mamona e fibras de sisal para isolação térmica

The search for sustainable technologies that can contribute to reduce energy consumption is a great challenge in the field of insulation materials. In this context, composites manufactured from vegetal sources are an alternative technology. The principal objectives of this work are the development and characterization of a composite composed by the rigid polyurethane foam derived from castor oil (commercially available as RESPAN D40) and sisal fibers. The manufacture of the composite was done with expansion controlled inside a closed mold. The sisal fibers where used in the form of needlepunched nonwoven with a mean density of 1150 g/m2 and 1350 g/m2. The composite characterization was performed through the following tests: thermal conductivity, thermal behavior, thermo gravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), mechanical strength in compression and flexural, apparent density, water absorption in percentile, and the samples morphology was analyzed in a MEV. The density and humidity percentage of the sisal fiber were also determined. The thermal conductivity of the composites was higher than the pure polyurethane foam, the addition of nonwoven sisal fibers will become in a higher level of compact foam, reducing empty spaces (cells) of polyurethane, inducing an increase in k value. The apparent density of the composites was higher than pure polyurethane foam. In the results of water absorption tests, was seen a higher absorption percent of the composites, what is related to the presence of sisal fibers which are hygroscopic. From TG/DTG results, with the addition of sisal fibers reduced the strength to thermal degradation of the composites, a higher loss of mass was observed in the temperature band between 200 and 340 °C, related to urethane bonds decomposition and cellulose degradation and its derivatives. About mechanical behavior in compression and flexural, composites presented a better mechanical behavior than the rigid polyurethane foam. An increase in the amount of sisal fibers induces a higher rigidity of the composites. At the thermal behavior tests, the composites were more mechanically and thermally resistant than some materials commonly used for thermal insulation, they present the same or better results. The density of nonwoven sisal fiber had influence over the insulation grade; this means that, an increaser in sisal fiber density helped to retain the heat

Estudo das propriedades termofísicas com variação da expansibilidade de compósito desenvolvido com matriz PUR-NOP e carga funcional de argilomineral

In this study were conducted experimental procedures for determination of variation of the expandability of rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) from a natural oil polyol (NOP), specifically the Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, pure and additions of the vermiculite in phase dispersed in different percentage within a range from 0% to 20%, mass replacement. From the information acquired, were defined the parameters for production of bodies of test, plates obtained through controlled expansion, with the final volume fixed. Initially, the plates were subjected to thermal performance tests and evaluated the temperature profiles, to later be extracted samples duly prepared in accordance with the conditions required for each test. Was proceeded then the measurement of the coefficient of thermal conductivity, volumetric capacity heat and thermal diffusivity. The findings values were compared with the results obtained in the tests of thermal performance, contributing to validation of the same. Ultimately, it was investigated the influence that changes in physical-chemical structure of the material had exerted on the variation of thermophysical quantities through gas pycnometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), infrared spectroscopy using Fourier transform (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Based on the results obtained was possible to demonstrate that all load percentage analyzed promoted an increase in the potential expansion (PE) of the resin. In production of the plates, the composites with density near at the free expansion presented high contraction during the cure, being the of higher density adopted as definitive standard. In the thermal performance tests, the heating and cooling curves of the different composites had presented symmetry and values very close for lines of the temperature. The results obtained for the thermophysical properties of composites, showed little difference in respect of pure foam. The percentage of open pores and irregularities in the morphology of the composites were proportionate to the increment of vermiculite. In the interaction between the matrix and dispersed phase, there were no chemical transformations in the region of interface and new compounds were not generated. The composites of PUR-NOP and vermiculite presented thermal insulating properties near the foam pure and percentage significantly less plastic in its composition, to the formulation with 10% of load

Estudo do aproveitamento de resíduo de gesso como carga para compósito com matriz de resina expansiva de mamona

In the execution of civil engineering works, either by wasting during the coating of wall or demolition of gypsum walls, the generation of the gypsum waste involves serious environmental concerns. These concerns are increased by the high demand of this raw material in the sector and by the difficulties of proper disposal byproduct generated. In the search for alternatives to minimize this problem, many research works are being conducted, giving emphasis in using gypsum waste as fillers in composites materials in order to improve the acoustic, thermal and mechanical performances. Through empirical testing, it was observed that the crystallization water contained in the residue (CaSO4.2H2O) could act like primary agent in the expanding of the polyurethane foam. Considering that polyurethane produced from vegetable oils are biodegradable synthetic polymers and that are admittedly to represent an alternative to petrochemical synthetic polyurethane, this research consist an analysis of the thermal behavior of a composite whose matrix obtained from a resin derived from the expansive castor oil seed, with loads of 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of gypsum waste replacing to the polyol prepolymer blend. Contributors to this analysis: a characterization of the raw material through analysis of spectroscopy by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), chemical analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and mineralogical analysis by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), complemented by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). In order to evaluate the thermo physical properties and thermal behavior of the composites manufactured in die closed with expansion contained, were also carried tests to determine the percentage of open pore volume using a gas pycnometer, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), in addition to testing of flammability and the resistance to contact with hot surfaces. Through the analysis of the results, it appears that it is possible to produce a new material, which few changes in their thermo physical properties and thermal performance, promotes significant changes and attractive to the environment

Desenvolvimento de compósito de pu de mamona com carga de resíduo de couro para isolação térmica

The standardization of the bovine skin thickness in the leather industry generates a residue known as wet-blue . At the end of twentieth century, the brazilian industry discarded about 131 thousand tons of this residue in nature, provoking a great environmental liability. In this paper is presented the analyses of the termophysical properties, thermal and volumetric expansion performance of a composite of vegetable resin of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) with load of industrial residue of leather "wet-blue", for application as thermal isolation material of warm surfaces. There were considered four percentile levels of residue load in the proportions in mass of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, added to the expansible resin of castor oil plant in two configurations: sawed leather and crushed leather in a smaller particle (powder) by grinding in a mill of balls. Twenty-one proof bodies were produced for termophysical properties analysis (three for each configuration) and four proof bodies for rehearsals of thermal acting. Analyses of thermal acting were done in test cameras. The results of the rehearsals were compared to those obtained considering the castor oil plant foam without residue addition. A small reduction of the thermal conductivity of the composite was observed in the proportion of 10% of leather residue in both configurations. Regarding thermal conductivity, calorific capacity and diffusivity, it was verified that the proposed composite showed very close values to the commercial insulating materials (glass wool, rock wool, EPS). It was still demonstrated the technical viability of the use of composite as insulating thermal for systems of low potency. The composite presented larger volumetric expansion with 15% of sawed residue of leather.

Estudo da flamabilidade e resistência à chama de compósito de poliéster insaturado e fibra da folha do abacaxizeiro (PALF)

In the present research work, composites were prepared using pine apple leaf fibres (PALF) as reinforcement with unsaturated polyester resin as matrix, incorporating with fire retardant at different compositions. The PALF was obtained from the decortication of pine apple leaves obtained from Ramada 4 from Ielmo Marinho in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The unsaturated polyester resin and the catalyzer were bought from the local establishment. The fire retardant, aluminium tri-hydroxide - Al(OH)3 was donated by Alcoa Alumínio S.A and was used in the proportions of 20%, 40% and 60% w/w. Initially the fibres were treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, to remove any impurities present on the fibre surface, such as wax, fat, pectin and pectate, in order to have a better adsorption of the fibres with the matrix as well as the flame retardant. The fibre mat was prepared in a mat preparator by immersion, developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory, at the UFRN. The composites (300x300x3 mm) were prepared by compression molding and the samples (150x25x3 mm) for analysis of the properties were cut randomly using a laser cutter. Some of the cut samples were used to measure the smoke emission and fire resistance using UL94 standard. Mechanical tension-extension and flexural properties were carried in CTGás RN and the Laboratório de Metais e Ensaios Mecânicos Engenharia de Materiais UFRN , as well as SEM studies were carried out at Núcleo de Estudos em Petróleo e Gás Natural - UFRN . From the observed results, it was noted that, there was no marked influence of the fire retardant on the mechanical properties. Also in the water absorption test, the quantity of water absorbed was less in the sample with higher concentration of fire retardant. It was also observed that the increase in the proportion of the fire retardant increased the time of burning, may be due to the compactness of the composite due to the presence of fire retardant as a filling material even though it was meant to reduce the rate of inflammability of the composite

Estudo de um compósito de matriz cerâmica com carga de recicláveis para o uso na construção civi

With a view to revitalizing public environments through criteria that include economy, tourism, aesthetics and respect for the environment, this paper proposes a model of kiosk manufactured with composite material blocks, to be employed as a public instrument. . The model consists of a structure composed of planned blocks and manufactured in cement-based composite, gypsum, ground and water, having the styrofoam inside filled with pet bottles of 500 ml dose. The social and environmental issue is the critical point of the work when it can, through the reuse of environmentally harmful materials such as polyethylene terephthalate PET, using such modules for the construction of various areas of Commerce, promoting the protection of the environment combined with the improvement of the quality of life of the population. The tourism factor, which is significant in the economy of the North, is also considered as the modulated kiosk has a visual aspect innovative and differentiated. The environmental issue is addressed by encouraging the reuse of PET material and EPS (polystyrene)

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de poliuretano de mamona e pó de vidro para aplicações em insolantes térmicos

Thermal insulation is used to protect the heated or cooled surfaces by the low thermal conductivity materials. The rigid ricin polyurethane foams (PURM) are used for thermal insulation and depend on the type and concentration of blowing agent. Obtaining PURM occurs by the use of polyol, silicone, catalyst and blowing agent are pre -mixed, reacting with the isocyanate. The glass is reusable, returnable and recyclable heat insulating material, whose time of heat dissipation determines the degree of relaxation of its structure; and viscosity determines the conditions for fusion, operating temperatures, annealing, etc. The production of PURM composites with waste glass powder (PV) represents economical and renewable actions of manufacturing of thermal insulating materials. Based on these aspects, the study aimed to produce and characterize the PURM composites with PV, whose the mass percentages were 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. PURM was obtained commercially, while the PV was recycled from the tailings of the stoning process of a glassmaking; when the refining process was applied to obtain micrometer particles. The PURM + PV composites were studied taking into account the standard sample of pure PURM and the influence of the percentage of PV in this PURM matrix. The results of the chemical, physical and morphological characterization were discussed taking into account the difference in the microstructural morphology of the PURM+PV composites and the pure PURM, as well the results of the physicochemical, mechanical e thermophysical tests by values obtained of density, hardness, compressive strength, specific heat, thermal conductivity and diffusivity. In general, the structure of pure PURM showed large, elongated and regular pores, while PURM+PV composites showed irregular, small and rounded pores with shapeless cells. This may have contributed to reducing their mechanical strength, especially for PURM - PV50. The hardness and density were found to have a proportional relationship with the PV content on PURM matrix. The specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity showed proportional relationship to each other. So, this has been realized that the increasing the PV content on PURM matrix resulted in the rise of diffusivity and thermal conductivity and the decrease of the specific heat. However, the values obtained by the PURM composites were similar the values of pure PURM, mainly the PURM-PV5 and PURM-PV10. Therefore, these composites can be applied like thermal insulator; furthermore, their use could reduce the production costs and to preserve the environment

Obtenção e caracterização do sistema compósito alginato de sódio-dióxido de titânio em formas de pó e de membrana

The alginates are copolymers of 1→4-linked β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-Lguluronic acid (G) residues that are arranjed in a block structure along a linear chain. Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is a ceramic material and can exist in three distinct crystallography forms: anatase, brookite and rutile. composites of organic and inorganic materials have better properties than the components alone. Thus, this study aims to synthesize, characterize and analyze the composite NaAlg-TiO2 in the form of powder and film. The synthesis of composite powders was performed using the sol-gel process and obtain the composite film was performed using the slow evaporation process, then the composites were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence x ray, thermal analysis, attenuated total reflection (ATR), x ray diffraction and impedance spectroscopy. The X ray diffraction patterns of composite powders show that with increasing calcination temperature, there were no complete transition of rutile-anatase crystalline phase, since at all temperatures studied (300, 500, 700, 900 and 1100ºC) were observed peaks of anatase phase. Thermal analysis shows that at 400°C caused the decomposition of sodium alginate in sodium carbonate and above 600°C, we observe an exothermic peak related to the decomposition of sodium carbonate and in the presence of titanium dioxide becomes sodium titanate. The XRD results confirm the formation of sodium carbonate at 700ºC and the formation sodium titanate in the temperature range 900-1100ºC. The sodium titanate influenced the electrical properties of the material, because with increasing temperature there was a decrease in conductivity, probably due to the creation of Ti vacancies, since the sodium can induce the reduction of surface Ti4+ ions into Ti3+ species. The infrared spectra of the composites in the form of powder and film showed a small shift in the bands compared to the spectrum of pure alginate, indicating that these shifts, even small ones, have evidence of miscibility between the polymer and ceramic material