972 resultados para L Cv Sparkle
Resumo:
Complete plants were regenerated from in vitro cultured immature cotyledon segments of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. TMV-7) by organogenesis. Callus cultures were best Initiated from immature cotyledon segments on MS (Murashige and Skoog) salts containing B5 vitamins supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and alpha -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 4.0 mg L-1) and kinetin (KIN; 0.5 L-1). Calluses were transferred to a medium containing KIN (2.0 mg L-1) and IAA and NAA (0.5 mg L-1) for shoot Initiation. The regenerated shoots were transferred to a medium containing Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 2.0 mg L-1) and KIN (0.2 mg L-1) for developing roots. In vitro produced plantlets developed sucessfully, matured, and set seed. The protein profiles [sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)] of callus, callus with shoot, and callus with shoot and root showed differences.
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El presente estudio se estableció en terrenos de la cooperativa "Rubén Duarte", en el ciclo de postrera del año 1991, del 30 de Agosto al 12 de Diciembre, con los siguientes objetivos: evaluar el efecto de la rotación de cultivos sobre la cenosis de malezas, crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento en los cultivos de soya (Glycine max (L.) Herr.) CV. "Cristalina" y ajonjolí (Sesamun indicum" L.) CV. "China roja"; así como determinar el mejor método de control de malezas y los cultivos más idóneos para realizar la rotación. Las rotaciones evaluadas fueron: maíz-ajonjolí, sorgo-ajonjolí, maíz-soya y sorgo-soya. Los métodos de control: químico (Fomesafén en soya y Fusilade en ajonjolí, dosis 1 1/ha post-emergente), control por período crítico (limpia con azadón en los estadios V3-V4 de soya y 6ta hoja en ajonjolí), control limpia periódica (limpia con azadón a los 21 y 31 DDS). El diseño utilizado fue parcelas divididas con arreglo en bloques completos al azar (BCA). En parcelas grandes se establecieron las rotaciones y en parcelas pequeñas los métodos de control. Las variables evaluadas fueron: abundancia, dominancia y diversidad en las malezas y en los cultivos: altura, número de hojas y/o ramas, caracteres morfológicos, rendimiento y sus componentes. En base a los análisis estadísticos y descriptivos realizados se concluyó en lo siguiente: existe disminución del crecimiento de malezas como consecuencia de la rotación de cultivos. El mejor método de control de malezas lo constituye limpia periódica y las rotaciones más indicadas son: maíz-soya y maíz-ajonjolí.
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El café(Coffea arabica L) es un componente importante del paisaje y la economía nacional, los arboles de sombra y el manejo agronómico influyen en la ecofisiología y calidad del café,mejorando la sostenibilidad de las fincas cafetaleras y su viabilidad económica; por tal razón es de suma importancia el estudio de diferentes sistemas de manejo agronómico del cafeto asociados o no con arboles de sombra. El presente estudio se realizó en la Finca San Francisco de Inversiones Generales S. A., ubicada en el km 39 ½ de la carretera San Marcos,Las Esquinas, en el departamento de Carazo, en un periodo comprendido de Agosto del 2002 hasta Junio del 2003.Los suelos pertenecen a la serie San Marcos del orden de los Andisoles, la finca tiene una altitud de 670 msnm, precipitación anual de 1400 mm, con temperatura promedio anual de 24 ºC y humedad relativa de 80 %. El objetivo general del experimento fue evaluar tres sistemas de manejo del café sobre el crecimiento, estructura productiva, acumulación de biomasa y nitrógeno en la raíz,tallo,ramas, hojas y frutos;producción y calidad del café oro de los cafetos. El diseño utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar (BCA), con tres tratamientos que consistieron en: a)Café(Coffea arabica L cv. Costa Rica 95) bajo sombra de madero negro (Gliricidia sepium(Jacquin) Kunth ex Walpers) y fertilización química,b)Café a plena explosión solar y fertilización química y c) Café bajo sombra sin fertilización.En cada parcela se seleccionaron 8 plantas a las cuales se les tomaron los datos de altura,diámetro, proyección de copa,nudos totales en el tallo principal, numero de ramas primarias,secundarias y terciarias tanto totales como productivas de la planta y rendimiento de café oro por parcela.Una muestra por tratamiento de café oro en cada una de las cuatro cosechas fue tomada y enviada a CERCAFENIC de UNICAFE en Managua para determinar los aspectos físicos y organolépticos de cada una de las muestras de café oro.Empleando el método destructivo se midió la biomasa y cantidad de nitrógeno acumulado en la raíz, tallo,ramas, hojas y frutos por planta. A cada una de las variables estudiadas se le realizó un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias por rangos múltiples de Tukey al 5 % de margen de error.En Agosto del 2002 las plantas de café bajo sombra sin fertilizante,presentaron la mayor biomasa de raíces (Pr = 0.0065) y el mayor contenido de nitrógeno en raíces (Pr = 0.0084), tallo (Pr = 0.0023) y hojas (Pr = 0.0177); el sistema de café a pleno sol y fertilizante obtuvo la mayor biomasa de tallo (Pr = 0.0165), en las variables restantes no se encontró diferencia significativa. Para el mes de Diciembre del 2002 el sistema café a pleno sol y fertilización presentó el mayor número de ramas terciarias totales (Pr =0.0166), en las variables restantes no se encontró diferencia significativa. Los datos del mes de Junio del 2003 presentan al sistema café bajo sombra y fertilizante con la mayor altura (Pr =0.0001) y el mayor número de ramas primarias totales (Pr = 0.0137) y el sistema café a pleno sol y fertilizante con el mayor número de ramas terciarias productivas (Pr = 0.0303)para las demás variables no se encontró diferencia estadística. El sistema de café bajo sombra sin fertilización obtuvo el mejor rendimiento con 438 kg oro ha–1. La calidad del café fue mejor en el sistema café bajo sombra con fertilizante en la cosecha cuatro y cinco presentando una taza OK, tipo GW y calidad como café lavado Nicaragua. Por ser el primer año de estudio, al no presentarse diferencia significativa en la mayoría de las variables se afirma que se inició con una población altamente homogénea lo cual seria de mucha utilidad para los datos que se tomaran en la continuidad de esta investigación.
Resumo:
El café (Coffea arabica .) es componente importante del paisaje y de la economía nacional. El manejo agronomómico influye en la ecofisiología y calidad del café; por tal razón son de suma 1mportanc1a estudios e mvestigaciones para evaluar los efectos de diferentes Sistemas del cafeto asociados o no con árboles de sombra. El presente estudio se realizó, principalmente, en la Finca "San Francisco" de Inversiones Generales S.A., ubicada al Km 39 Y, de la carretera San Marcos- Las Esquinas, en el Departamento de Carazo, en un periodo comprendido entre el junio 2002 y el diciembre 2004. El objetivo general del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento de las estructuras de crecimiento, productiva, rendimiento, contenido de biomasa seca, acumulación de nitrógeno y calidad fis1ca y organolépt1ca del café (Coffea arabica L. cv. Costa Rica 95) bajo tres diferentes tipologías de manejo agronómico: a) café con sombra y fertilización (CSF), b) café a pleno sol con fertilización (CSoIF) y c) café bajo sombra sin fertilización química (CS). En cada parcela se seleccionaron 8 plantas a las cuales se les tomaron los datos de altura, diámetro, proyección de copa, nudos totales en tallo principal, número de ramas primarias, secundarias y terciarias tanto totales como productivas de la planta y rendimiento de café oro por parcela. Una muestra por tratamiento de café oro en las cosechas fue tomada y enviada a CERCAFENIC de UNICAFE en Managua para determinar los aspectos físicos y organolépticos de los granos. Empleando el método destructivo se midió la biomasa y cantidad de nitrógeno acumulado en la raíz, tallo, ramas, hojas y frutos. Para mejorar y fortalecer el trabajo de investigación se hizo una comparación de calidad, del último ciclo cafetalero, con otros sistemas de manejo, usados sobre todo en dos Departamento del Norte del País, Matagalpa e Jinotega. En el caso de Matagalpa se evaluaron los datos físicos del grano y los dictámenes de taza de tres sistemas (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catimor y Caturro), a) café orgánico, b) café convencional, e) café de bajo insumo, aplicados en la "Cooperativa la Solidaridad", ubicada en la Cuenca del Aranjuez. Asimismo para Jinotega se sacaron las mismas variables del cafeto de bajo insumo de la "Cooperativa Santa Maria de Pantasma". Se estructuró un primero análisis de los costos de mantenimiento de los sistemas evaluado, obteniendo como resultado los costos y la ganancia por hectárea y el costo por kilogramo de café oro producido. El café con sombra y fertilizante presentó el mayor crecimiento en altura, proyección de copa, número de ramas primarias y secundarias totales y productivas. El café a puro sol obtuvo el mayor diámetro, el número de ramas terciarias, pero también la mayor cantidad de ramas agotadas o muertas. A las variables de biomasa y nitrógeno se aplicó un test "t de Student" por el programa estadístico SAS; solamente en los últimos meses de muestreo (junio, septiembre y diciembre 2004) se encontraron diferencias significativa entre los dos tratamientos abonados y el sistemas bajo sombra sin fertilizante. Los rendimientos fueron por dos veces mayores en el caso del sistema a puro sol. Las calidades sea fisicas que organolépticas mejoraron en el curso del estudio logrando en el último ciclo cafetalero la misma clasificación de los café de Matagalpa e Jinotega, taza OK, café lavado Matagalpa/Jinotega; pero los cafetos orgánico y de bajo insumo tuvieron resultados más satisfactorio. El café orgánico presentó los precios más alto y homogéneo en el curso de los tres años analizado, por eso, conjunto con el manejo convencional de la Finca "San Francisco", es lo que tuvo menores oscilaciones. Entre la tres parcelas experimentales los sistemas a pleno sol con fertilización (CSoiF) y el con sola sombra sin aporte de fertilizantes químicos (CS) son los que obtuvieron las mayores ganancia, saliendo de un primer año con resultados negativos o de poco más de 50 dólares por hectárea
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Para determinar el crecimiento y la acumulación de nutrientes en frutos de café (Coffea arábica L.) cv. CATRENIC, se evaluaron tres láminas de riego por goteo: 10 mm, 20 mm y 30 mm más un testigo (0 mm). El ensayo se realizó en un periodo comprendido entre marzo de 2013 a enero de 2014 en la finca San Dionisio, ubicada en San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. El diseño experimental utilizado fue una distribución de bloques completos al azar (BCA). El análisis de varianza no mostró efecto de los tratamientos para el diámetro polar, diámetro ecuatorial y peso seco del fruto al finalizar el ensayo. La correlación entre los diámetros evaluados fue 98.87 % y la correlación entre el peso fresco y peso seco de los frutos fue 93.15 %. En cuanto a la acumulación de nutrientes el orden de los macro elementos fue: K > Mg > P > Ca > Ny respecto a la concentración el orden fue: Mg > K> P > Ca > N. Los modelos utilizados para el ajuste de curvas fueron el no Lineal Exponencial para el crecimiento del fruto y para el peso seco el modelo probit normal.
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In conventional milling, the aleurone layer is combined with the bran fraction. Studies indicate that the bran fraction of wheat contains the majority of the phytonutrients betaine and choline, with relatively minor concentrations in the refined flour. This present study suggests that the wheat aleurone layer (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tiger) contains the greatest concentration of both betaine and choline (1553.44 and 209.80 mg/100 g of sample, respectively). The bran fraction contained 866.94 and 101.95 mg/100 g of sample of betaine and choline, respectively, while the flour fraction contained 23.30 mg/100 g of sample (betaine) and 28.0 mg/100 g of sample (choline). The betaine content for
the bran was lower, and the choline content was higher compared to previous studies, although it is known that there is large variation in betaine and choline contents between wheat cultivars. The ratio of betaine/choline in the aleurone fraction was approximately 7:1; in the bran, the ratio was approximately 8:1; and in the flour fraction, the ratio was approximately 1:1. The study further
emphasizes the superior phytonutrient composition of the aleurone layer.
INTRODUCTION
Wheat is a valuable source of betaine, choline (1, 2), B
vitamins, vitamin E, and a number of minerals, including iron,
zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus (3). Epidemiological studies
indicate that whole-grain consumption is protective against
several chronic diseases (4-12). It has not been fully elucidated
how whole-grain cereals or specific fractions (13) exert their
protective effect, but it is thought to be due to their content of
several nutrients associated with the reduced risk of disease.
Conventionally, whole grain is separated during milling into
bran, germ, and flour (14). The nutrient composition of these
fractions differ markedly; refined wheat flour contains approximately
50% less vitamins and minerals than whole-grain
flour (
Resumo:
Purpose: Hunan province is well-known for its extensive base-metal extraction and smelting industries. However, the legacies of excavation operations, transportation, and selective smelting activities within Hunan have resulted in the generation of large quantities of mine wastes, which will become the sources of metal contamination in the environment. Thus, there is an increasingly important health issue underlying the study of arable land pollution and transfer of As, Cd, and Pb in the paddy soil–rice system.
Materials and methods: Paddy soils collected from mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province and rice seed (Oryza sativa L. cv Jia Hua-1) were used for pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. One 30-day-old seedling was transplanted into one pot containing 5.0 kg pretreated soil. At harvest, rice grains and shoots were washed with distilled water to remove surface soil, and oven-dried at 65°C for 96 h until a constant weight was reached. Roots were washed carefully with distilled water for the next process of extracting iron plaque using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate solution. Total concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in soil and rice plant tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.
Results and discussion: Total concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in the soils collected from 12 mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province were much higher than Hunan background values and exceeded the maximum concentration limit for soils set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The yields of rice grain from Pb/Zn mining and smelting sites were negatively correlated to overall pollution scores. Distributions of As, Cd, and Pb in rice plant followed: root >> shoot > husk > whole grain. About 30.1–88.1% of As, 11.2–43.5% of Cd, and 14.0–33.9% of Pb were accumulated in iron plaque on root surfaces.
Conclusions: High concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb are observed in paddy soils from mining- and smelting-impacted areas in Hunan province, indicating those paddy soils suffer serious combined heavy metal contamination. In particular, Cd is the dominant contaminant followed by As and Pb in paddy soils from most locations. The distributions of As, Cd, and Pb in rice tissue were: root >> shoot > husk > whole grain. Concentrations of Pb in all whole grain and of As and Cd in 50% of whole grain samples exceeded Chinese Hygienic Standard values for food.
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Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. NIAB-78) to salinity, in terms of seed germination, seedling root growth and root Na+ and K+ content was determined in a laboratory experiment. Cotton seeds were exposed to increasing salinity levels using germination water with Sodium chloride concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM, to provide different degrees of salt stress. Germinated seeds were counted and roots were harvested at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the start of the experiment. It appeared that seed germination was only slightly affected by an increase in salinity (in most cases the differences between treatment were non-significant), whereas root length, root growth rate, root fresh and dry weights were severely affected, generally highly significant differences in these variables were found for comparisons involving most combinations of salinity levels, in particular with increased incubation period. K+ contents decreased with increasing salinity levels, although differences in K+ content were only significant when comparing the control and the 4 salinity levels. Na+ content of the roots increased with increasing levels of NaCl in the germination water, suggesting an exchange of K+ for Na+. The ratio K+/Na+ strongly decreased with rising levels of salinity from around 4.5 for the control to similar to 1 at 200 mM NaCl.
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The relationship between shoot growth and rooting was examined in two, 'difficult-to root' amenity trees, Syringa vulgaris L. cv. Charles Joly and Corylus avellana L. cv. Aurea. A range of treatments reflecting severity of pruning was imposed on field-grown stock prior to bud break. To minimise variation due to the numbers of buds that developed under different treatments, bud number was restricted to 30 per plant. Leafy cuttings were harvested at different stages of the active growth phase of each species. With Syringa, rooting decreased with later harvests, but loss of rooting potential was delayed in cuttings collected from the most severe pruning treatment. Rooting potential was associated with the extent of post-excision shoot growth on the cutting but regression analyses indicated that this relationship could not entirely explain the loss of rooting with time, nor the effects due to pruning. Similarly, in Corylus rooting was promoted by severe pruning, but the relationship between apical growth on the cutting and rooting was weaker than in Syringa, and only at the last harvest did growth play a critical role in determining rooting. Another unusual factor of the last harvest of Corylus was a bimodal distribution of roots per cutting, with very few rooted cuttings having less than five roots. This implies that, for this harvest at least, the potential of an individual cutting to root is probably not limited by the number of potential rooting sites.
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Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme in nitrogen (N) assimilation, particularly during seed development. Three cytosolic GS isoforms (HvGS1) were identified in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Golden Promise). Quantitation of gene expression, localization and response to N supply revealed that each gene plays a non-redundant role in different tissues and during development. Localization of HvGS1_1 in vascular cells of different tissues, combined with its abundance in the stem and its response to changes in N supply, indicate that it is important in N transport and remobilization. HvGS1_1 is located on chromosome 6H at 72.54 cM, close to the marker HVM074 which is associated with a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for grain protein content (GPC). HvGS1_1 may be a potential candidate gene to manipulate barley GPC. HvGS1_2 mRNA was localized to the leaf mesophyll cells, in the cortex and pericycle of roots, and was the dominant HvGS1 isoform in these tissues. HvGS1_2 expression increased in leaves with an increasing supply of N, suggesting its role in the primary assimilation of N. HvGS1_3 was specifically and predominantly localized in the grain, being highly expressed throughout grain development. HvGS1_3 expression increased specifically in the roots of plants grown on high NH+4, suggesting that it has a primary role in grain N assimilation and also in the protection against ammonium toxicity in roots. The expression of HvGS1 genes is directly correlated with protein and enzymatic activity, indicating that transcriptional regulation is of prime importance in the control of GS activity in barley.
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(In vitro Propagation of Heliconia bihai L. from Zygotic Embryos). The internal morphology of embryos from immature and mature fruits of Hcliconia bihai (L.) L. cv. Lobster Claw Two was examined. Embryos were inoculated into MS media (full MS and 1/2 MS) and GA(1) (0.2.5 and 5 mg L(-1)) with either sucrose or glucose. These plantlets were then replicated and transferred to MS medium (full MS or 1/2 MS) with 0 or 2.5 mg L(-1) BAP and their multiplication was evaluated 30 and 45 days after inoculation. The genetic variability of the multiplied plants was estimated using isoenzyme analyses. The internal morphology of the mature embryos revealed their tissues to be in more advanced stages of differentiation than immature embryos. In the conversion phase, 85% of the inoculated embryos developed into plants in the 1/2 MS medium with sucrose, in contrast to only 41% of the embryos that were cultivated with glucose. In the multiplication phase, plants cultivated in 1/2 MS medium with 2.5 mg L(-1) BAP demonstrated more buds. Isoenzyme analyses showed pattern changes in terms of the color intensity and the migration of some of the bands. These results may be associated with differences in the ages of the mother plants and of the plantlets obtained in vitro.
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The present work was carried out to study the effects of mineral nutrition on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) cv. IAC Runner-886 and hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L) growth, when submitted to inter- and intraspecific competition. The treatments consisted of two peanut plants per pot, two hairy beggarticks per pot and one plant of each species per pot. The plants were nourished with Hoagland and Arnon (1950) complete solution, or without potassium, or without phosphorus or without nitrogen. Sixty days after planting, no inter- or intraspecific competition effect on growth characteristics of peanut was verified and nutrition was not a limiting factor to the culture. No interaction between competition and nutrition effects was observed for both species. The weed suffered more negative effects from intraspecific competition and nutrition. The absence of N had a pronounced effect compared to the other elements, resulting in a reduction in all the evaluated characteristics. The deficiency of nutrients and competition affected the weed more than the crop, showing that peanut was more competitive than hairy beggarticks.
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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de campo, no município de São Mateus -- ES, pertencente à maior região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 L de água: chlorothalonil (Daconil PM-200g); mancozeb (Dithane PM -- 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil -- 400g); thiabendazole (Tecto 450 -- 100ml); dicofol + tetradifon (Carbax -- 200ml); triazophós (Hostathion 400 BR -- 150ml); óxido de fenbutatina (Torque 500 SC -- 60ml); e abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE -- 50ml): Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos testados, em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As datas das avaliações foram: 01 dia antes das pulverizações, 15 dias e 30 dias após as mesmas. Os fungicidas Daconil BR, Reconil e Tecto 450; o fungicida acaricida Dithane PM; os acaricidas Carbax e Torque 500 SC; e o inseticida-acaricida Vertimec 18 CE, aplicados isoladamente, não afetaram o crescimento e a produção das plantas, nem causaram injúrias nas folhas das mesmas. A associação de fungicidas e fungicida-acaricida, com os acaricidas, ou inseticida-acaricida, não mostrou nenhum efeito fitotóxico sobre os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados, nem causaram queimaduras ou injúrias foliares.
Resumo:
Estudaram-se os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de verão, no município de São Mateus - ES, localizado na região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 l de água: abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE - 50 ml); dicofol + tetradiphon (Carbax - 200 ml), fenbutatin oxide (Torque 500 SC - 60 ml); mancozeb (Dithane PM - 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil - 400g) e thiabendazole (Tecto 450 - 100ml). Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As medições e contagens foram feitas um dia antes das pulverizações, 15 e 30 dias após. Constatou-se que o Vertimec 18 CE, associado ao Reconil ou ao Tecto 450, ocasionou leves injúrias foliares, detectadas aos 15 dias após as pulverizações, que se tornaram praticamente imperceptíveis, aos 30 dias após as pulverizações; e que Dithane PM, Reconil, Tecto 450, Carbax, Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Carbax, Dithane PM + Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Vertimec 18 CE, Reconil + Carbax, Reconil + Torque 500 SC, Tecto 450 + Carbax e, Tecto 450 + + Torque 500 SC não interferiram nos parâmetros de desenvolvimento e de produção estudados, bem como não causaram injúrias ou queimaduras nas folhas dos mamoeiros.
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O trabalho avaliou os efeitos de reguladores vegetais sobre a quebra da dominância apical de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L. cv. Improved Sunrise Solo). A aplicação dos reguladores vegetais foi iniciada quando as plantas tinham seis meses de idade, totalizando três aplicações, a intervalos de sete dias, constando dos seguintes tratamentos: T1- água (testemunha); T2- GA3 250 mg L-1; T3- GA3 500 mg L-1; T4- benziladenina (BA) 250 mg L-1; T5- BA 500 mg L-1; T6- GA3 125 mg L-1 + BA 125 mg L-1; T7- GA3 250 mg L-1 + BA 250 mg L-1. Esses tratamentos foram acompanhados da remoção ou não da gema apical. Os resultados mostraram que plantas tratadas com GA3 + BA a 125 e 250 mg L-1, com e sem a remoção da gema apical, apresentaram maior número de brotações que a testemunha, a qual não apresentou nenhuma brotação das gemas laterais.