Werth der westfällischen sprache. Gelesen im Verein für geschichte und alterthumskunde Westfalens in der versammlung am 15. april 1852.

Signed: Dr. Köne.

Plattdeutsch von der Weichsel bis zum finnischen meerbusen.

Extracted from: Quickborn, Vereinigung von freunden der niederdeutschen sprache und literatur in Hamburg. 9. jahrg. nr.2.

Ueber niederdeutsche Sprache und Literatur /

Mode of access: Internet.

Die sächsische mundart und ihr verhältnis zur lautverschiebung ...

Jahresbericht- Realschule, Stollberg.

Die niederdeutsche Mundart im Fürstentum Waldeck /

"Sonderabdruck der einleitung zu Bauer's Waldeckischem wörterbuche."

Kurzgefasstes Wörterbuch der plattdeutschen oder niederdeutschen Mundart, woraus sich das Niedersächsische gebildet hat; zum Verständniss der niederdeutschen Schriftsteller und Urkunden.

Mode of access: Internet.

Holsteinisches Idiotikon; eine Beitrag zur Volkssittengeschichte; oder, Sammlung plattdeutscher ... Worte, Wortformen ... Spruchreime, Wiegelieder, Anekdoten ...

Vol. 4 has imprint: Altona, J.F. Hammerich, 1806.

Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialection,

Includes bibliography.

Jahrbuch des Vereins für Niederdeutsche Sprachforschung.

Published <1990-2002>: Neumünster : K. Wachholtz Verlag.

Monumenta juridica. The black book of the Admiralty, with an appendix.

"Glossary of Anglo-Norman and Gascon words": p. [145]-197; "Glossary of Catalan words": p. [199]-238; "Glossary of Low-German words": p. [239]-262.

Learning to think in a second language: effects of proficiency and length of exposure in English learners of German

The aim of the current study is to investigate motion event cognition in second language learners in a higher education learning context. Based on recent findings showing that speakers of grammatical aspect languages like English attend less to the endpoint (goal) of events than speakers of non-aspect languages like Swedish in a nonverbal categorization task involving working memory (Athanasopoulos & Bylund, 2013; Bylund & Athanasopoulos, this issue), the current study asks whether native speakers of an aspect language start paying more attention to event endpoints when learning a non-aspect language. Native English and German (a non-aspect language) speakers, and English learners of L2 German, who were pursuing studies in German language and literature at an English university, were asked to match a target scene with intermediate degree of endpoint orientation with two alternate scenes with low and high degree of endpoint orientation, respectively. Results showed that, when compared to the native English speakers, the learners of German were more prone to base their similarity judgements on endpoint saliency, rather than ongoingness, primarily as a function of increasing L2 proficiency and year of university study. Further analyses revealed a non-linear relationship between length of L2 exposure and categorization patterns, subserved by a progressive strengthening of the relationship between L2 proficiency and categorization as length of exposure increased. These findings present evidence that cognitive restructuring may occur through increasing experience with an L2, but also suggest that this relationship may be complex, and unfold over a long period of time.

On the nature and cause of Specific Language Impairment: a view from sentence processing and infant research

This paper addresses the nature and cause of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) by reviewing recent research in sentence processing of children with SLI compared to typically developing (TD) children and research in infant speech perception. These studies have revealed that children with SLI are sensitive to syntactic, semantic, and real-world information, but do not show sensitivity to grammatical morphemes with low phonetic saliency, and they show longer reaction times than age-matched controls. TD children from the age of 4 show trace reactivation, but some children with SLI fail to show this effect, which resembles the pattern of adults and TD children with low working memory. Finally, findings from the German Language Development (GLAD) Project have revealed that a group of children at risk for SLI had a history of an auditory delay and impaired processing of prosodic information in the first months of their life, which is not detectable later in life. Although this is a single project that needs to be replicated with a larger group of children, it provides preliminary support for accounts of SLI which make an explicit link between an early deficit in the processing of phonology and later language deficits, and the Computational Complexity Hypothesis that argues that the language deficit in children with SLI lies in difficulties integrating different types of information at the interfaces.

Balanced bilinguals favor lexical processing in their opaque language and conversion system in their shallow language

Referred to as orthographic depth, the degree of consistency of grapheme/phoneme correspondences varies across languages from high in shallow orthographies to low in deep orthographies. The present study investigates the impact of orthographic depth on reading route by analyzing evoked potentials to words in a deep (French) and shallow (German) language presented to highly proficient bilinguals. ERP analyses to German and French words revealed significant topographic modulations 240-280ms post-stimulus onset, indicative of distinct brain networks engaged in reading over this time window. Source estimations revealed that these effects stemmed from modulations of left insular, inferior frontal and dorsolateral regions (German>French) previously associated to phonological processing. Our results show that reading in a shallow language was associated to a stronger engagement of phonological pathways than reading in a deep language. Thus, the lexical pathways favored in word reading are reinforced by phonological networks more strongly in the shallow than deep orthography.

A dictionary of the English and German, and the German and English language : Englische-Deutsches und Deutsch-Englisches worterbuch /

Preface in v. 2 signed: Dr. E. Kärcher.

On early English pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer ; containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day, preceded by a systematic notation of all spoken sounds by means of the ordinary printing types, including a rearrangement of F.J. Child's memoirs on the language of Chaucer and Gower, and reprints of the rare tracts by Salesburv on English, 1547, and Welch, 1567, and by Barclay on French, 1521 /

An abridgement of the 5th part was published by the English Dialect Society, 1899, in v. 24 under title: "English dialects, their sounds and homes."