DNA、纳米微粒及其相互作用的扫描探针显微学研究

1．采用改进的蒸发液滴中流体毛细流动法，用于展开和固定适于AFM研究的大环状DNA。对长达148.9 kbp的人类基因组3号染色体上一个完整的酵母染色体DNA分子和pB孙22质粒DNA进行了展开固定研究，长度测定显示偏差小于3.5％，结果优于其它展开线性DNA的方法。对其相应的展开机理进行了初步探讨：利用AFM考察了不同长度的DNA分子在云母基底上的分子级分形图案。实验证明DNA分子级的分形图案与DNA的浓度、长度和其它辅助因素相关。我们认为DLA理论或许更适合描述DNA分子在云母基底上形成不同分形图案的体系。2．我们利用阳离子的桥合作用，将质粒DNA固定并展开在云母基底上制得了DNA网络结构。结合实验数据，对质粒DNA形成的机理和可控的参数：离子种类、离子浓度、网孔大小和网孔高度进行了讨论，提出了相应的模型进行解释。我们在半透明的云母基底以及玻璃和蓝宝石等透明基底上构建了不同结构的DNA网络。结合实验数据，讨论了在各种固体基底上形成DNA网络的影响因素，我们认为，固体基底表面的亲水性对于构建DNA网络起重要作用。我们通过控制乙醇的浓度与温度结合原子力显微镜样品定位技术发现，云母基底上形成DNA膜的DNA分子是否移动与处理DNA样品的乙醇浓度有直接关系。对于纯乙醇溶液无论是高温（6O℃）或常温，均未引起DNA分子的移动（无论是吸附在云母基底上的，还是吸附在DNA分子链上的）；如果用混合有水的乙醇溶液（无论其中水的含量多少），不管是高温（60℃）或常温，都会引起DNA膜结构发生变化，即DNA分子发生了移动。热乙醇水溶液对DNA分子的作用比常温情况下更明显1可能是热力学上的因素导致的。3．通过控制银纳米微粒在云母基底上的聚集行为，而非直接通过化学合成的方法，构建了一种新的银结构一纳米银盘。详细阐述了如何得到这种结构的过程，通过原子力显微镜、紫外可见光光谱和X一射线电子能谱技术等工具对其性质也作了相应的表征。这种由纳米粒子组成的银盘与文献报道的单晶纳米银盘相比具有更大的比表面积，在纳米催化等方面有更广阔的应用前景。通过自聚集方式构建纳米银盘结构的方法，对于人们通常认为在溶液中合成的纳米结构与在各种固体基底上表征的纳米结构是一致的观点提出了新的理解。利用戊二醛试剂与发光的纳米微粒萘酰亚胺通过醛胺加成反应形成酰胺键，组装形成二维发光粒子网络。结合原子力显微镜高度形貌图和光谱数据，发现粒子间形成了两种典型的网络结构即，实心六方堆积和空心六方堆积结构。对此我们提出了相应的模型给予解释。4，利用展开的质粒DNA为模板诱导形成了环状的氯化镁纳米结构。原子力显微镜考察表明，这些纳米结构的高度是6.2±1.3-8.2±1.80nm，长度为1.35±0.18到2.93±0.25um。我们以CTAB包裹18nm纳米金和3.5nm纳米银使之形成带正电荷的外壳，利用。NA磷酸骨架带负电荷特性，通过静电自组装方式形成了金属化的纳米网络结构。通过AFM、UV-vis光谱和XPS谱的表征说明，带正电荷外壳的纳米金和纳米银被DNA模板高度地组装形成有序的二维网络结构。5．利用自制的样品定位系统，重复性地对整个基底范围内的样品实行定位，定位的精确度达400nm。这种方法对于样品旋转角度或取出后进行进一步处理都适用。该定位方法依赖于一台个人电脑，一个样品定位仪，一个CCD相机和一套可视光学系统，用于监测透明或半透明基底如，云母、玻璃、蓝宝石、石英和钦酸银等原子力显微镜广泛使用的基底表面或背面特征。作为对这种定位方法的应用，我们用不同的灯M操作模式，不同的针尖对单个的DNA分子、单个的DNA-蛋白质复合物和DNA网络在样品移动或拿出样品台后进行了定位实验。这种方法的精度和分辨率，对于一般的商用或自制SPM（AFM,STM，sNOM）系统都可以适用。

The shape parameter of Liposomes and DNA-lipid complexes determined by viscometry utilizing small sample volumes

A minicapillary viscometer utilizing <0.5 ml of sample at a volume fraction of <0.1% is described. The calculated a/b of DPPC/DPPG multilamellar liposome was 1.14 as prolate ellipsoids and a/b of dioleoylpropyltrimethyl ammonium methylsulfate-DNA complex at a charge ratio of 4: 1 (+/-) was 3.7 as prolate ellipsoids or 4.9 as oblate ellipsoids. The deviation of shape from perfect sphere is thus expressed quantitatively in more than two significant figures. In these measurement, the necessary amount of DNA is <0.5 mg.

One-step preparation of hybrid materials of polyacrylamide networks and gold nanoparticles

Hybrid materials of polyacrylamide networks and gold nanoparticles were prepared by directly heating an aqueous solution containing HAuCl4, acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3). Acrylamide, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and Na2SO3 were used as monomers, crosslinking agent, and initiator, respectively.

Enhanced resonance light scattering based on biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles for biosensors design

The biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) has been employed in the design of new optical biosensors based on the enhanced resonance light scattering (RLS) signals. Both absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed Au-NP seeds could be effectively enlarged upon the reaction with H2O2, an important metabolite that could be generated by many biocatalytic reactions.

Layer-by-layer assembly of functional silica and Au nanoparticles for fabricating electrogenerated chemiluminescence sensor

We described the use of silica nanoparticles as building blocks for the immobilization of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent Ru(bpy)3" and the fabrication of layer-by-layer assembly film by alternating the deposition of the Ru(bpy)3 2'-doped silica nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles.

Cationic Lipid Bilayer Coated Gold Nanoparticles-mediated Transfection of Mammalian Cells

Here, we demonstrated dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB), a cationic lipid, bilayer coated Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) could efficiently deliver two types of plasmid DNA into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) in the presence of serum. The transfection efficiency of AuNPs was about five times higher than that of DODAB. The interaction of AuNPs with DNA was characterized with dye intercalation assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. The morphology of the complex of AuNPs with DNA was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The intracellular trafficking of the complex was monitored with transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Glutathione-Mediated Release of Functional Plasmid DNA from Positively Charged Quantum Dots

DNA was efficiently bound to water-soluble positively charged CdTe quantum dots (QDs) through complementary electrostatic interaction. These QDs-DNA complexes were disrupted and DNA was released by glutathione (GSH) at intracellular concentrations. Interestingly, there was almost no detectable DNA released by extracellular concentration of GSH. The formation of QDs-DNA complexes and GSH-mediated DNA release from the complexes were confirmed by dye displacement assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments.

[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped silica nanoparticles within layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings and their application as a biocompatible electrochemiluminescent tag material

[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped silica (RuSi) nanoparticles were synthesized by using a water/oil microemulsion method. Stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was obtained when the RuSi nanoparticles were immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by using tripropylamine (TPA) as a coreactant. Furthermore, the ECL of the RuSi nanoparticles with layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings was investigated. Squential self-assembly of the polyelectrolytes and biomolecules on the RuSi nanoparticles gave nanocomposite suspensions, the ECL of which decreased on increasing the number of bilayers.

Enzyme Colorimetric Assay Using Unmodified Silver Nanoparticles

Colorimetric assay based on the unique surface plasmon resonance properties of metallic nanoparticles has received considerable attention in bioassay due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, and low cost. Most of colorimetric methods previously reported employed gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as sensing elements. In this work, we develop a sensitive, selective, simple, and label-free colorimetric assay using unmodified silver nanoparticle (AgNP) probes to detect enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions concerning adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dephosphorylation by calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CLAP) and peptide phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) were studied.

Ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of protein by aptamer - Au nanoparticles conjugates based on a dot-blot assay

A simple, rapid and ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of protein using aptamer-Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugates based on a dot-blot array has been developed, which was combined with the unique optical properties of AuNPs, enabling the visual detection of protein within minutes without any instrument.

A electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for detection of thrombin incorporating the capture aptamer labeled with gold nanoparticles immobilized onto the thio-silanized ITO electrode

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was proposed for sensitive and cost-effective detection of the target thrombin adopted an aptamer-based sandwich format. To detect thrombin, capture aptamers; labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were first immobilized onto the thio-silanized ITO electrode surface through strong Au-S bonds. After catching the target thrombin, signal aptamers; tagged with ECL labels were attached to the assembled electrode surface. As a result, an AuNPs-capture-aptamer/thrombin/ECL-tagged signal-aptamer sandwich type was formed.

Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence study of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-doped silica nanoparticles with covalently grafted biomacromolecules

Spherical Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-doped silica (RuSi) nanoparticles were prepared via a water-in-oil microemulsion approach. The electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent properties of the RuSi nanoparticles immobilized on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode were investigated. Further, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the RuSi nanoparticles with covalently coated biomacromolecules was studied. By covalent cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, gamma-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)-pretreated RuSi nanoparticles were coupled with different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin, and myoglobin, respectively.

Construction of hollow DNA/PLL microcapsule as a dual carrier for controlled delivery of DNA and drug

DNA/poly-L-lysine (PLL) capsules were constructed through a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of DNA and PLL on CaCO3 microparticles, and then used as dual carriers for DNA and drug after dissolution of carbonate cores. The permeability of DNA/PLL microcapsules was investigated with fluorescence probes with different molecular weights by confocal microscopy. The result revealed that the fluorescence probes were able to penetrate the capsule walls even its molecular weight up to 150 kDa. The resultant capsules were used to load drug model molecules-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kDa) via spontaneous deposition mechanism.

Metallic Cation Induced One-Dimensional Assembly of Poly(acrylic acid)-1-Dodecanethiol-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

In this work, we report a simple approach for controllable synthesis of one-dimensional (ID) gold nanoparticle (AuNP) assemblies in solution. In the presence of divalent metallic ions, poly(acrylic acid)-1-dodecanethiol-stabilized AuNPs (PAA-DDT@AuNPs) are found to form I D assemblies in aqueous solution by an ion-templated chelation process; this causes an easily measurable change in the absorption spectrum of the particles. The assemblies are very stable and remain suspended in solution for more than one month without significant aggregation.

Ethanol-induced formation of silver nanoparticle aggregates for highly active SERS substrates and application in DNA detection

A controllable silver nanoparticle aggregate system has been synthesized by adding different amounts of ethanol to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) capped silver nanoparticles (Ag-nps), which could be used as highly efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrates. This ethanol-induced aggregation can be attributed to preferential dissolution of CTAB into ethanol, which leads a partial removal of the protective CTAB layer on Ag-nps. The optical and morphological properties of these aggregates under various volumes of ethanol were explored via UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.