Degradation of pheromone and plant volatile components by a same Odorant-Degrading Enzyme in the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis

Background: Odorant-Degrading Enzymes (ODEs) are supposed to be involved in the signal inactivation step within the olfactory sensilla of insects by quickly removing odorant molecules from the vicinity of the olfactory receptors. Only three ODEs have been both identified at the molecular level and functionally characterized: two were specialized in the degradation of pheromone compounds and the last one was shown to degrade a plant odorant. Methodology: Previous work has shown that the antennae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis , a worldwide pest of agricultural crops, express numerous candidate ODEs. We focused on an esterase overexpressed in males antennae, namely SlCXE7. We studied its expression patterns and tested its catalytic properties towards three odorants, i.e. the two female sex pheromone components and a green leaf volatile emitted by host plants. Conclusion: SlCXE7 expression was concomitant during development with male responsiveness to odorants and during adult scotophase with the period of male most active sexual behaviour. Furthermore, SlCXE7 transcription could be induced by male exposure to the main pheromone component, suggesting a role of Pheromone-Degrading Enzyme. Interestingly, recombinant SlCXE7 was able to efficiently hydrolyze the pheromone compounds but also the plant volatile, with a higher affinity for the pheromone than for the plant compound. In male antennae, SlCXE7 expression was associated with both long and short sensilla, tuned to sex pheromones or plant odours, respectively. Our results thus suggested that a same ODE could have a dual function depending of it sensillar localisation. Within the pheromone-sensitive sensilla, SlCXE7 may play a role in pheromone signal termination and in reduction of odorant background noise, whereas it could be involved in plant odorant inactivation within the short sensilla.

Vieillissement: éléments pour une politique de santé publique

[Table des matières] 1. Résumé. 2. Introduction. 3. Evolution démographique. 4. Evolution épidémiologique : infarctus du myocarde, insuffisance cardiaque, accident vasculaire cérébral, diabète, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, cancer en général, cancer pulmonaire, cancer colorectal, cancer du sein, cancer de la prostate, dépression, démence sénile de type Alzheimer et autres démences, syndrome parkinsonien et maladie de Parkinson, maladie rhumatismale, arthrose, lombalgie, ostéoporose et fractures, déficit et dépendance fonctionnels. 5. Réponses sanitaires. 6. Recommandations. 7. Lexique. 8. Index des tableaux. 9. Index des figures. 10-11. Annexes.

The nine-year sustained cost-containment impact of swiss pilot physicians-pharmacists quality circles.

BACKGROUND: Six pioneer physicians-pharmacists quality circles (PPQCs) located in the Swiss canton of Fribourg (administratively corresponding to a state in the US) were under the responsibility of 6 trained community pharmacists moderating the prescribing process of 24 general practitioners (GPs). PPQCs are based on a multifaceted collaborative process mediated by community pharmacists for improving compliance with clinical guidelines within GPs' prescribing practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess, over a 9-year period (1999-2007), the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs. METHODS: The key elements of PPQCs are a structured continuous quality improvement and education process; local networking; feedback of comparative and detailed data regarding costs, drug choice, and frequency of prescribed drugs; and structured independent literature review for interdisciplinary continuing education. The data are issued from the community pharmacy invoices to the health insurance companies. The study analyzed the cost-containment impact of the PPQCs in comparison with GPs working in similar conditions of care without particular collaboration with pharmacists, the percentage of generic prescriptions for specific cardiovascular drug classes, and the percentage of drug costs or units prescribed for specific cardiovascular drugs. RESULTS: For the 9-year period, there was a 42% decrease in the drug costs in the PPQC group as compared to the control group, representing a $225,000 (USD) savings per GP only in 2007. These results are explained by better compliance with clinical and pharmacovigilance guidelines, larger distribution of generic drugs, a more balanced attitude toward marketing strategies, and interdisciplinary continuing education on the rational use of drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The PPQC work process has yielded sustainable results, such as significant cost savings, higher penetration of generics and reflection on patient safety, and the place of "new" drugs in therapy. The PPQCs may also constitute a solid basis for implementing more comprehensive collaborative programs, such as medication reviews, adherence-enhancing interventions, or disease management approaches.

Development of pharmaceutical care services in nursing homes: practice and research in a Swiss canton.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the implementation process and economic impact of a new pharmaceutical care service provided since 2002 by pharmacists in Swiss nursing homes. SETTING: The setting was 42 nursing homes located in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland under the responsibility of 22 pharmacists. METHOD: We developed different facilitators, such as a monitoring system, a coaching program, and a research project, to help pharmacists change their practice and to improve implementation of this new service. We evaluated the implementation rate of the service delivered in nursing homes. We assessed the economic impact of the service since its start in 2002 using statistical evaluation (Chow test) with retrospective analysis of the annual drug costs per resident over an 8-year period (1998-2005). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The description of the facilitators and their implications in implementation of the service; the economic impact of the service since its start in 2002. RESULTS: In 2005, after a 4-year implementation period supported by the introduction of facilitators of practice change, all 42 nursing homes (2,214 residents) had implemented the pharmaceutical care service. The annual drug costs per resident decreased by about 16.4% between 2002 and 2005; this change proved to be highly significant. The performance of the pharmacists continuously improved using a specific coaching program including an annual expert comparative report, working groups, interdisciplinary continuing education symposia, and individual feedback. This research project also determined priorities to develop practice guidelines to prevent drug-related problems in nursing homes, especially in relation to the use of psychotropic drugs. CONCLUSION: The pharmaceutical care service was fully and successfully implemented in Fribourg's nursing homes within a period of 4 years. These findings highlight the importance of facilitators designed to assist pharmacists in the implementation of practice changes. The economic impact was confirmed on a large scale, and priorities for clinical and pharmacoeconomic research were identified in order to continue to improve the quality of integrated care for the elderly.

Establiment dels objectius prioritaris i dels criteris de selecció de projectes per a l'aplicació del programa Leader Plus de la Unió Europea a l'Alt Urgell

Els programes Leader de la Unió Europea tenen com a objectiu el desenvolupament de territoris rurals.La comarca catalana de l’Alt Urgell es va beneficiar anteriorment de l’aplicació del programa Leader 2en set municipis del sud de la comarca. L’actual convocatòria anomenada Leader Plus té en canvi unàmbit d’aplicació que afecta a la totalitat del territori de l’Alt Urgell.A més de l’àmbit territorial, també els objectius estratègics són diferents. Leader 2 pretenia corregir lesconseqüències negatives de la crisi industrial de Taurus. Per aquest motiu, el seu objectiu fonamentalconsistia en aturar la pèrdua de població del territori i va donar molta importància a la creaciód’ocupació i les inversions en la indústria. En canvi, el programa Leader Plus té com a objectiu bàsicestabilitzar la població i millorar el benestar econòmic en els nuclis rurals. Per aquesta raó prioritza lesinversions en sectors con el turisme o altres serveis que ajudin a millorar la qualitat de vida de les zonesrurals.Les conclusions d’aquest treball han servit com a referència per a la redacció de les bases que hauran deservir per a la determinació de quins tipus d’inversions es poden acollir a la iniciativa Leader Plus al’Alt Urgell i quines subvencions es poden concedir.

Transmission of MRSA and MSSA between humans and farm animals

Human nares are the main niche of Staphylococcus aureus, but farm animals can be also infected (cows) or colonized (pigs) constituting significant reservoir of this pathogen. Previous studies indicated that human and animal strains are quite distinct but the extent of cross-species specialization and transmission remains largely unknown. However, recent reports from several European countries as well as USA and Canada have indicated that employment in farming is an emerging risk factor for MRSA carriage. Pigs were found to be frequently colonized with MRSA, usually with a strain belonging to CC398. It is not known whether animal-human transmission was specific to this particular MRSA strain. S. aureus isolates from cow mastitis and pig colonization isolates were collected in parallel to nasal swab isolates from the animals' caretakers. The isolates were genotyped by AFLP, spatyping, and when appropriate by MLST. The isolates from cow mastitis were genetically uniform in comparison with human isolates. They were quite distinct from farmers\' carriage isolates, indicating pronounced hostspecialization. However, several cases where an infected cow and a colonized farmer had the same strain were detected, including one farm where two farmers were colonized and two cows were infected with MRSA belonging to CC398. Pig isolates were genetically more diverse than cow isolates. They were different from both human and cow isolates with one notable exception. Large fraction of pigs (20%) and pig caretakers (50%) were colonized with isolates belonging to CC398, majority of which were MSSA (2 cases of MRSA). These results indicate that host specialization in S. aureus is quite pronounced. Transmission between humans and farm animals was consequently quite rare. Both MSSA and MRSA strains belonging to otherwise pig-specific CC398 had increased capacity to colonize humans. Study of the genetic factors responsible for host specialization is underway.

Le diable au sabbat : Littérature démonologique et sorcellerie (1440-1460)

Au moment où débutent les chasses aux sorcières, dans la première moitié du XVe siècle, des écrits de différente nature décrivent les méfaits des sectes de sorciers et tentent d'expliquer la possibilité et la réalité de leurs actes afin de donner aux tribunaux d'inquisition ou aux justices séculières un cadre d'action acceptable. Les traités de démonologie, qui prennent leur essor au même moment, ne proposent pas seulement une réflexion sur la nouvelle croyance au sabbat des sorcières, mais ils s'efforcent aussi de rassembler tout le savoir relatif au diable et aux démons et à leur pouvoir d'action sur le monde et sur les êtres humains. Ils examinent les relations possibles entre les démons et les hommes dans le cadre de la sorcellerie, de la magie ou de la possession, tout en indiquant les moyens de se protéger des attaques démoniaques.Les démonologues, experts dans la 'science des démons', cherchent à insérer la croyance au sabbat dans le cadre traditionnel de la démonologie chrétienne, qu'ils contribuent à redéfinir. Leurs écrits, qui sont à la fois des synthèses et des oeuvres de rupture, sont le produit d'une méthode intellectuelle pensée comme scientifique et rationnelle.La présente étude est basée sur l'analyse thématique de plusieurs traités de démonologie inédits, parmi lesquels le Tractatus contra invocatores demonum, du théologien dominicain Jean Vinet (c.1450), le Flagellum hereticorum fascinariorum de l'inquisiteur dominicain Nicolas Jacquier (1458), ainsi que le Flagellum maleficorum de Pierre Mamoris, professeur de théologie à Poitiers (avant 1462). Ces textes anticipent d'une trentaine d'années le contenu du fameux Marteau des sorcières (1486), considéré souvent à tort comme le premier traité du genre.