The SAFE FOODS framework for improved risk analysis of foods

Three main changes to current risk analysis processes are proposed to improve their transparency, openness, and accountability. First, the addition of a formal framing stage would allow interested parties, experts and officials to work together as needed to gain an initial shared understanding of the issue, the objectives of regulatory action, and alternative risk management measures. Second, the scope of the risk assessment is expanded to include the assessment of health and environmental benefits as well as risks, and the explicit consideration of economic- and social-impacts of risk management action and their distribution. Moreover approaches were developed for deriving improved information from genomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling methods and for probabilistic modelling of health impacts for risk assessment purposes. Third, in an added evaluation stage, interested parties, experts, and officials may compare and weigh the risks, costs, and benefits and their distribution. As part of a set of recommendations on risk communication, we propose that reports on each stage should be made public.

Lessons from real estate partnerships in the UK: Drivers, barriers and critical success factors

Purpose – This paper seeks to summarise the main research findings from a detailed, qualitative set of structured interviews and case studies of Real Estate Partnership (REP) schemes in the UK, which involve the construction of built facilities. The research, which was funded by the Foundation for the Built Environment, examines the evolution of REPs in the UK and in Europe. The paper also aims to analyse best practice, critical factors for success, and lessons for the future. Design/methodology/approach – The research in this paper is based around ten semi-structured interviews conducted with senior representatives from corporate occupiers, property consultants, legal practices and REP service providers. Findings – The research in the paper demonstrates that REPs are particularly suited to the UK, where lease lengths are relatively long, and the level of corporate real estate owner-occupation is often higher than elsewhere. It also shows that further research is needed to examine the future shape and form of the UK REP market. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on a limited number of in-depth case study interviews. The paper shows that further research is needed to find better ways to examine REPs empirically. Practical implications – The paper is important in highlighting a number of main issues in developing REPs: identifying with occupier's objectives; risk transfer and size of contract; and developing appropriate innovation and skills. Originality/value – The paper examines the drivers, barriers and critical success factors (at strategic and operational levels) for REPs in the UK in detail and will be of value to property managers, facilities managers, investors, financiers, and others involved in the REP process.

Valuation 'accuracy' within the Right to Buy process

Based on surveys undertaken with local authorities and valuers who provide the valuations on which purchase prices for local authority houses under the Right to Buy are based, this paper reports on research which aims to establish the reasons for the differences between the initial valuations provided by the local authority valuers and those provided by the District Valuer on appeal. The paper reports on the reasons why tenants appeal the initial valuation and discusses issues of valuation accuracy, uncertainty and the different and imperfect data available to valuers employed by the organisations involved, as well as the factors within the valuation process, including the absence of any requirement to agree a value, which contribute to the different outcomes.

Briefing: re-engineering the city 2020–2050 – urban foresight and transition management

Cities may be responsible for up to 70% of global carbon emissions and 75% of global energy consumption and by 2050 it is estimated that 70% of the world's population could live in cities. The critical challenge for contemporary urbanism, therefore, is to understand how to develop the knowledge, capacity and capability for public agencies, the private sector and multiple users in city regions systemically to re-engineer their built environment and urban infrastructure in response to climate change and resource constraints. Re-Engineering the City 2020–2050: Urban Foresight and Transition Management (Retrofit 2050) is a major new interdisciplinary project funded under the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council's (EPSRC) Sustainable Urban Environments Programme which seeks to address this challenge. This briefing describes the background and conceptual framing of Retrofit 2050 project, its aims and objectives and research approach.

Researching farmer behaviour in climate change adaptation and sustainable agriculture: lessons learned from five case studies

Understanding farmer behaviour is needed for local agricultural systems to produce food sustainably while facing multiple pressures. We synthesize existing literature to identify three fundamental questions that correspond to three distinct areas of knowledge necessary to understand farmer behaviour: 1) decision-making model; 2) cross-scale and cross-level pressures; and 3) temporal dynamics. We use this framework to compare five interdisciplinary case studies of agricultural systems in distinct geographical contexts across the globe. We find that these three areas of knowledge are important to understanding farmer behaviour, and can be used to guide the interdisciplinary design and interpretation of studies in the future. Most importantly, we find that these three areas need to be addressed simultaneously in order to understand farmer behaviour. We also identify three methodological challenges hindering this understanding: the suitability of theoretical frameworks, the trade-offs among methods and the limited timeframe of typical research projects. We propose that a triangulation research strategy that makes use of mixed methods, or collaborations between researchers across mixed disciplines, can be used to successfully address all three areas simultaneously and show how this has been achieved in the case studies. The framework facilitates interdisciplinary research on farmer behaviour by opening up spaces of structured dialogue on assumptions, research questions and methods employed in investigation.

On the Use of Agents in a Bioinformatics Grid

MyGrid is an e-Science Grid project that aims to help biologists and bioinformaticians to perform workflow-based in silico experiments, and help them to automate the management of such workflows through personalisation, notification of change and publication of experiments. In this paper, we describe the architecture of myGrid and how it will be used by the scientist. We then show how myGrid can benefit from agents technologies. We have identified three key uses of agent technologies in myGrid: user agents, able to customize and personalise data, agent communication languages offering a generic and portable communication medium, and negotiation allowing multiple distributed entities to reach service level agreements.

Movimento dos sentidos : o discurso do jornal Zero Hora sobre o Partido dos Trabalhadores, durante a Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito da Segurança Pública, realizada pela Assembléia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2001

Esta pesquisa de mestrado analisa o discurso do jornal Zero Hora sobre o Partido dos Trabalhadores, durante a Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito da Segurança Pública, realizada pela Assembléia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul, de 18 de abril a 10 de novembro de 2001. Para compreender o funcionamento destes discursos nos amparamos em fundamentos teóricos e em procedimentos metodológicos consagrados pela Escola Francesa da Análise do Discurso e, também, nos cercamos de conceitos de comunicação, política e jornalismo. 7 RESUMO Construímos o corpus de nossa pesquisa, partindo das 48 edições do jornal Zero Hora subseqüentes às audiências da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito e mais a edição relativa à leitura do relatório final dos trabalhos desta Comissão, totalizando 49 exemplares, nas quais foram publicadas 110 matérias informativas sobre a Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito. Deste total, subdividimos e classificamos as matérias exclusivas sobre o Partido dos Trabalhadores. Verificamos que o jornal Zero Hora, no período estudado, construiu um discurso de resistência e de oposição ao Partido dos Trabalhadores e ao poder político instituído no Estado, visando desestabilizar o capital simbólico deste partido - a sua credibilidade. Articulado com veículos da RBS, o jornal interferiu na pauta da CPI da Segurança Pública, fiscalizou as ações do PT, sugeriu rumos ao partido e usou ironias da oposição, no seu discurso jornalístico. A repetição e a disputa política pelas eleições de 2002 também estiveram presentes na discursividade do jornal. Partimos da perspectiva de que o discurso jornalístico não é um discurso da realidade, mas um discurso sobre a realidade. Assim, contestamos o mito da objetividade jornalística, embora esta visão ainda domine no campo da comunicação. E nos contrapomos ao argumento da neutralidade no discurso do jornal Zero Hora, utilizando o paradigma de Gaye Tuchman, segundo o qual os jornais e os jornalistas, em busca da imparcialidade jornalística, recorrem a determinados rituais estratégicos para se protegerem das críticas - como ouvir os dois lados, apresentar provas complementares, usar aspas e a pirâmide invertida, na elaboração das matérias jornalísticas. Identificamos no discurso do jornal Zero Hora sobre o Partido dos Trabalhadores, no período estudado, a existência de pelo menos duas formações discursivas: uma FD-petista e outra FD-antipetista, que em alguns momentos aparecem isoladas e, em outros se misturam e se mesclam. As principais marcas observadas em ambas linhas discursivas são relativas à ética e à democracia. Embora os enunciadores tenham sido múltiplos, o fio condutor destes discursos apontou para uma mesma direção de sentidos e a FD-antipetista se revelou com uma presença mais marcante.

The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.

La experiencia de Monteverde

Incluye Bibliografía

The State and poverty in Costa Rica

Includes bibliography

EL Estado y la pobreza en Costa Rica

Incluye Bibliografía

Capital requirements for expansion of the electric utility industry in Latin America

Includes bibliography