Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio-Studies (truths)

The Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS) mission offers a novel approach to the provision of key scientific data with unprecedented radiometric accuracy for Earth Observation (EO) and solar studies, which will also establish well-calibrated reference targets/standards to support other EO missions. This paper presents the TRUTHS mission and its objectives. TRUTHS will be the first satellite mission to calibrate its EO instrumentation directly to SI in orbit, overcoming the usual uncertainties associated with drifts of sensor gain and spectral shape by using an electrical rather than an optical standard as the basis of its calibration. The range of instruments flown as part of the payload will also provide accurate input data to improve atmospheric radiative transfer codes by anchoring boundary conditions, through simultaneous measurements of aerosols, particulates and radiances at various heights. Therefore, TRUTHS will significantly improve the performance and accuracy of EO missions with broad global or operational aims, as well as more dedicated missions. The provision of reference standards will also improve synergy between missions by reducing errors due to different calibration biases and offer cost reductions for future missions by reducing the demands for on-board calibration systems. Such improvements are important for the future success of strategies such as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) and the implementation and monitoring of international treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol. TRUTHS will achieve these aims by measuring the geophysical variables of solar and lunar irradiance, together with both polarised and unpolarised spectral radiance of the Moon, Earth and its atmosphere.

RFID based Efficient Lighting Control

The Kyoto Protocol and the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive put an onus on governments
and organisations to lower carbon footprint in order to contribute towards reducing global warming. A key
parameter to be considered in buildings towards energy and cost savings is its indoor lighting that has a major
impact on overall energy usage and Carbon Dioxide emissions. Lighting control in buildings using Passive
Infrared sensors is a reliable and well established approach; however, the use of only Passive Infrared does not
offer much savings towards reducing carbon, energy, and cost. Accurate occupancy monitoring information can
greatly affect a building’s lighting control strategy towards a greener usage. This paper presents an approach for
data fusion of Passive Infrared sensors and passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based occupancy
monitoring. The idea is to have efficient, need-based, and reliable control of lighting towards a green indoor
environment, all while considering visual comfort of occupants. The proposed approach provides an estimated
13% electrical energy savings in one open-plan office of a University building in one working day. Practical
implementation of RFID gateways provide real-world occupancy profiling data to be fused with Passive
Infrared sensing towards analysis and improvement of building lighting usage and control.

Promoting Dignity for All: Human Rights Approaches in the Post-2015 Climate Change, Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development Frameworks

This article takes as its starting point the potentially negative human rights implications that the effects of climate change, disasters and development practices can have on individuals and communities. It argues that key international instruments, including the post-2015 successors to the Kyoto Protocol, Hyogo Framework for Action on disaster risk reduction and the Millennium Development Goals, appear to be moving towards an express acknowledgment of the relevance of international human rights law as an important mechanism to minimise potential harms that may arise. This raises the question as to the appropriate role of the UN human rights monitoring and accountability mechanisms in identifying the relevant rights-holders and duty-bearers. The article therefore provides an examination of the linkages between climate change and international human rights law, as well as discussion of the human rights considerations and accountability mechanisms for disasters and sustainable development. The article concludes by arguing that despite differential understandings between disciplines as to the meaning of key terms such as ‘vulnerability’ and ‘resilience’, international human rights law provides a comprehensive basis for promoting international and national accountability. It follows that a greater level of coordination and coherence between the human rights approaches of the various post-2015 legal and policy frameworks is warranted as a means of promoting the dignity of those most affected by climate change, disasters and developmental activities.

Avaliação da rentabilidade económica dos sistemas de microgeração fotovoltaica em Portugal (1990-2010)

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica - ramo de Energia

Evaluation of dynamic pass-through of carbon prices into electricity prices – a cointegrated VECM analysis

This paper addresses the impact of the CO2 opportunity cost on the wholesale electricity price in the context of the Iberian electricity market (MIBEL), namely on the Portuguese system, for the period corresponding to the Phase II of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). In the econometric analysis a vector error correction model (VECM) is specified to estimate both long–run equilibrium relations and short–run interactions between the electricity price and the fuel (natural gas and coal) and carbon prices. The model is estimated using daily spot market prices and the four commodities prices are jointly modelled as endogenous variables. Moreover, a set of exogenous variables is incorporated in order to account for the electricity demand conditions (temperature) and the electricity generation mix (quantity of electricity traded according the technology used). The outcomes for the Portuguese electricity system suggest that the dynamic pass–through of carbon prices into electricity prices is strongly significant and a long–run elasticity was estimated (equilibrium relation) that is aligned with studies that have been conducted for other markets.

HFCs e soluções alternativas viáveis

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Projeto e construção de bancada para ensaios de certificação de gases fluorados com efeitos de estufa

Prestando atenção e observando o que se passa à nossa volta, conclui-se que as condições climáticas da Terra estão a mudar rapidamente. As alterações ambientais que impomos ao nosso planeta em resultado da atividade humana nas suas múltiplas áreas de ação, obrigam-nos a tomar consciência da necessidade na adoção de atitudes e formas de vida mais condizentes com a preservação do ambiente, agindo no respeito pelos processos naturais de renovação ambiental. A resposta a este problema tem-se traduzido na aplicação de um conjunto de legislações e práticas com o objetivo de promover uma redução significativa das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Entre outros, os gases fluorados são dos mais relevantes gases com efeito de estufa, conforme identificados no Protocolo de Quioto. Esta tese tem como objetivo mostrar as ações que os técnicos de AVAC e refrigeração necessitam de executar para a sua certificação, para operar com equipamentos fixos de refrigeração que contenham gases fluorados com efeito de estufa, bem como procedimentos e cuidados necessários no respeito e conformidade com a legislação em vigor. Foi construída uma plataforma experimental com um equipamento de refrigeração para a prática e manuseamento do gás fluorados com a eventualidade de desenvolver sessões de formação.

Support for renewable energy and WTO Law : the actionability of Ontario and Québec renewable energy support mechanisms

Le Traité de Marrakech stipule que le commerce et le développement économique devraient être orientés de manière à permettre l’utilisation optimale des ressources mondiales, conformément à l’objectif de développement durable. Combiné aux dispositions du Protocole de Kyoto et du Traité de Copenhague, les gouvernements poursuivent de politiques nationales favorisant les producteurs nationaux au détriment des étrangers. Cette mémoire propose une analyse des règles de l’OMC, dans le but de déterminer les mesures disciplinaires possibles contre le Canada à l'égard de ses mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des règles énoncées dans le GATT, l’Accord sur les subventions et les mesures compensatoires et divers accords multilatéraux conclus dans le cadre de l’OMC permet de déterminer si elles pourraient s’appliquer aux mécanismes de support de l’énergie renouvelable. Une analyse des programmes du Québec et de l’Ontario permet une prise de position quant à leur conformité aux règles commerciales de l’OMC.

El mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio : oportunidades de Desarrollo Sostenible para Países en Desarrollo en el Protocolo de Kioto. Caso Colombia como posible potencia continental ambiental

El Cambio Climático y los Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) en Colombia: Con el protocolo de Kyoto nacen los Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio, los cuales posibilitan a los países en desarrollo el generar cambios en los modelos de producción de las industrias altamente contaminantes por producciones limpias, obteniendo beneficios adicionales por la comercialización de los títulos de Reducciones Certificadas de las Emisiones (RCE). Nuestro país, tiene un potencial importante para fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos MDL con lo cuál puede aumentar su capacidad de negociación frente a políticas ambientales internacionales, contribuyendo al incremento del comercio exterior colombiano.

Análisis del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio como instrumento útil de cooperación internacional en el marco del Cambio Climático, caso de estudio Colombia periodo 2004-2009

Los problemas ambientales causados por las actividades humanas han generado la reciente preocupación sobre Cambio Climático en el Sistema Internacional. Este tema ha adquirido una gran importancia en la agenda de cooperación, ya que países como Colombia implementan desde hace algún tiempo instrumentos de mitigación como lo es el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio.

Análisis de los limites de la institucionalidad internacional establecida bajo el protocolo de Kioto para enfrentar la problematica del cambio climático a partir del estudio del funcionamiento del mecanismo de desarrollo limpio (MDL), desde su entrada en vigor en los países no anexo I

Las negociaciones del cambio climático no han arrojado resultados contundentes para afrontar la problemática que trata. El estudio de la institucionalidad establecida en el régimen, específicamente en el Protocolo de Kioto, para efectos de las negociaciones y de la lucha directa contra la problemática del cambio climático muestra señales de inoperancia. El GTE-PK no ha logrado concluir satisfactoriamente con su mandato y las negociaciones parecen estancadas por la falta de voluntad para negociar por parte de los grupos de negociación tanto de los Países Parte del Anexo I como de los No Anexo I. Lo anterior, no permite dar claridad sobre el futuro del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Sin embargo, su institucionalidad no ha sido del todo un fracaso ya que la Junta Ejecutiva del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (JE) ha logrado registrar una gran cantidad de proyectos MDL y ha permitido lograr importantes avances en transferencia de tecnología verde entre los países Parte. En este trabajo se analizarán las dinámicas de las negociaciones en el régimen del cambio climático y su injerencia en la institucionalidad establecida bajo el Protocolo de Kioto.

Aportes de la Unión Europea al desarrollo sostenible de Colombia: diagnóstico de la cooperación en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el periodo 2006-2010

La presente investigación diagnóstica busca analizar las dinámicas de cooperación al desarrollo entre la Unión Europea y Colombia para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, específicamente el Objetivo 7 que busca garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente.

Análisis de la posición de Estados Unidos y China como bloque frente a la Negociación sobre políticas ambientales en el marco del Protocolo de Kioto

Estados Unidos y China son dos países que participan en el escenario internacional como polos opuestos en los temas más importantes de la agenda internacional. En la participación de las negociaciones del Protocolo de Kioto entorpecen el destino de este acuerdo. Con diferentes posturas y sin ponerse de acuerdo, son el bloque frente a estas negociaciones que pretenden mejorar las condiciones ambientales en todo el mundo.

La alianza de estados insulares pequeños y la securitización del cambio climático en la convención marco de Naciones Unidas sobre cambio climático (1992-2012)

La presente monografía busca explicar el proceso de securitización realizado por la AOSIS del cambio climático en las COP de la CMNUCC. Esta investigación defiende que la AOSIS sí ha hecho dicho proceso a través de estrategias como el liderazgo moral y los nexos con actores no-estatales; pero dicho proceso no ha sido exitoso, dado el predominio del discurso del desarrollo sostenible en las negociaciones, el debilitamiento de la AOSIS como actor securitizador y el poco apoyo formal de las potencias emergentes y el bloque UMBRELLA. Para sustentar lo anterior, se realizará una revisión de informes científicos que demuestran que el cambio climático es una amenaza a la seguridad, y un estudio desde de la teoría de securitización de Thierry Balzacq, de los discursos dados por los estados AOSIS, de las COP y de las posiciones de algunos bloques de negociación sobre el cambio climático.

A Framework for Various Approaches under the UNFCCC: Necessity or luxury? CEPS Special Report No. 70, 20 November 2012

In recognition that the world is moving towards a new climate change regime that in many ways will be very different from the world in which the Kyoto Protocol has been operating, climate negotiators and other specialists have begun to focus their attention on developing a “framework for variable approaches” (FVA). It is hoped that this new framework will prove more adaptable to national circumstances and more capable of catalysing new ideas, at the regional, national or sub-national level. This paper examines the assumptions, objectives, scope, components and functions of an FVA, with a view to creating the right conditions in which a well-functioning global carbon market can emerge.