Map of the United States and territories showing the extent of public surveys and military reservations, land grant R.R., rail roads, canals, and other details ...

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan

Aspects of spatial and habitat ecology of multiple Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae): malaria vectors in the highlands and foothills of Ecuador

The resurgence of malaria in highland regions of Africa, Oceania and recently in South America underlines the importance of the study of the ecology of highland mosquito vectors of malaria. Since the incidence of malaria is limited by the distribution of its vectors, the purpose of this PhD thesis was to examine aspects of the ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Andes of Ecuador, South America. A historical literature and archival data review (Chapter 2) indicated that Anopheles pseudopunctipennis transmitted malaria in highland valleys of Ecuador prior to 1950, although it was eliminated through habitat removal and the use of chemical insecticides. Other anopheline species were previously limited to low-altitude regions, except in a few unconfirmed cases. A thorough larval collection effort (n=438 attempted collection sites) in all road-accessible parts of Ecuador except for the lowland Amazon basin was undertaken between 2008 - 2010 (Chapter 3). Larvae were identified morphologically and using molecular techniques (mitochondrial COl gene), and distribution maps indicated that all five species collected (Anopheles albimanus, An. pseudopunctipennis, Anopheles punctimacula, Anopheles oswaldoi s.l. and Anopheles eiseni) were more widespread throughout highland regions than previously recorded during the 1940s, with higher maximum altitudes for all except An. pseudopunctipennis (1541 m, 1930 m, 1906 m, 1233 m and 1873 m, respectively). During larval collections, to characterize species-specific larval habitat, a variety of abiotic and biotic habitat parameters were measured and compared between species-present and species-absent sites using chi-square tests and stepwise binary logistic regression analyses (Chapter 4). An. albimanus was significantly associated with permanent pools with sand substrates and An. pseudopunctipennis with gravel and boulder substrates. Both species were significantly associated with floating cyanobacterial mats and warmer temperatures, which may limit their presence in cooler highland regions. Anopheles punctimacula was collected more often than expected from algae-free, shaded pools with higher-than-average calculated dissolved oxygen. Anopheles oswaldoi s.l., the species occurring on the Amazonian side of the Andes, was associated with permanent, anthropogenic habitats such as roadside ditches and ponds. To address the hypothesis that human land use change is responsible for the emergence of multiple highland Anopheles species by creating larval habitat, common land uses in the western Andes were surveyed for standing water and potential larval habitat suitability (Chapter 5). Rivers and road edges provided large amounts of potentially suitable anopheline habitat in the western Andes, while cattle pasture also created potentially suitable habitat in irrigation canals and watering ponds. Other common land uses surveyed (banana farms, sugarcane plantations, mixed tree plantations, and empty lots) were usually established on steep slopes and had very little standing water present. Using distribution and larval habitat data, a GIS-based larval habitat distribution model for the common western species was constructed in ArcGIS v.l 0 (ESRI 2010) using derived data layers from field measurements and other sources (Chapter 6). The additive model predicted 76.4 - 97.9% of the field-observed collection localities of An. albimanus, An. pseudopunctipennis and An. punctimacula, although it could not accurately distinguish between species-absent and speciespresent sites due to its coarse scale. The model predicted distributional expansion and/or shift of one or more anopheline species into the following highland valleys with climate warming: Mira/Chota, Imbabura province, Tumbaco, Pichincha province, Pallatanga and Sibambe, Chimborazo province, and Yungilla, Azuay province. These valleys may serve as targeted sites of future monitoring to prevent highland epidemics of malaria. The human perceptions of malaria and mosquitoes in relation to land management practices were assessed through an interview-based survey (n=262) in both highlands and lowlands, of male and female land owners and managers of five property types (Chapter 7). Although respondents had a strong understanding of where the disease occurs in their own country and of the basic relationship among standing water, mosquitoes and malaria, about half of respondents in potential risk areas denied the current possibility of malaria infection on their own property. As well, about half of respondents with potential anopheline larval habitat did not report its presence, likely due to a highly specific definition of suitable mosquito habitat. Most respondents who are considered at risk of malaria currently use at least one type of mosquito bite prevention, most commonly bed nets. In conclusion, this interdisciplinary thesis examines the occurrence of Anopheles species in the lowland transition area and highlands in Ecuador, from a historic, geographic, ecological and sociological perspective.

The New Speller and Word Book

UANL

Les comptes-rendus de BioéthiqueOnline se diversifient / BioéthiqueOnline’s Book Reviews Diversify

Éditoral / Editorial

My Christmas scratch and sniff book.

Para introducir a los niños muy pequeños en las tradiciones de Navidad. Cinco fragancias para rascar y oler:jengibre, pino, naranja, chocolate y menta para ayudar a los niños a aprender el vocabulario de vacaciones, reconocer los símbolos festivos, y desarrollar su sentido del olfato.

Merry christmas, Peter Rabbit : a touch-and feel book.

Libro con texturas para los más pequeños en el que Peter Rabbit y sus amigos se divierten en Navidad.

What's that? : a first word and picture book.

Los niños más pequeños disfrutan al señalar y nombrar objetos que les son familiares. También aprenden y reconocen el nombre de estos objetos cotidianos.

Read with me practice and play book 1 : key words to reading.

Actividades de entretenimiento para que los niños mejoren las habilidades en: lectura, escritura, dibujo, contar, jugar, lenguaje. Los símbolos que aparecen en cada página les sirven de guía visual para las actividades propuestas, que les ayudan a mejorar la comprensión verbal y escrita, la atención visual y la destreza con las manos.

Read with me practice and play book 2 : key words to reading.

Actividades de entretenimiento para que los niños mejoren las habilidades en: lectura, escritura, dibujo, contar, jugar, lenguaje. Los símbolos que aparecen en cada página les sirven de guía visual para las actividades propuestas, que les ayudan a mejorar la comprensión verbal y escrita, la atención visual y la destreza con las manos.

Home maths answers. Starter book, books 1 to 4 and extension book.

Ofrece a los padres participar de manera efectiva en el aprendizaje de sus hijos. Contiene las respuestas a los libros de ejercicios que llevan actividades divertidas para que los niños practiquen la aritmética básica en su casa.

Carpentry and joinery. Book two : practical activities.

Se divide en áreas específicas de trabajo para carpinteros y ebanistas. La introducción a cada capítulo, el texto y las ilustraciones guían al lector en la tarea, que se refuerza con una cobertura más amplia de cada tema para facilitar la comprensión y permitir la aplicación de las habilidades a otras tareas. También, proporciona conocimientos profundos de los métodos básicos, herramientas y materiales que son esenciales para los estudiantes, además de material más extenso y temas especializados para los que trabajan en la industria.

Travel and tourism. Book 1. Level 3. BTEC National.

El nivel 3 del programa de estudios BTEC National de viajes y turismo ofrece una cualificación profesional o laboral. Contiene trece unidades que proporcionan conocimientos específicos y habilidades para desarrollar este trabajo. Incluye actividades de evaluación en cada unidad que cubren todos los criterios de ésta para ofrecer a los estudiantes la oportunidad de practicar sus tareas y profundizar en el conocimiento y la comprensión de la materia.

Travel and tourism. Book 2. Level 3. BTEC National.

El nivel 3 del programa de estudios BTEC National de viajes y turismo ofrece una cualificación profesional o laboral y proporciona conocimientos específicos y habilidades para desarrollar este trabajo. Incluye actividades de evaluación en cada unidad que cubren todos los criterios de ésta, para ofrecer a los estudiantes la oportunidad de practicar sus tareas y profundizar en el conocimiento y la comprensión de la materia.

Practice tests for IGCSE English as a second language : reading and writing book 1.

El libro contiene 4 test prácticos completos con formato de examen para los ejercicios 1 y 2 de la prueba Cambridge IGCSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education) de inglés como segundo idioma. Los test permiten desarrollar las técnicas de examen de los alumnos familiarizándose con el formato de los ejercicios de lectura y redacción, y con el tipo de temas y textos que pueden encontrar en el examen oficial. El nivel de la prueba es intermedio e intermedio-alto.