Características físico-químicas e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas do bagaço de mirtilo fermentado e suas farinhas

A industrialização de frutas permite que os consumidores usufruam seus benefícios funcionais; porém, na maioria das vezes, o processamento produz resíduos industriais que normalmente não são aproveitados. Desta forma, o bagaço do mirtilo é um subproduto da fermentação que geralmente é desprezado na natureza, originando poluição ambiental. Este trabalho objetivou a caracterização físico-química, a determinação da atividade antioxidante, antocianinas e polifenóis do fruto de mirtilo, bagaço de mirtilo proveniente da produção de bebidas fermentadas e da farinha obtida deste bagaço, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas e a estabilidade microbiológica destas farinhas. As farinhas do fruto e do bagaço foram obtidas a partir da desidratação em estufa a 60 ºC, por 36 h, e moídos em micromoinho refrigerado a 4 ºC. As características físico-químicas foram verificadas a partir das análises de umidade, proteína, lipídeos, cinzas, acidez, pH e sólidos solúveis. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo método DPPH, e os polifenóis totais, pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os resultados demonstram que tanto o mirtilo quanto o bagaço possuem elevado conteúdo de água. O mirtilo apresentou 61,67 mg/100 g em antocianinas, 431,43 mg EAG/100 g em polifenóis e 3,83 mg/mL de atividade antioxidante, enquanto o bagaço obteve 57,32 mg/100 g; 297,20 mg EAG/100 g; 5,61 mg/mL, respectivamente. As farinhas apresentaram estabilidade microbiológica durante o armazenamento e propriedades funcionais tecnológicas adequadas, possibilitando a geração de novos produtos. Portanto, o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais de mirtilo fermentado apresenta vantagens de agregar valor e minimizar o impacto no meio ambiente.

PROPRIEDADES FUNCIONAIS DAS PROTEÍNAS DE AMÊNDOAS DA MUNGUBA (Pachira aquatica Aubl.)

RESUMOA semente da munguba (Pachira aquatica Aubl.) contém amêndoas que exibem um conteúdo excelente de óleo e um percentualsignificativo em proteínas. Propositou-se determinar algumas propriedades funcionais das proteínas de amêndoas damunguba com o objetivo de instituir sua utilização na indústria de alimentos. O teor lipídico foi de 46,62%, o proteico de 13,75% e na forma de torta apresentou um índice de 28,27% de proteínas. Obtiveram-se doisisolados proteicos, o IP 2,0 e o IP 10,0, decorrentes de duas condições de pH (2,0 e 10,0). Na obtenção dos isolados proteicos, os índices em proteínas extraídas foram de 38,52% para o IP 2,0 e 82,06% para o IP 10,0. Os índices de proteínas recuperadas através da precipitação isoelétrica foram de 23,35% para o IP 2,0 e de 70,94%para o IP 10,0, em pH 5,0. As propriedades funcionais exibiram solubilidade mínima em pH 5,0, no pontoisoelétrico (pI), sendo mais elevada em pH ácido e alcalino do pI. As melhores capacidades de absorçãode água e de óleo exibidas foram para o IP 10,0. As propriedades emulsificantes foram dependentes do pH para os dois isolados, e o IP 10,0 indicou melhores resultados. As propriedades funcionais estudadas permitem o emprego dos isolados proteicos em produtos alimentícios que requerem alta solubilidade, tais como os produtos de panificação, massas em geral, sopas desidratadas e molhos, produtos que exigem desempenho na absorção do óleo, como as carnes simuladas, e em produtos que requerem poderes emulsificantes.

Novos métodos funcionais na avaliação de lesões mamárias

O câncer de mama é um dos mais prevalentes nas mulheres. A mamografia é um excelente método com impacto comprovado na redução da mortalidade pelo câncer de mama. Porém, não é um método perfeito, apresentando alguns pontos fracos, principalmente no rastreamento de mulheres com mamas densas, estadiamento e avaliação de tratamento. A ressonância magnética mamária mostrou a necessidade e importância da avaliação funcional mamária. Descrevemos dois métodos de avaliação funcional mamária e demonstramos nossa experiência com a mamografia digital com contraste e com a imagem molecular mamária realizada em gama-câmara específica. Estes dois métodos já estão disponíveis em nosso meio e apresentam resultados promissores na detecção de lesões mamográficas ocultas, confirmação de lesões suspeitas e redução de biópsias desnecessárias, podendo assim melhorar o estudo mamário, principalmente nos pontos falhos da mamografia.

Lipídios como Indicadores de Mudanças Climáticas no Passado 1: Biomarcadores Marinhos

The distribution and abundance of specific lipid biomarkers in marine sediments can play an important rule for the reconstruction of past climatic changes. Here, it is shown the use of a widely known paleo Sea Surface Temperature (SST) proxy based on the unsaturation ratio of a suite of long-chain C37 alkenones: the alkenone unsaturation index, U K37'. These compounds are biosynthesised by only a restricted group of prymnesiophyte algae, mostly notably the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. To ilustrate the importance of the U K37' index as a molecular tool, the correlation between the SST signal derived from the U K37' and other paleoclimatic records examined in a core from the North Atlantic is discussed.

Comportamento de cristalização de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir de gordura de palmiste e óleo de peixe

The aim of this study is to evaluate the crystal structure of binary mixtures of palm kernel fat and fish oil, before and after chemical and enzymatic interesterification. The crystal structure was analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The addition of fish oil didn't change the palm kernel fat crystallization characteristics, spherullites of types A and B being observed. However, due to chemical and enzymatic interesterification, smaller crystals were obtained. There was no difference between chemical and enzymatic interesterification, probably as a function of acyl migration in discontinuous processes catalyzed by lipases.

Surfactina: propriedades químicas, tecnológicas e funcionais para aplicações em alimentos

Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis, has been proved to be a suitable biosurfactant in several applications. For many years, it has been investigated mainly for oil recovery and environmental usage. Its chemical, technological and functional characteristics turn surfactin into an attractive compound for several utilizations. In this review we emphasize some aspects of surfactin as a new food ingredient and its potential pharmaceutical and health applications.

Ecomateriais: desenvolvimento e aplicação de materiais porosos funcionais para proteção ambiental

Fundamental aspects of the conception and applications of ecomaterials, in particular porous materials in the perspective of green chemistry are discussed in this paper. General recommendations for description and classification of porous materials are reviewed briefly. By way of illustration, some case studies of materials design and applications in pollution detection and remediation are described. It is shown here how different materials developed by our groups, such as porous glasses, ecomaterials from biomass and anionic clays were programmed to perform specific functions. A discussion of the present and future of ecomaterials in green chemistry is presented along with important key goals.

Lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da mistura de gordura de frango, sua estearina e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média: I- Composição em ácidos graxos e em triacilgliceróis

The purpose of this study is to analyze the interactions that occur in binary and ternary fat blends between medium and long chain triacylglycerols and their structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification through the analysis of their physico-chemical properties. The synthesized structured triacylglycerols presented from 14.8 to 58.4% medium chain fatty acids, from 15.7 to 37.2% saturated fatty acids, from 19.2 to 47.5% monounsaturated fatty acids, and from 6.7 to 15.2% essential fatty acids. Chemical interesterification modified the behavior of binary and ternary mixtures and new types of triacylglycerol groups were formed.

Lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da mistura de gordura de frango, sua estearina e triacilgliceróis de cadeia média: II- pontos de amolecimento e fusão

The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of blending and chemical interesterification reactions on the softening and melting behavior of chicken fat, its stearin and medium chain triacylglycerols, and blends thereof in various ratios. Chemical interesterification is a promising alternative to the current processes of modifying the physical properties of fats. In the experimental design 7 samples corresponding to 7 different blend proportions were used. The results were represented in triangular diagrams. The addition of stearin influenced the softening and melting points. The mixture response surface methodology proved to be an extremely useful tool for the optimization of the fat mixtures.

Comportamento de cristalização de lipídios estruturados por interesterificação química de banha e óleo de soja

The aim of this study was to evaluate the crystallization behavior of binary mixtures of lard and soybean oil in different ratios and their respective structured lipids obtained by chemical interesterification. Crystallization kinetics and polarized light microscopy were used to analyze the mixtures before and after interesterification. The addition of soybean oil changed the lard crystallization, by the effect of the dilution. Crystal diameter increased, while the number of crystals decreased, as a function of temperature. Interesterification resulted in the formation of fewer crystals, with larger diameter in comparison with the original mixtures.

Lipídios modificados obtidos a partir de gordura do leite, óleo de girassol e ésteres de fitosteróis para aplicação em spreads

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the modifications in milkfat properties with the addition of sunflower oil (SO) and phytosterol esters (PE) and chemical interesterification. Fatty acid composition, softening point and consistency were determined. The saturation degree of milkfat decreased with the addition of SO and PE. Consequently, milkfat presented lower softening point and consistency. Chemical interesterification caused an increase in softening point due to the formation of higher amounts of trissaturated triacylglycerols with rearrangement. The incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids from SO and PE by milkfat triacylglycerols after chemical reaction caused linearization of consistency curves.

Lipídios estruturados: alternativa para a produção de sucedâneos da gordura do leite humano

Human milk has characteristics of great importance for the newborn. Its composition shows all nutrients in quantity and quality needed, in addition to providing protection against infections and allergies and stimulating the immune system. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids and their distribution in the triacylglycerols are targets of studies on infant formula, and the triacylglycerols of human milk fat should serve as a model for the lipid components. This review aims to report studies of technology in lipids in order to produce structured lipids as substitutes of human milk fat.

Efeito da concentração de enzima e de substrato no grau de hidrólise e nas propriedades funcionais de hidrolisados proteicos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri)

The objective of this work was to obtain hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis using Alcalase 2.4L® and to evaluate the effect of the enzyme [E] and substrate [S] concentration on the functional properties of the hydrolysates. It was obtained hydrolysates with hydrolysis degree values ranging from 12.2 to 43.7%. The values of solubility and water holding capacity were similar for the greater number of the hydrolysates with minimum values in the pH 5.0. The hydrolysis degree showed direct relationship with the solubility and indirect with the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity.

Lipídios como indicadores de fontes e distribuição de matéria orgânica particulada em um complexo estuarino-lagunar tropical (Mundaú-Manguaba, AL)

Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols were considered as markers of the source and distribution of particulate organic matter during the dry season in the Mundaú-Manguaba estuarine-lagoon system, NE Brazil. Lipid composition showed an overwhelming influence of autochthonous sources of organic matter in all system´s compartments, including the probable occurrence of algal blooms in specific areas. On the other hand, contamination by sewage was restricted to Mundaú lagoon. This scenario differed from known conditions observed in the wet season, illustrating the usefulness of the lipid biomarker approach for the characterization of other complex and dynamic systems in the Brazilian coastal zone.

Nanopartículas de lipídios sólidos: métodos clássicos de produção laboratorial

Solid lipid nanoparticles have been extensively investigated as drug delivery systems. These colloidal systems have major advantages compared to others more traditional. Reported advantages include sustained release, ability to solubilize lipophilic drugs, increased physical and chemical stability of labile molecules, decreased unwanted side-effects showing lower toxicity, and scale up facilities. This paper aims at reviewing the traditional methods of solid lipid nanoparticles production, such as fusion-emulsification (hot and cold), solvent evaporation-emulsification and microemulsion, dealing with the main technological parameters that influence the quality properties of solid lipid nanoparticles.