711 resultados para Kjell Johansson
Resumo:
This study examines Institutional Twinning in Morocco as a case of EU cooperation through the pragmatic, ethical and moral logics of reason in Jürgen Habermas’s discourse ethics. As a former accession tool, Twinning was introduced in 2004 for legal approximation in the context of the European Neighborhood Policy. Twinning is a unique instrument in development cooperation from a legal perspective. With its long historical and cultural ties to Europe, Morocco presents an interesting case study of this new form of cooperation. We will analyse motives behind the Twinning projects on illegal immigration, environment legislation and customs reform. As Twinning is a new policy instrument within the ENP context, there is relatively little preceding research, which, in itself, constitutes a reason to inquire into the subject. While introducing useful categories, the approaches discussing “normative power Europe” do not offer methodological tools precise enough to analyse the motives of the Twinning cooperation from a broad ethical standpoint. Helene Sjursen as well as Esther Barbé and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués have elaborated on Jürgen Habermas’ discourse ethics in determining the extent of altruism in the ENP in general. Situating the analysis in the process-oriented framework of Critical Theory, discourse ethics provides the methodological framework for our research. The case studies reveal that the context in which they operate affects the pragmatic, ethical and moral aspirations of the actors. The utilitarian notion of profit maximization is quite pronounced both in terms of the number of Twinning projects in the economic sphere and the pragmatic logics of reason instrumental to security and trade-related issues. The historical background as well internal processes, however, contribute to defining areas of mutual interest to the actors as well as the motives Morocco and the EU sometimes described as the external projection of internal values. Through its different aspects, Twinning cooperation portrays the functioning of the pragmatic, ethical and moral logics of reason in international relations.
Resumo:
Helsingin ja Espoon yhteinen joukkoliikennehanke länsimetro on suuri uudistus pääkaupunkiseudulla. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan uusien metrokaupunginosien asukkaiden länsimetrohankkeeseen liittämiä asenteita sekä yleisesti metroon ja metron automatisointihankkeeseen liitettäviä asenteita. Tutkielman metodologinen lähestymistapa on sosiaalipsykologian oppiaineessa kehitetty laadullinen asennetutkimus. Metodi pohjautuu retoriseen sosiaalipsykologiaan, jossa korostetaan asioiden moniulotteista luonnetta. Sosiaalipsykologiassa on tutkittu liikennejärjestelmiä vain vähän. Ympäristön sosiaalipsykologia ja sosiaalitieteellinen liikennetutkimus muodostavat tutkielman teoreettisen viitekehyksen. Tutkielmassa metroa tarkastellaan laaja-alaisesti esimerkiksi fyysisen ympäristön osana sekä matkustuskokemuksellisena tilana. Tutkielman aineiston muodostavat lokakuussa 2010 toteutetut 10 haastattelua. Haastateltavat asuivat haastatteluhetkellä Lauttasaaressa, Tapiolassa ja Matinkylässä. Tutkielman tutkimuskysymykset on muodostettu laadullisen asennetutkimuksen kiinnostuksenkohteiden mukaisesti ja tutkielmassa tarkastellaan sitä, mitä metrokeskusteluissa oikeastaan arvotetaan eli arvioidaan kielteisesti tai myönteisesti sekä kenen (subjekti)asemasta ja miten. Arvottamisen kohteiden ja subjektiasemien tunnistaminen mahdollistaa asenteiden tunnistamisen. Tutkielman aineistossa länsimetro näyttäytyy laadultaan hyvin monimuotoisena asenteen kohteena. Metro ei ole vain liikenneväline, vaan se näyttäytyy esimerkiksi erilaisia alueita ja ihmisiä yhdistävänä tekijänä sekä pahoinvoinnin ja turvattomuuden näyttämönä. Aineiston analyysin perusteella länsimetron vastustamiseen liittyy keskeisesti pelko asuinalueiden muutoksesta. Keskeiset lähteet: Vesala & Rantanen (2007), Billig (1996), Gatersleben, Clark, Reeve & Uzzell (2007), Tvvigger-Ross, Bonaiuto & Breakwell (2003)
Resumo:
BACKGROUND Familial diarrhea disorders are, in most cases, severe and caused by recessive mutations. We describe the cause of a novel dominant disease in 32 members of a Norwegian family. The affected members have chronic diarrhea that is of early onset, is relatively mild, and is associated with increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease, small-bowel obstruction, and esophagitis. METHODS We used linkage analysis, based on arrays with single-nucleotide polymorphisms, to identify a candidate region on chromosome 12 and then sequenced GUCY2C, encoding guanylate cyclase C (GC-C), an intestinal receptor for bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins. We performed exome sequencing of the entire candidate region from three affected family members, to exclude the possibility that mutations in genes other than GUCY2C could cause or contribute to susceptibility to the disease. We carried out functional studies of mutant GC-C using HEK293T cells. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous missense mutation (c.2519G -> T) in GUCY2C in all affected family members and observed no other rare variants in the exons of genes in the candidate region. Exposure of the mutant receptor to its ligands resulted in markedly increased production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This may cause hyperactivation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), leading to increased chloride and water secretion from the enterocytes, and may thus explain the chronic diarrhea in the affected family members. CONCLUSIONS Increased GC-C signaling disturbs normal bowel function and appears to have a proinflammatory effect, either through increased chloride secretion or additional effects of elevated cellular cGMP. Further investigation of the relevance of genetic variants affecting the GC-C-CFTR pathway to conditions such as Crohn's disease is warranted. (Funded by Helse Vest Western Norway Regional Health Authority] and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.)
Resumo:
A combination of measurements using photoelectron spectroscopy and calculations using density functional theory (DFT) was applied to compare the detailed electronic structure of the organolead halide perovskites CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3. These perovskite materials are used to absorb light in mesoscopic and planar heterojunction solar cells. The Pb 4f core level is investigated to get insight into the chemistry of the two materials. Valence level measurments are also included showing a shift of the valence band edges where there is a higher binding energy of the edge for the CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite. These changes are supported by the theoretical calculations which indicate that the differences in electronic structure are mainly caused by the nature of the halide ion rather than structural differences. The combination of photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and electronic structure calculations is essential to disentangle how the valence band edge in organolead halide perovskites is governed by the intrinsic difference in energy levels of the halide ions from the influence of chemical bonding.
Resumo:
Herein are described the total syntheses of all members of the transtaganolide and basiliolide natural product family. Utilitzation of an Ireland–Claisen rearrangement/Diels–Alder cycloaddition cascade (ICR/DA) allowed for rapid assembly of the transtaganolide and basiliolide oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core. This methodology is general and was applicable to all members of the natural product family.
A brief introduction outlines all the synthetic progress previously disclosed by Lee, Dudley, and Johansson. This also includes the initial syntheses of transtaganolides C and D, as well as basiliolide B and epi-basiliolide B accomplished by Stoltz in 2011. Lastly, we discuss our racemic synthesis of basililide C and epi-basiliolide C, which utilized an ICR/DA cascade to constuct the oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core and formal [5+2] annulation to form the ketene-acetal containing 7-membered C-ring.
Next, we describe a strategy for an asymmetric ICR/DA cascade, by incorporation of a chiral silane directing group. This allowed for enantioselective construction of the C8 all-carbon quaternary center formed in the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. Furthermore, a single hydride reduction and subsequent translactonization of a C4 methylester bearing oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core demonstrated a viable strategy for the desired skeletal rearrangement to obtain pentacyclic transtaganolides A and B. Application of the asymmetric strategy culminated in the total syntheses of (–)-transtaganolide A, (+)-transtaganolide B, (+)-transtaganolide C, and (–)-transtaganolide D. Comparison of the optical rotation data of the synthetically derived transtaganolides to that from the isolated counterparts has overarching biosynthetic implications which are discussed.
Lastly, improvement to the formal [5+2] annulation strategy is described. Negishi cross-coupling of methoxyethynyl zinc chloride using a palladium Xantphos catalyst is optimized for iodo-cyclohexene. Application of this technology to an iodo-pyrone geranyl ester allowed for formation and isolation of the eneyne product. Hydration of the enenye product forms natural metabolite basiliopyrone. Furthermore, the eneyne product can undergo an ICR/DA cascade and form transtaganolides C and D in a single step from an achiral monocyclic precursor.