Effect of plant architecture on the structure of epiphytic macro invertebrate communities in a Chinese lake

We examined the effect of different plant architecture types on epiphytic macroinvertebrates of a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake in China. Macroinvertebrates were sampled from four dominant submersed macrophytes in the lake - two dissected plants (Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L.) and two undissected plants (Potamogeton maackianus A. Benn. and Vallisneria spiralis L.). Macro invertebrate richness showed significant differences among four submersed macrophyte habitats, and higher density per g of dry plant were associated with dissected plants than undissected plants. The average abundance in dissected plants was as three-six times as in undissected plants. The biodiversity of epiphytic macroinvertebrates was higher in dissected plants than undissected plants. Our results suggest that dissected plants provide different habitat for macroinvertebrates than dissected plant, and this concurs with the hypothesis that the former could support more epiphytic macroinvertebrates than the latter.

A strategy for synthesis of ion-bonded amphiphilic miktoarm star copolymers via supramolecular macro-RAFT agent

Amphiphilic supramolecular miktoarm star copolymers linked by ionic bonds with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity have been successfully synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using an ion-bonded macromolecular RAFT agent (macro-RAFT agent). Firstly, a new tetrafunctional initiator, dimethyl 4,6-bis(bromomethyl)-isophthalate, was synthesized and used as an initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene to form polystyrene (PSt) containing two ester groups at the middle of polymer chain. Then, the ester groups were converted into tertiary amino groups and the ion-bonded supramolecular macro-RAFT agent was obtained through the interaction between the tertiary amino group and 2-dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl-2-methyl propionic acid (DMP). Finally, ion-bonded amphiphilic miktoarm star copolymer, (PSt)(2)-poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide)(2), was prepared by RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of the supramolecular macro-RAFT agent. The polymerization kinetics was investigated and the molecular weight and the architecture of the resulting star polymers were characterized by means of H-1-NMR, FTIR, and GPC techniques. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

THE APPLICATION OF ULTRAMICROELECTRODE IN HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTION .5. ELECTROCHEMICAL-BEHAVIOR OF MACRO-MICRO-MACRO TRIPLE AND MICRO-MICRO TWIN ELECTRODES AND THE QUASI-FIRST-ORDER HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTION (EC') AT GENERATION/COLLECTION ELECT

A new type of macro-micro-macro triple electrode has been fabricated, the steady-state currents of solution redox species have been observed at an ultramicroband electrode by linear potential scan voltammetry, and generation/collection experiments have al

Relato de caso sobre índices reprodutivos obtidos com o uso de sêmen suíno congelado em macro palhetas.

2006

Development of low-cost sensing and separation devices based on macro, micro and nano technology for health applications

The work presented in this thesis described the development of low-cost sensing and separation devices with electrochemical detections for health applications. This research employs macro, micro and nano technology. The first sensing device developed was a tonerbased micro-device. The initial development of microfluidic devices was based on glass or quartz devices that are often expensive to fabricate; however, the introduction of new types of materials, such as plastics, offered a new way for fast prototyping and the development of disposable devices. One such microfluidic device is based on the lamination of laser-printed polyester films using a computer, printer and laminator. The resulting toner-based microchips demonstrated a potential viability for chemical assays, coupled with several detection methods, particularly Chip-Electrophoresis-Chemiluminescence (CE-CL) detection which has never been reported in the literature. Following on from the toner-based microchip, a three-electrode micro-configuration was developed on acetate substrate. This is the first time that a micro-electrode configuration made from gold; silver and platinum have been fabricated onto acetate by means of patterning and deposition techniques using the central fabrication facilities in Tyndall National Institute. These electrodes have been designed to facilitate the integration of a 3- electrode configuration as part of the fabrication process. Since the electrodes are on acetate the dicing step can automatically be eliminated. The stability of these sensors has been investigated using electrochemical techniques with excellent outcomes. Following on from the generalised testing of the electrodes these sensors were then coupled with capillary electrophoresis. The final sensing devices were on a macro scale and involved the modifications of screenprinted electrodes. Screen-printed electrodes (SPE) are generally seen to be far less sensitive than the more expensive electrodes including the gold, boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. To enhance the sensitivity of these electrodes they were treated with metal nano-particles, gold and palladium. Following on from this, another modification was introduced. The carbonaceous material carbon monolith was drop-cast onto the SPE and then the metal nano-particles were electrodeposited onto the monolith material

Dinámica y distribución de macro nutrientes en Nothofagus antarctica creciendo en distintas condiciones en Patagonia Sur

Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) es una de las especies forestales más importantes en abundancia en Patagonia Sur, siendo utilizado principalmente bajo sistemas silvopastoriles. En esta tesis se estudió la acumulación de biomasa y nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, S y Mg) en componentes aéreos y subterráneos de ñire de distintas edades (5-20, 21-110 y 120-220 años), clases de copa (dominantes, codominantes, intermedios, suprimidos) y creciendo en tres calidades de sitio diferentes (alta, mediana y baja). Se encontró que la cantidad de biomasa y nutrientes varió significativamente según la edad, clase de copa y calidad de sitio, detectándose interacciones entre estos factores. Basado en un enfoque alométrico se determinó que la partición de biomasa varió según el sitio aunque no con la clase de copa, mientras que la partición de nutrientes varió significativamente con ambas. Los árboles creciendo en los mejores sitios destinaron mayor cantidad de todos los recursos hacia el componente aéreo mientras que los sitios de baja calidad incrementaron el destino hacia raíces. Los árboles dominantes destinaron mayor proporción de nutrientes hacia el componente aéreo con excepción del N, el cual fue derivado en mayor proporción hacia la parte aérea por los suprimidos. Por otra parte, se evaluó la dinámica del N en un sistema silvopastoril de ñire (1600 árboles ha-1). Se utilizó fertilizante enriquecido con 15N y se estudió su dinámica en un sistema silvopastoril (estrato herbáceo + árboles + suelo) en comparación con un pastizal abierto adyacente. El sistema silvopastoril absorbió casi tres veces más 15N que el pastizal abierto, y el estrato herbáceo absorbió casi un 70 por ciento más del fertilizante que el componente arbóreo. En conclusión, este estudio brinda información relevante y original en cuanto a dinámica y partición de recursos (biomasa y nutrientes) en ñire, y se presentan reglas alométricas como herramienta para estimaciones a futuro en diversos estudios ecológicos de ciclo de nutrientes y fertilidad mineral. Por otra parte, los resultados obtenidos indican que en sistemas silvopastoriles de ñire existiría un efecto de facilitación de N por parte del componente arbóreo hacia el estrato herbáceo, siendo estos sistemas más eficientes en la absorción y retención de N en comparación a un pastizal abierto.

Análisis de necesidades tecnoeducativas: estado del arte de las TIC en el medio educativo de la macro región sur-austral

El trabajo que se presenta corresponde a un análisis comparativo, respecto de la inserción de las TIC en el proceso de formación en la macro región sur-austral chilena, el estudio se orienta bajo un análisis de carácter cualitativo en el que se verifican aspectos tales como infraestructura, capacitación de profesores, aplicaciones en matemáticas, entre otros. Los resultados muestran que la inserción de las TIC en el medio educativo de la región se ha incrementado levemente, sin embargo, aún es insipiente la inserción de estas en el trabajo de los alumnos en el aula, la falta de perfeccionamiento de los profesores y la ausencia en la malla curricular de una asignatura exclusiva de informática para los estudiantes. Respecto a la aplicación de las TICs, los profesores de Matemática señalan aplicarlas en un 60%, en sus procedimientos didácticos, mientras que los alumnos(as), señalan que ello ocurre en un 16%, siendo uno de los software más utilizado en matemática por profesores y alumnos el Gaphmatic, seguido por el Derive, aunque el uso de estas herramientas debiese aumentar. Este estudio ha dejado de manifiesto una mejora en la inserción de las TICs en educación y en especial en educación matemática, observándose un mayor avance en los establecimientos educacionales de dependencia particular.

Macro-segregation of multi-component alloys in shape casting simulation

The objective of this work is to present a new scheme for temperature-solute coupling in a solidification model, where the temperature and concentration fields simultaneously satisfy the macro-scale transport equations and, in the mushy region, meet the constraints imposed by the thermodynamics and the local scale processes. A step-by-step explanation of the macrosegregation algorithm, implemented in the finite volume unstructured mesh multi-physics modelling code PHYSICA, is initially presented and then the proposed scheme is validated against experimental results obtained by Krane for binary and a ternary alloys.

Macro-Micro Modelling Analysis for High Density Packaged Flip Chips

A wide range of flip chip technologies with solder or adhesives have become dominant solutions for high density packaging applications due to the excellent electrical performance, high I/O density and good thermal performance. This paper discusses the use of modeling technique to predict the reliability of high density packaged flip chips in the humid environment. Reliability assessment is discussed for flip chip package at ultra-fine pitch with anisotropic conductive film (ACF). The purpose of this modeling work is to understand the role that moisture plays in the failure of ACF flip chips. A macro-micro 3D finite element modeling technique was used in order to make the multi-length-scale modeling of the ACF flip chip possible. Modeling results are consistent with the findings in the experimental work

Macro-micro modelling of moisture induced stresses in an ACF flip chip assembly

Purpose – This paper discusses the use of modelling techniques to predict the reliability of an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) flip chip in a humid environment. The purpose of this modelling work is to understand the role that moisture plays in the failure of ACF flip chips. Design/methodology/approach – A 3D macro-micro finite element modelling technique was used to determine the moisture diffusion and moisture-induced stresses inside the ACF flip chip. Findings – The results show that the ACF layer in the flip chip can be expected to be fully saturated with moisture after 3?h at 121°C, 100%RH, 2?atm test conditions. The swelling effect of the adhesive due to this moisture absorption causes predominately tensile stress at the interface between the adhesive and the metallization, which could cause a decrease in the contact area, and therefore an increase in the contact resistance. Originality/value – This paper introduces a macro-micro modelling technique which enables more detailed 3D modelling analysis of an ACF flip chip than previously.