COMPARISON OF MILLISECOND ANNEALING OF B IMPLANTS AND ISOTHERMAL ANNEALING FOR TIMES OF A FEW SECONDS.

The annealing behaviour of B implants in the millisecond time regime using a combination of swept line beam and background heating is compared with isothermal annealing with heating cycles of a few seconds. Carrier concentration profiles show that under annealing conditions which restrict diffusion, millisecond processing gives higher activation of B implants than isothermal heating. Transmission electron microscopy shows that millisecond annealing also results in a lower defect density.

Fluorine redistribution and incorporation during solid phase epitaxy of preamorphized Si

The redistribution of fluorine during solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER) of preamorphized Si has been experimentally investigated, explained, and simulated, for different F concentrations and temperatures. We demonstrate, by a detailed analysis and modeling of F secondary ion mass spectrometry chemical-concentration profiles, that F segregates in amorphous Si during SPER by splitting in three possible states: (i) a diffusive one that migrates in amorphous Si; (ii) an interface segregated state evidenced by the presence of a F accumulation peak at the amorphous-crystal interface; (iii) a clustered F state. The interplay among these states and their roles in the F incorporation into crystalline Si are fully described. It is shown that diffusive F migrates by a trap limited diffusion mechanism and also interacts with the advancing interface by a sticking-release dynamics that regulates the amount of F segregated at the interface. We demonstrate that this last quantity determines the regrowth rate through an exponential law. On the other hand we show that neither the diffusive F nor the one segregated at the interface can directly incorporate into the crystal but F has to cluster in the amorphous phase before being incorporated in the crystal, in agreement with recent experimental observations. The trends of the model parameters as a function of the temperature are shown and discussed obtaining a clear energetic scheme of the F redistribution and incorporation in preamorphized Si. The above physical understanding and the model could have a strong impact on the use of F as a tool for optimizing the doping profiles in the fabrication of ultrashallow junctions. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Determination of the interdiffusion coefficients of liquid Zn and Sn using Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayers

In this paper we present a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients in liquid metals under convection-less conditions with solid/liquid-liquid/solid trilayer. The advantage of this kind of trilayer is that effects from gravity-induced convection and Marangoni-convection can be omitted, so that the diffusion coefficient is determined more accurately. The Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayer were prepared with a multi-target ion-beam sputtering deposition technique and annealed in an electric furnace under an argon atmosphere. The interdiffusion of liquid zinc and tin at 500 degrees degree C was investigated. The diffusion concentration profiles were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The interdiffusion coefficients range from 1.0x10(-6)cm(2)/s to 2.8x10(-6)cm(2)/s, which is less than previous values measured by capillary reservoir technique under 1g-environment where various convection exist. The precise interdiffusion coefficients of liquid zinc and tin result from the removing of disturbances of various kinds of convection.

Boron diffusion in Ge+ premorphized and BF2+ implanted Si(001)

The annealing behavior of Si implanted with Ge and then BF2 has been characterized by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The results show that annealing at 600 degrees C for 60 minutes can only remove a little damage induced by implantation and nearly no redistribution of Ge and B atoms has occurred during the annealing. The initial crystallinity of Si is fully recovered after annealing at 950 degrees C for 60 minutes and accompanied by Ge diffusion. Very shallow boron junction depth has been formed. When annealing temperature rises to 1050 degrees C, B diffusion enhances, which leads to a deep diffusion and good distribution of B atoms into the Si substrate. The X-ray diffraction (004) rocking curves from the samples annealed at 1050 degrees C for 60 minutes display two SiGe peaks, which may be related to the B concentration profiles.

Rapid thermal annealing of arsenic implanted Si1-xGex epilayers

Rapid thermal annealing of arsenic implanted Si1-xGex was studied by secondary ion-mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and spreading resistance probe (SRP) over a wide range of Ge fractions (0-43%). Redistribution of the implanted arsenic was followed as a function of Ge content and annealing temperature. Arsenic concentration profiles from SIMS indicated that the behavior of implanted arsenic in Si1-xGex after RTA was different from that in Si, and the Si1-xGex samples exhibited box-shaped, concentration-dependent diffusion profiles with increasing Ge content. The maximum concentrations of electrically active arsenic in Si1-xGex was found to decrease with increasing Ge content. Experimental results showed that the arsenic diffusion is enhanced with increasing temperature for certain Ge content and strongly dependent on Ge content, and the higher Ge content, the faster As diffusion.

Determination of the interdiffusion coefficients of liquid Zn and Sn using Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayers

In this paper we present a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients in liquid metals under convection-less conditions with solid/liquid-liquid/solid trilayer. The advantage of this kind of trilayer is that effects from gravity-induced convection and Marangoni-convection can be omitted, so that the diffusion coefficient is determined more accurately. The Ta/Zn-Sn/Si trilayer were prepared with a multi-target ion-beam sputtering deposition technique and annealed in an electric furnace under an argon atmosphere. The interdiffusion of liquid zinc and tin at 500 degrees degree C was investigated. The diffusion concentration profiles were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The interdiffusion coefficients range from 1.0x10(-6)cm(2)/s to 2.8x10(-6)cm(2)/s, which is less than previous values measured by capillary reservoir technique under 1g-environment where various convection exist. The precise interdiffusion coefficients of liquid zinc and tin result from the removing of disturbances of various kinds of convection.

Boron diffusion in Ge+ premorphized and BF2+ implanted Si(001)

The annealing behavior of Si implanted with Ge and then BF2 has been characterized by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The results show that annealing at 600 degrees C for 60 minutes can only remove a little damage induced by implantation and nearly no redistribution of Ge and B atoms has occurred during the annealing. The initial crystallinity of Si is fully recovered after annealing at 950 degrees C for 60 minutes and accompanied by Ge diffusion. Very shallow boron junction depth has been formed. When annealing temperature rises to 1050 degrees C, B diffusion enhances, which leads to a deep diffusion and good distribution of B atoms into the Si substrate. The X-ray diffraction (004) rocking curves from the samples annealed at 1050 degrees C for 60 minutes display two SiGe peaks, which may be related to the B concentration profiles.

Effects of solution viscosity on heterogeneous electron transfer across a liquid/liquid interface

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to investigate the effect of solution viscosity on the rate constants of electron transfer (ET) reaction between potassium ferricyanide in water and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in 1,2-dichloroethane. Either tetrabutylammonium (TBA(+)) or ClO4- is chosen as the common ion in both phases to control the interfacial potential drop. The rate constant of heterogeneous ET reaction between TCNQ and ferrocyanide produced in-situ, k(12), is evaluated by SECM and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the aqueous solution and directly proportional to the diffusion coefficient of K4Fe(CN)(6) in water when the concentration of TCNQ in the DCE phase is in excess. The k(12) dependence on viscosity is explained in terms of the longitudinal relaxation time of the solution. The rate constant of the heterogeneous ET reaction between TCNQ and ferricyanide, k(21), is also obtained by SECM and these results cannot be explained by the same manner.

Study of electron transfer across the liquid/ice-like matrix interface by scanning electrochemical microscopy

In this work, we report the findings of a study on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to investigate the interfacial electron-transfer (ET) reaction between the 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane radical anion (TCNQ(.-)) in 1,2-dichloroethane and ferricyanide in an ice-like matrix (a mixture of insulting ice and conductive liquid) under low temperatures. Experimental results indicate that the formed liquid/ice-like matrix interface is superficially similar in electrochemical characteristics to a liquid/liquid interface at temperatures above -20 degreesC. Furthermore, imaging data show that the surface of the ice-like matrix is microscopically flat and physically stable and can be applied as either a conductive or an insulting substrate for SECM studies. Perchlorate ion was selected as the common ion in both phases, the concentrations of which controlled the interfacial potential difference. The effect of perchlorate concentration in the DCE phase on interfacial reactions has been studied in detail. The apparent heterogeneous rate constants for TCNQ(.-) oxidation by Fe(CN)(6)(3-) in another phase under different temperatures have been calculated by a best-fit analysis, where the experimental approach curves are compared with the theoretically derived relationships. Reaction rate data obey Butler-Volmer formulation before and after the freezing point, which is similar to most other known cases of ET reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces. However, there is a sharp change observed for heterogeneous rate constants around the freezing point of the aqueous phase, which reflects the phase transition. At temperatures below -20 degreesC, surface-confined voltammograms for the reduction of ferricyanide were obtained, and the ice-like matrix became an insulating one, which indicates that the aqueous phase is really a frozen phase.

Kinetics of electrocatalytic ascorbic acid at ultramicroelectrode modified by Eastman-AQ polymer containing tris(2,2-'-bipyridine) osmium(III/II) complexes as electron-transfer centers

The theoretical model[17] of an ultramicroelectrode modified with a redox species film is used as the diagnostic tool to characterize the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid at carbon fiber ultramicrodisk electrodes coated with an Eastman-AQ-Os(bpy)(3)(2+) film. The electrocatalytic behavior of ascorbic acid at the ultramicroelectrode modified by an Eastman-AQ polymer containing tris(2,2'-bipyridine) osmium(III/II) as mediators is described. In order to determine the five characteristic currents quantitatively, the radius of the ultramicroelectrode and the concentration of ascorbic acid are varied systematically. The kinetic zone diagram has been used to study the electrocatalytic system. This system with 0.5-2.75 mM ascorbic acid belongs to SR + E case, and the concentration profiles of the catalyst in the film are given in detail. Finally, optimizing the design of catalytic system is discussed.

The Validation of a Two-Dimensional Transient Catalyst Model for Direct Injection Two-Stroke Applications

This paper describes the detailed validation of a computer model designed to simulate the transient light-off in a two-stroke oxidation catalyst. A plug flow reactor is employed to provide measurements of temperature and gas concentration at various radial and axial locations inside the catalyst. These measurements are recorded at discrete intervals during a transient light-off in which the inlet temperature is increased from ambient to 300oC at rates of up to 6oC/sec. The catalyst formulation used in the flow reactor, and its associated test procedures, are then simulated by the computer and a comparison made between experimental readings and model predictions. The design of the computer model to which this validation exercise relates is described in detail in a separate technical paper. The first section of the paper investigates the warm-up characteristics of the substrate and examines the validity of the heat transfer predictions between the wall and the gas in the absence of chemical reactions. The predictions from a typical single-component CO transient light-off test are discussed in the second section and are compared with experimental data. In particular the effect of the temperature ramp on the light-off curve and reaction zone development is examined. An analysis of the C3H6 conversion is given in the third section while the final section examines the accuracy of the light-off curves which are produced when both CO and C3H6 are present in the feed gas. The analysis shows that the heat and mass transfer calculations provided reliable predictions of the warm-up behaviour and post light-off gas concentration profiles. The self-inhibition and cross-inhibition terms in the global rate expressions were also found to be reasonably reliable although the surface reaction rates required calibration with experimental data.

Isotopic composition of tropospheric and soil N2O from successive depths of agricultural plots with contrasting crops and nitrogen amendments

Agricultural soils are the dominant contributor to increases in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). Few studies have investigated the natural N and O isotopic composition of soil N2O. We collected soil gas samples using horizontal sampling tubes installed at successive depths under five contrasting agricultural crops (e.g., unamended alfalfa, fertilized cereal), and tropospheric air samples. Mean d 15N and d 18O values of soil N2O ranged from -28.0 to +8.9‰, and from +29.0 to +53.6‰. The mean d 15N and d 18O values of tropospheric N2O were +4.6 ± 0.7‰ and +48.3 ± 0.2‰, respectively. In general, d values were lowest at depth, they were negatively correlated to soil [N2O], and d 15N was positively correlated to d 18O for every treatment on all sampling dates. N2O from the different agricultural treatments had distinct d 15N and d 18O values that varied among sampling dates. Fertilized treatments had soil N2O with low d values, but the unamended alfalfa yielded N2O with the lowest d values. Diffusion was not the predominant process controlling N2O concentration profiles. Based on isotopic and concentration data, it appears that soil N2O was consumed, as it moved from deeper to shallower soil layers. To better assess the main process(es) controlling N2O within a soil profile, we propose a conceptual model that integrates data on net N2O production or consumption and isotopic data. The direct local impact of agricultural N2O on the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O was recorded by a shift toward lower d values of locally measured tropospheric N2O on a day with very high soil N2O emissions.

Extracção supercrítica de óleo de grainha de uva combinada com pré-tratamentos enzimáticos

Neste trabalho estudou-se a extracção supercrítica do óleo de grainha de uva, usando dióxido de carbono, e combinou-se este processo com um prétratamento enzimático da semente para aumentar o rendimento global da extracção. A qualidade dos extractos obtidos foi avaliada pelo seu conteúdo em triacilglicerídeos, perfil de ácidos gordos e capacidade antioxidante. Realizaram-se também alguns estudos exploratórios sobre a aplicação de um pré-tratamento de alta pressão (HPP) à grainha da uva. Adicionalmente, efectuou-se o estudo da extracção, fraccionamento e caracterização estrutural das procianidinas da grainha da uva, bem como a avaliação da sua capacidade antioxidante. A extracção de procianidinas da grainha da uva foi efectuada sequencialmente com metanol e acetona/água, tendo sido posteriormente fraccionadas por adição sucessiva de misturas metanol/clorofórmio progressivamente mais concentradas em clorofórmio. A caracterização das procianidinas foi feita por HPLC-UV e LC–MS, antes e depois de sujeitar as amostras a uma tiólise, e também por ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS. Este estudo permitiu reportar, pela primeira vez, a ocorrência de procianidinas do tipo-A galoiladas na grainha da uva. Os resultados de HPLC-UV permitiram determinar o grau médio de polimerização das procianidinas e a sua composição monomérica em (+)- catequina, (-)-epicatequina e (-)-epicatequina-O-galato. Mostrou-se que a (+)- catequina é o flavan-3-ol terminal mais abundante e a (-)-epicatequina predomina largamente como unidade de extensão. No caso de procianidinas do tipo A, a ligação interflavânica C2-C7 encontra-se essencialmente nas unidades terminais. O grau médio de polimerização das diversas fracções varia entre 1.0 e 10.8. A sua capacidade antioxidante, medida pelo método espectrofotométrico de DPPH•, mostrou-se ser equivalente à de uma amostra comercial de (+)-catequina usada como referência. A partir dos graus médios de polimerização experimentais e das análises de FTIR das fracções correspondentes foi possível obter um modelo preditivo O-PLS com apenas uma variável latente. O pré-tratamento enzimático justificou-se pelo conhecimento existente acerca do uso de enzimas específicas que destroem parcialmente as paredes celulares. Atendendo à composição das paredes celulares da grainha da uva preparou-se uma suspensão contendo protease, xilanase, pectinase e celulase. Para determinar as condições experimentais do pré-tratamento que maximizam o rendimento da extracção, estudou-se o efeito do tempo de reacção, temperatura, pH, diâmetro médio das partículas de grainha moída e a concentração das enzimas. Os incrementos do rendimento da extracção de óleo observados atingiram 163.2%. O estudo da extracção supercrítica (SFE) do óleo da grainha de uva tratada e não-tratada permitiu obter as curvas de extracção correspondentes, bem com analisar a influência das condições operatórias sobre o seu andamento. Montou-se uma instalação laboratorial onde se realizaram experiências com dióxido de carbono a 160, 180, 200 e 220 bar e temperaturas de 313.15 e 323.15 K. Os rendimentos obtidos por SFE foram semelhantes aos de Soxhlet com n-hexano. As curvas de extracção medidas compreendem um primeiro período de extracção, onde se remove cerca de 92-97% do óleo disponível, e um segundo período, essencialmente difusional, com pouco impacto no rendimento final. Os vários extractos recolhidos e o óleo global obtido foram caracterizados para avaliar a sua qualidade e relacioná-la com as condições operatórias de SFE. Determinaram-se o conteúdo total em triacilglicerídeos, o seu perfil de ácidos gordos e a capacidade antioxidante (AOC). Os resultados mostraram que a AOC aumenta com a elevação da pressão e, acentuadamente, com o acréscimo da temperatura. Ao longo da curva de extracção, a AOC é mais pronunciada nos extractos iniciais, nomeadamente nos primeiros 30 a 40% da extracção. A modelação efectuada considerou que o óleo extractável se reparte entre células rompidas, predominantes na periferia da semente, e células intactas, mais interiores. Admitiu-se que o transporte de massa ocorre em série, i.e. das células intactas para as rompidas e destas para o solvente; mostrou-se que a dispersão axial era desprezável. Os balanços materiais à fase fluida e aos volumes de células rompidas e intactas, combinados com os fluxos interno, externo e a relação de equilíbrio foram resolvidos numericamente pelo método das linhas combinado com diferenças finitas atrasadas. O modelo reproduziu bem as curvas experimentais e permitiu simular curvas de eluição e os três perfis de concentração no leito.

Caractérisation de la pharmacocinétique de formulations sensibles au pH et de formulations destinées au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses

La préparation de formulations à libération contrôlée est le domaine des sciences pharmaceutiques qui vise à modifier l’environnement immédiat des principes actifs pour en améliorer l’efficacité et l’innocuité. Cet objectif peut être atteint en modifiant la cinétique de circulation dans le sang ou la distribution dans l’organisme. Le but de ce projet de recherche était d’étudier le profil pharmacocinétique (PK) de différentes formulations liposomales. L’analyse PK, généralement employée pour représenter et prédire les concentrations plasmatiques des médicaments et de leurs métabolites, a été utilisée ici pour caractériser in vivo des formulations sensibles au pH servant à modifier la distribution intracellulaire de principes actifs ainsi que des liposomes destinés au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Dans un premier temps, la PK d’un copolymère sensible au pH, à base de N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) et d’acide méthacrylique (MAA) a été étudiée. Ce dernier, le p(NIPAM-co-MAA) est utilisé dans notre laboratoire pour la fabrication de liposomes sensibles au pH. L’étude de PK conduite sur les profils de concentrations sanguines de différents polymères a défini les caractéristiques influençant la circulation des macromolécules dans l’organisme. La taille des molécules, leur point de trouble ainsi que la présence d’un segment hydrophobe à l’extrémité des chaînes se sont avérés déterminants. Le seuil de filtration glomérulaire du polymère a été évalué à 32 000 g/mol. Finalement, l’analyse PK a permis de s’assurer que les complexes formés par la fixation du polymère à la surface des liposomes restaient stables dans le sang, après injection par voie intraveineuse. Ces données ont établi qu’il était possible de synthétiser un polymère pouvant être adéquatement éliminé par filtration rénale et que les liposomes sensibles au pH préparés avec celui-ci demeuraient intacts dans l’organisme. En second lieu, l’analyse PK a été utilisée dans le développement de liposomes possédant un gradient de pH transmembranaire pour le traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Une formulation a été développée et optimisée in vitro pour capturer un médicament modèle, le diltiazem (DTZ). La formulation liposomale s’est avérée 40 fois plus performante que les émulsions lipidiques utilisées en clinique. L’analyse PK des liposomes a permis de confirmer la stabilité de la formulation in vivo et d’analyser l’influence des liposomes sur la circulation plasmatique du DTZ et de son principal métabolite, le desacétyldiltiazem (DAD). Il a été démontré que les liposomes étaient capables de capturer et de séquestrer le principe actif dans la circulation sanguine lorsque celui-ci était administré, par la voie intraveineuse. L’injection des liposomes 2 minutes avant l’administration du DTZ augmentait significativement l’aire sous la courbe du DTZ et du DAD tout en diminuant leur clairance plasmatique et leur volume de distribution. L’effet de ces modifications PK sur l’activité pharmacologique du médicament a ensuite été évalué. Les liposomes ont diminué l’effet hypotenseur du principe actif administré en bolus ou en perfusion sur une période d’une heure. Au cours de ces travaux, l’analyse PK a servi à établir la preuve de concept que des liposomes possédant un gradient de pH transmembranaire pouvaient modifier la PK d’un médicament cardiovasculaire et en diminuer l’activité pharmacologique. Ces résultats serviront de base pour le développement de la formulation destinée au traitement des intoxications médicamenteuses. Ce travail souligne la pertinence d’utiliser l’analyse PK dans la mise au point de vecteurs pharmaceutiques destinés à des applications variées. À ce stade de développement, l’aspect prédictif de l’analyse n’a pas été exploité, mais le côté descriptif a permis de comparer adéquatement diverses formulations et de tirer des conclusions pertinentes quant à leur devenir dans l’organisme.

Studies on Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Acetamiprid from Wastewater

Pollution of water with pesticides has become a threat to the man, material and environment. The pesticides released to the environment reach the water bodies through run off. Industrial wastewater from pesticide manufacturing industries contains pesticides at higher concentration and hence a major source of water pollution. Pesticides create a lot of health and environmental hazards which include diseases like cancer, liver and kidney disorders, reproductive disorders, fatal death, birth defects etc. Conventional wastewater treatment plants based on biological treatment are not efficient to remove these compounds to the desired level. Most of the pesticides are phyto-toxic i.e., they kill the microorganism responsible for the degradation and are recalcitrant in nature. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a class of oxidation techniques where hydroxyl radicals are employed for oxidation of pollutants. AOPs have the ability to totally mineralise the organic pollutants to CO2 and water. Different methods are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in AOP systems. Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used to control sucking type insects on crops such as leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, pome fruits, grapes, cotton, ornamental flowers. It is now recommended as a substitute for organophosphorous pesticides. Since its use is increasing, its presence is increasingly found in the environment. It has high water solubility and is not easily biodegradable. It has the potential to pollute surface and ground waters. Here, the use of AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater has been investigated. Five methods were selected for the study based on literature survey and preliminary experiments conducted. Fenton process, UV treatment, UV/ H2O2 process, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis using TiO2 were selected for study. Undoped TiO2 and TiO2 doped with Cu and Fe were prepared by sol-gel method. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Influence of major operating parameters on the removal of acetamiprid has been investigated. All the experiments were designed using central compoiste design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Model equations were developed for Fenton, UV/ H2O2, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis for predicting acetamiprid removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal for different operating conditions. Quality of the models were analysed by statistical methods. Experimental validations were also done to confirm the quality of the models. Optimum conditions obtained by experiment were verified with that obtained using response optimiser. Fenton Process is the simplest and oldest AOP where hydrogen peroxide and iron are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Influence of H2O2 and Fe2+ on the acetamiprid removal and TOC removal by Fenton process were investigated and it was found that removal increases with increase in H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration. At an initial concentration of 50 mg/L acetamiprid, 200 mg/L H2O2 and 20 mg/L Fe2+ at pH 3 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. For UV treatment effect of pH was studied and it was found that pH has not much effect on the removal rate. Addition of H2O2 to UV process increased the removal rate because of the hydroxyl radical formation due to photolyis of H2O2. An H2O2 concentration of 110 mg/L at pH 6 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. With photo-Fenton drastic reduction in the treatment time was observed with 10 times reduction in the amount of reagents required. H2O2 concentration of 20 mg/L and Fe2+ concentration of 2 mg/L was found to be optimum at pH 3. With TiO2 photocatalysis improvement in the removal rate was noticed compared to UV treatment. Effect of Cu and Fe doping on the photocatalytic activity under UV light was studied and it was observed that Cu doping enhanced the removal rate slightly while Fe doping has decreased the removal rate. Maximum acetamiprid removal was observed for an optimum catalyst loading of 1000 mg/L and Cu concentration of 1 wt%. It was noticed that mineralisation efficiency of the processes is low compared to acetamiprid removal efficiency. This may be due to the presence of stable intermediate compounds formed during degradation Kinetic studies were conducted for all the treatment processes and it was found that all processes follow pseudo-first order kinetics. Kinetic constants were found out from the experimental data for all the processes and half lives were calculated. The rate of reaction was in the order, photo- Fenton>UV/ H2O2>Fenton> TiO2 photocatalysis>UV. Operating cost was calculated for the processes and it was found that photo-Fenton removes the acetamiprid at lowest operating cost in lesser time. A kinetic model was developed for photo-Fenton process using the elementary reaction data and mass balance equations for the species involved in the process. Variation of acetamiprid concentration with time for different H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration at pH 3 can be found out using this model. The model was validated by comparing the simulated concentration profiles with that obtained from experiments. This study established the viability of the selected AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater. Of the studied AOPs photo- Fenton gives the highest removal efficiency with lowest operating cost within shortest time.