Evaluation of ricinus communis L. for the phytoremediation of polluted soil with organochlorine pesticides

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência de retardantes de crescimento no desenvolvimento de plantas de galdíolo (Gladiouls communis L. spp., Iridaceae)

Tratamentos com retardantes de crescimento vegetal foram estudados em plantas de Palma de Santa Rita (Gladiolus communis L. spp., Iridaceae) para avaliar a altura da planta, o número de folhas e botões florais, diâmetro do caule e comprimento da haste floral. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos (testemunha; aplicações de cloreto de mepiquat na concentração de 200mg.L-1, 3 e 6 vezes; cloreto de chlormequat na concentração de 200mg.L-1, 3 e 6 vezes e ethephon na concentração de 200mg.L-1, 3 e 6 vezes). Foram realizadas sete avaliações não destrutivas a cada sete dias e uma coleta final. Os tratamentos com ethephon proporcionaram redução da altura das plantas e do comprimento.

Efeito da calagem e adubação potássica no crescimento e nutrição da cultura da mamona (Ricinus communis L.)

The castor bean is an oilseed crop of outstanding importance in Brazil and worldwide. Besides the wide application in chemical industry, is important due to its tolerance to drought, making it a viable crop for the semi-arid region of Brazil, where there are few agricultural alternatives. However, this culture is not unique to semi-arid region and is also planted with excellent results in various regions of the country. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of liming and potassium fertilization on the crop of castor bean. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized complete block randomized in a factorial 3 x 2, where the first factor consisted of potassium (0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1) and in the presence or absence lime to raise the base saturation to 60%. It was found that liming in combination with an intermediate dose of K2O (30 kg ha-1) elevates the production of dry mass of the area, however not change the concentration nutrients in the castor bean.

Inbreeding depression in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) progenies

The purpose of this study was to investigate inbreeding depression (DE) in castor bean. From a population derived from the Guarani cultivar, 60 mother plants were sampled. Three types of progenies were obtained from each one: from self-pollination (AU), from crosses (CR) and from open pollination (PL). Grain yield of the progenies was evaluated in two locations. There was a strong interaction of progenies x locations, which led to obtaining estimates within each location. Broad variation was observed in inbreeding depression, with mean values of 6.7% and 13.4%, comparing AU progenies with PL progenies. It was observed that the population has high potential for selecting promising inbred lines. The frequency of mother plants generating progenies with simultaneous high general combination capacity and low inbreeding depression was low. Recurrent selection will increase the occurrence of parent plants associating these two properties, which is necessary for obtaining superior synthetic varieties.

Addition of increasing doses of ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) in diets of Nellore steers in feedlots

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and blood parameters of feedlot Nellore cattle fed increasing doses of ricinoleic acid (RA) in the diet. Ninety-six Nellore steers divided into 12 groups of 8 animals were used. The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments: 0, 1, 2, or 4 g of RA/animal/day, with three replicates per treatment. The experimental period consisted of 84 days divided into three 28-day periods preceded by three step-up diets. A quadratic effect was found for average daily gain and final body weight, as well as for leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, and for urea and blood urea nitrogen. A linear effect was observed for albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transferase. The inclusion of 2 g of RA daily improved the performance of feedlot Nellore steers.

Infektions-Versuche mit Gymnosporangium juniperinum auf den Nadeln von Juniperus communis

Von Dr. C. Freiherr von Tubeuf

Actividad insecticida de Ricinus Communis L. sobre Plodia Interpunctella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae).

La aplicación de insecticidas sintéticos como principal sistema de control de plagas de granos y productos almacenados ha originado el desarrollo de poblaciones de insectos resistentes a dichos químicos, la contaminación del medio ambiente y la acumulación de sustancias tóxicas en los alimentos. En este trabajo se evaluaron los efectos de la aplicación de molido de hojas de ricino sobre larvas de la «polilla de las harinas» (Lepidoptera: Phycitinae). Los molidos vegetales se obtuvieron a partir de hojas de Ricinus communis L. secadas en estufa a 40 ± 2 °C durante 48 horas y posteriormente molidas hasta lograr un polvo de textura similar a la harina de maíz, material con el que se mezcl�� a fin de lograr concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 % y un testigo sin ricino. Las unidades experimentales consistieron en cajas de Petri con seis larvas de primer y segundo estadio y se efectuaron cinco repeticiones por tratamiento (n=120). Se registró el número de larvas, pupas y adultos vivos, cada cuatro días, hasta que las larvas sobrevivientes llegaron al estado adulto. Se calcularon los porcentajes de eficacia mediante la fórmula de Abbott. Los resultados se evaluaron por ANVA y test de Tukey. Se determinaron el tiempo efectivo medio (TE50) y concentración efectiva media (CE50) por el método Probit. Los resultados de mortalidad indicaron que la concentración al 15 % superó significativamente al resto de los tratamientos y al testigo.

Evaluación de las características físico-químicas y biol��gicas en dos suelos superficiales cultivados con pera (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Williams bajo manejo convencional

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar las características físico-químicas y biol��gicas en dos suelos superficiales fertilizados con nitrógeno y enmienda orgánica en el Alto Valle de Río Negro (huertos H1 y H2). En ambos huertos se aplicó fertilizante nitrogenado durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010 y en H2 se aplicó estiércol de pollo. Se extrajeron muestras de suelos en primavera y otoño y se determinó: carbono orgánico total, conductividad el��ctrica, cationes de intercambio, relación de adsorción de sodio y nitratos, respiración microbiana, carbono de la biomasa microbiana, actividad de la deshidrogenasa y el índice de mineralización. La concentración de carbono orgánico total, potasio y nitrógeno fueron adecuadas para la producción de pera. El comportamiento de las variables biol��gicas fue diferente en los huertos. En H1 fueron mayores en primavera, en ambas temporadas y el índice de mineralización fue ligeramente superior a 1 en otoño, indicando equilibrio entre la mineralización y la humificación del carbono. En H2 las mediciones biol��gicas fueron similares entre las estaciones como consecuencia de realizar fertilización nitrogenada (N) en primavera y en otoño. La enmienda orgánica no reflejó un aumento de la actividad biol��gica en primavera. La actividad microbiana y enzimática en H1 y H2 fue sensible a los cambios que ocurrieron en los suelos.

Sobre la presencia de la sabina negra (Juniperus phoenicea L.) en Madrid.

Estudio de los escasos ejemplares de sabina negra localizados en la Comunidad de Madrid , importantes desde el punto de vista corol��gico por ser los más occidentales del centro peninsular.

Juniperus phoenicea L. (Sabina negral) en la Comunidad de Madrid

Se da a conocer la presencia de Juniperus phoenicea L. en el territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid y se estudia la distribución de las poblaciones más cercanas en territorios vecinos. Se han detectado tres localidades y se aportan inventarios de vegetación realizados en las mismas. Se hacen unas consideraciones sobre su comportamiento ecol��gico y distribución. Y por último se detallan medidas a tener en cuenta para la gestión de esta especie en la Comunidad de Madrid.

An oleate 12-hydroxylase from Ricinus communis L. is a fatty acyl desaturase homolog.

Recent spectroscopic evidence implicating a binuclear iron site at the reaction center of fatty acyl desaturases suggested to us that certain fatty acyl hydroxylases may share significant amino acid sequence similarity with desaturases. To test this theory, we prepared a cDNA library from developing endosperm of the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) and obtained partial nucleotide sequences for 468 anonymous clones that were not expressed at high levels in leaves, a tissue deficient in 12-hydroxyoleic acid. This resulted in the identification of several cDNA clones encoding a polypeptide of 387 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 44,407 and with approximately 67% sequence homology to microsomal oleate desaturase from Arabidopsis. Expression of a full-length clone under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in transgenic tobacco resulted in the accumulation of low levels of 12-hydroxyoleic acid in seeds, indicating that the clone encodes the castor oleate hydroxylase. These results suggest that fatty acyl desaturases and hydroxylases share similar reaction mechanisms and provide an example of enzyme evolution.

Alterações morfofisiol��gicas e moleculares em resposta a estresses abióticos em mamona (Ricinus communis L.)

The use of fossil fuels has been considered one of reason for the increase of pollution in the atmosphere and it may be related to the climate changes. Then, the research of the new sources of fuels will be important. Considering this, the use of biodiesel has been considered not as bad as petrol. The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oilseed, which belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, and the oil found in the seed has important characteristics for biodiesel. This plant is considered as “rustic” as it does not need so much water for its development and oil production. Due to this, this plant has been considered to be ideal in semi-arid regions, such as the Northeast of Brazil. The aim of his study is to better understand the responses to abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) from castor bean plants using morphological, physiological and molecular tools. In order to do this, the castor bean plants were subjected to salt stress (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) in a controlled environment and drought stress (5, 10, 15 days and 10 days cyclic). After these treatments, these plants were subjected to different analyzes: a) the expansion and retention of water from leaves; b) anatomy using leaves and roots. Based on these results, we found that castor suffered decrease in leaf area with increase drought stress, however restricted water loss, probably by accumulation of compatible solutes in the leaves. The anatomy data showed modifications in the vascular system. These modifications observed suggested that castor bean plant may be resistant to stress as it was verified in 5 days of drought as well as in 100 mM NaCl. In both conditions, these plants were fine. Probably these plants keep some solutes in the cell and then maintain the cell tugor. The data obtained in this study gave a better idea how castor bean plant responds to abiotic stress conditions - drought and salt stress

Juniperus navicularis - a study of Portuguese population structure and fitness

Juniperus navicularis Gand. is a dioecious endemic conifer that constitutes the understory of seaside pine forests in Portugal, areas currently threatened by increasing urban expansion. The aim of this study is to assess the conservation status of previously known populations of this species located on its core area of distribution. The study was performed in south-west coast of Portugal. Three populations varying in size and pine density were analyzed. Number of individuals, population density, spatial distribution and individual characteristics of junipers were estimated. Female cone, seed characteristics and seed viability were also evaluated. Results suggest that J. navicularis populations are vulnerable because seminal recruitment is scarce, what may lead to a reduction of genetic variability due solely to vegetative propagation. This vulnerability seems to be strongly determined by climatic constraints toward increasing aridity. Ratio between male and female shrubs did not differ from 1:1 in any population. Deviations from 1:1 between mature and non-mature plants were found in all populations, denoting population ageing. Very low seed viability was observed. A major part of described Juniperus navicularis populations have disappeared through direct habitat loss to urban development, loss of fitness in drier and warmer locations and low seed viability. This study is the first to address J. navicularis conservation, and represents a valuable first step toward this species preservation. 

A transcriptome approach towards understanding the development of ripening capacity in 'Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.)

Background: The capacity of European pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) to ripen after harvest develops during the final stages of growth on the tree. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in 'Bartlett' pear fruit physico-chemical properties and transcription profiles during fruit maturation leading to attainment of ripening capacity. Results: The softening response of pear fruit held for 14days at 20°C after harvest depended on their maturity. We identified four maturity stages: S1-failed to soften and S2- displayed partial softening (with or without ET-ethylene treatment); S3 - able to soften following ET; and S4 - able to soften without ET. Illumina sequencing and Trinity assembly generated 68,010 unigenes (mean length of 911bp), of which 32.8% were annotated to the RefSeq plant database. Higher numbers of differentially expressed transcripts were recorded in the S3-S4 and S1-S2 transitions (2805 and 2505 unigenes, respectively) than in the S2-S3 transition (2037 unigenes). High expression of genes putatively encoding pectin degradation enzymes in the S1-S2 transition suggests pectic oligomers may be involved as early signals triggering the transition to responsiveness to ethylene in pear fruit. Moreover, the co-expression of these genes with Exps (Expansins) suggests their collaboration in modifying cell wall polysaccharide networks that are required for fruit growth. K-means cluster analysis revealed that auxin signaling associated transcripts were enriched in cluster K6 that showed the highest gene expression at S3. AP2/EREBP (APETALA 2/ethylene response element binding protein) and bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcripts were enriched in all three transition S1-S2, S2-S3, and S3-S4. Several members of Aux/IAA (Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid), ARF (Auxin response factors), and WRKY appeared to play an important role in orchestrating the S2-S3 transition. Conclusions: We identified maturity stages associated with the development of ripening capacity in 'Bartlett' pear, and described the transcription profile of fruit at these stages. Our findings suggest that auxin is essential in regulating the transition of pear fruit from being ethylene-unresponsive (S2) to ethylene-responsive (S3), resulting in fruit softening. The transcriptome will be helpful for future studies about specific developmental pathways regulating the transition to ripening. © 2015 Nham et al.

Correlação entre caracteres e análise de trilha em progênies de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) em condições de safrinha no estado de São Paulo.

Foi instalado um ensaio de avaliação de 73 progênies do Programa de Melhoramento de mamona do Instituto Agronômico que foi utilizado para estimar valores da correlação entre 12 caracteres agronômicos, em Campinas (SP), Brasil, em fevereiro, e avaliado na safrinha de 2007, em blocos casualizados com três repetições, incluindo sete testemunhas comerciais. A análise de trilha foi empregada para particionar os valores de correlação em efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre a produção de grãos. Valores de correlação positivos e significativos foram obtidos entre produção de grãos e todas as características de arquitetura da planta, dos racemos primários e secundários e os componentes da produção avaliados. A altura da planta, altura, comprimento e número de frutos do racemo secundário, al��m da produção dos racemos primários e secundários tiveram efeitos diretos positivos sobre a produção de grãos, podendo ser utilizados na seleção indireta, nas condições de safrinha.