El origen de la comunidad política en Giovanni Botero. Influencias medievales y prefiguración de conceptos modernos

Resumen: El presente trabajo busca analizar las ideas sobre el origen de la comunidad política en el teólogo católico piamontés del siglo XVI, Giovanni Botero. El propósito, en primer lugar, es intentar delinear cuáles pudieron haber sido las influencias de la Antigüedad clásica y de la Cristiandad medieval en este pensador, tratando de vislumbrar la conexión con las tendencias aristotélico-tomistas, por un lado y las latino-ciceronianas, por otro. Y en segundo término, asimismo se buscará dilucidar cómo, a partir de estas ideas, comienzan a aparecer en este pensador católico algunas referencias que demuestran, sino un quiebre, por lo menos una cierta variación en el pensamiento político, variación que puede compararse con los cuidados necesarios, con las clásicas teorías políticas modernas. El objetivo final se enmarca en proveer un primer acercamiento a una temática compleja que en estudios posteriores puede enfocarse desde perspectivas distintas a las clásicamente estudiadas: la temática del “tránsito” entre las ideas políticas medievales y modernas.

Sermam que pregou o R. P. Antonio Vieira da Companhia de Jesus, na Capella Real o primeiro de janeiro de 1642

Apresenta o sermão proferido pelo padre Antonio Vieira na Capela Imperial em 1º de janeiro de 1642. O documento reflete a batalha jurídica e teológica para a Restauração da coroa de Portugal, também defendida por teólogos através de sermões que eram publicados às expensas do Tesouro Real

Copia das proposiçoes, e secunda allegaçam, que o Doutor Francisco de Andrada Leitão Desembargador do Paço, do Conselho do Serenissimo Rey de Portugal, & seu Embaxador extraordinario aos Altos Senhores Ordens Geraes, & potentes Estados das Provincias unidas lhes presentou acerca da restituiçaõ da Cidade de S. Paulo de Loanda em Angola, & da Ilha, & Cidade de Sam Thome, acerca da Ilha, Cidade & districto do Maranham, & outros lugares, cidades, & fortalezas, Naos, & navios guerreados, usurpados, & tomados por os vassallos delles, despois do tratado da paz renovada com os ditos Senhores Ordens geraes em 14 de junho de 1642

As negociações entre Portugal e Holanda a respeito da devolução dos territórios portugueses ocupados se desenvolveram ao longo de um decênio. As propostas iniciais de Portugal referiam-se aos territórios ocupados pelos holandeses na África e no Maranhão. Estão nesse raríssimo folheto.

Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Italy: An Appraisal of 26,863 Cases

Objective: To evaluate the practice of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in Italy. Methods: On behalf of the Italian Society of Young Surgeons (SPIGC), an audit of LA was carried out through a written questionnaire sent to 800 institutions in Italy. The questions concerned the diffusion of laparoscopic surgery and LA over the period 1990 through 2001, surgery-related morbidity and mortality rates, indications for LA, the diagnostic algorithm adopted prior to surgery, and use of LA among young surgeons (<40 years). Results: A total of 182 institutions (22.7%) participated in the current audit, and accounted for a total number of 26863 LA. Laparoscopic surgery is performed in 173 (95%) institutions, with 144 (83.2%) routinely performing LA. The mean interval from introduction of laparoscopic surgery to inception of LA was 3.4 ± 2.5 years. There was an emergent basis for 8809 (32.8%) LA procedures (<6 hours of admission); 10314 (38.4%) procedures were performed on an urgent basis (<24 hours of admission); while 7740 (28.8%) procedures were elective. The conversion rate was 2.1% (561 cases) and was due to intraoperative complications in 197 cases (35.1%). Intraoperative complications ranged as high as 0.32%, while postoperative complications were reported in 1.2% of successfully completed LA. The mean hospital stay for successfully completed LA was 2.5 ± 1.05 days. The highest rate of intraoperative complications was reported as occurring during the learning curve phase of their experience (in their first 10 procedures) by 39.7% of the surgeons. LA was indicated for every case of suspected acute appendiceal disease by 51.8% of surgeons, and 44.8% order abdominal ultrasound (US) prior to surgery. A gynecologic counseling is deemed necessary only by 34.5% surgeons, while an abdominal CT scan is required only by 1.5%. The procedure is completed laparoscopically in the absence of gross appendiceal inflammation by 83%; 79.8% try to complete the procedure laparoscopically in the presence of concomitant disease; while 10.4% convert to open surgery in cases of suspected malignancy. Of responding surgeons aged under 40, 76.3% can perform LA, compared to 47.3% surgeons of all age categories. Conclusions: The low response rate of the present survey does not allow us to assess the diffusion of LA in Italy, but rather to appraise its practice in centers routinely performing laparoscopic surgery. In the hands of experienced surgeons, LA has morbidity rates comparable to those of international series. The higher diagnostic yield of laparoscopy makes it an invaluable tool in the management algorithm of women of childbearing age; its advantages in the presence of severe peritonitis are less clear-cut. Surgeons remain the main limiting factor preventing a wider diffusion of LA in our country, since only 47.3% of surgeons from the audited institutions can perform LA on a routine basis.

Evidence for the Confraternity of S. Pietro Martire at San Zanipolo, Venice

This conference paper looks at evidence of 15th- and 16th-century saints' images on carved door frames at the church of S. Zanipolo (SS Giovanni e Paolo) in Venice, using them to help locate and reconstruct the history of the 'albergo' of the confraternity dedicated to St Peter Martyr and St Vincent Ferrer. Suggestions are made concerning the possible relationship of confraternity buildings outside a church to altars dedicated to the same saint(s) within that church.

Giovanni Battista Montano as Architectural Draughtsman: Recording the Past and Designing the Future

Giovanni Battista Montano (1534-1621), who was born in Milan and trained as a woodcarver, relocated permanently to Rome in the early 1570s where his interest in sculpting was replaced by intense study of the city’s antique monuments and ruins. Although Montano carried out several sculptural and architectural projects during his time in Rome, it is his surviving corpus of drawings that testifies to his passion of exploring ancient architecture through the medium of drawing. While Montano was not famous during his lifetime, a large body of his intriguing designs became celebrated and widely circulated after his death thanks to the 1624 publication of Montano’s designs by his loyal pupil, Giovanni Battista Soria. Montano’s lifelong work differs from virtually all of his predecessors and contemporaries in its “fantastical” and ornamental nature. This thesis explores Montano’s artistic training as it relates to his later interest in imaginatively reconstructing antique buildings, along with his disregard for archaeological or historical accuracy. The subject matter upon which Montano focused is discussed, along with his objective in creating a large corpus of half-historical, half-invented drawings. His drawing techniques are explored with specific reference to the largest group of extant Montano drawings, today housed in Sir John Soane’s Museum, London, England, and also in reference to three original Montano drawings in the Centre Canadien d’Architecture/Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montréal. Also explored is the legacy and impact of Montano’s drawings and the later publications of his designs on the works of Roman Baroque architects, specifically Borromini and Bernini. This thesis ultimately attempts to understand the impact of the intellectual and artistic environment surrounding Montano in late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Rome, his drawing techniques, his choice of subject matter, and the reception that his unique works received from contemporary artists and intellectuals, along with those of the following generation.

En los inicios del Renacimiento. La cúpula brunelleschiana y reflexiones sobre Paolo Uccello

Tomando como eje el año 1436 en que es inaugurada solemnemente, a falta de su linterna, la cúpula de la catedral de Florencia y, siendo además este año el de la realización del Acuto de Paolo Uccello, se trata de glosar y reflexionar, unos quinientos ochenta años después, tanto sobre la paradigmática construcción de Brunelleschi, como sobre Uccello y su importante contribución a la historia del arte.

Age- and Sex-Specific Causal Effects of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Observational studies have reported different effects of adiposity on cardiovascular risk factors across age and sex. Since cardiovascular risk factors are enriched in obese individuals, it has not been easy to dissect the effects of adiposity from those of other risk factors. We used a Mendelian randomization approach, applying a set of 32 genetic markers to estimate the causal effect of adiposity on blood pressure, glycemic indices, circulating lipid levels, and markers of inflammation and liver disease in up to 67,553 individuals. All analyses were stratified by age (cutoff 55 years of age) and sex. The genetic score was associated with BMI in both nonstratified analysis (P = 2.8 × 10(-107)) and stratified analyses (all P < 3.3 × 10(-30)). We found evidence of a causal effect of adiposity on blood pressure, fasting levels of insulin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in a nonstratified analysis and in the <55-year stratum. Further, we found evidence of a smaller causal effect on total cholesterol (P for difference = 0.015) in the ≥55-year stratum than in the <55-year stratum, a finding that could be explained by biology, survival bias, or differential medication. In conclusion, this study extends previous knowledge of the effects of adiposity by providing sex- and age-specific causal estimates on cardiovascular risk factors.