Feromônios associados aos coleópteros-praga de produtos armazenados

One strategy to overcome risks of insecticide-based control in agriculture is to use semiochemicals. In the case of pheromones, these specific compounds can be applied in traps to detect and monitor the occurrence, abundance and distribution of insect pests. Reliable detection helps to time insecticide sprays, to decide the quantity of insecticide that will be used and the place where it will be applied. This manuscript aims to give an overview of the pheromones associated to coleopteran pests in stored products, and their utilization in integrated pest management.

Feromônios de insetos: tecnologia e desafios para uma agricultura competitiva no Brasil

Pheromones are chemical compounds used by species to communicate intra and inter specifically. As strategy of integrated pest management (IPM), the use of these compounds allows the monitoring of target insects that results in more reliable interventions and consequently avoiding unnecessary use of pesticides. In certain crops these compounds are used as a control measure, not only monitoring. The Brazilian agriculture has a portfolio of 49 major crops that are attacked by 447 species of insects. Of this total, 103 species have already been the subject of study in the research with pheromones. Currently, in the Brazilian market, 28 pheromone products are indicated for the control of 19 insect pests. However, these products are not used regularly in major crops of the country. This stems from the lack of implementation of IPM of these crops. While the research focused on the main species of agribusiness pests, marked of pheromones products is serving to more marginal crops like apples and peaches at the expense of major crops like soybean and corn.

Disponibilidade hídrica do solo e produtividade do eucalipto em três regiões da Bacia do Rio Doce

Analisou-se a produtividade de povoamentos de eucalipto, localizados nas regiões Belo Oriente, Nova Era e Guanhães, situadas na Bacia do Rio Doce, em Minas Gerais. Estudaram-se as precipitações ocorridas nas estações chuvosas e os componentes do balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955), relativos ao período de janeiro de 1985 a dezembro de 1998, objetivando estudar a influência desses componentes com o ganho de volume médio anual de madeira (m³ ha-1). Para tal, utilizaram-se dados do inventário florestal da Empresa Florestal Celulose Nipo-Brasileira - CENIBRA, relativos à idade de três a sete anos. A produtividade de madeira foi influenciada pelo total precipitado na estação chuvosa (PEC). Os menores valores de incremento periódico mensal (IPM) foram observados nos anos precedidos de estação chuvosa seca (S) ou muito seca (MS), sendo que os maiores valores de IPM ocorreram nos anos precedidos de estações chuvosas, classificadas como chuvosa (C) ou muito chuvosa (MC). Considerando que tal fato foi mais pronunciado em Guanhães e Nova Era, verificou-se a correlação da PEC, finalizada em cada ano, com o IPM nos períodos de aumento (1986 a 1992) e diminuição na PEC (1992 a 1995), sendo que essas correlações atingiram um r² superior a 80%. Para um aumento de 100 mm na PEC de um ano para outro, o aumento no IPM foi, em média, de 0,445 m³ha-1mês-1, enquanto para uma redução de 100 mm a diminuição no IPM foi de 0,64 m³ha-1mês-1, para as duas regiões. Guanhães apresenta o maior índice de local médio, assim como a maior produtividade média, seguindo-se Nova Era e Belo Oriente.

A drenagem pleural pré-hospitalar: apresentação de mecanismo de válvula unidirecional

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar um mecanismo de válvula unidirecional para substituição do selo de água na drenagem pleural tubular fechada, em ambiente pré-hospitalar, bem como registrar os resultados de seu uso inicial no SAMU-Campinas/SP/Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas 22 (vinte e duas) drenagens pleurais com válvula em doentes vítimas de traumatismo ou pneumotórax espontâneo, todos em ambiente pré-hospitalar, de forma prospectiva, não randomizada. RESULTADOS: O débito total de líquidos através da válvula variou de zero a 1500 ml, com média de 700 ± 87,4 ml, para um tempo de percurso em média de 18 ± 1,1 minutos, variando de 8 a 26 minutos. A frequência cardíaca inicial foi 120 ± 2,7 bpm e final de 100 ± 2 bpm (p 0,00) e a frequência respiratória inicial foi 24 ± 0,8 ipm e o valor final foi de 15 ± 0,3 ipm (p 0,03). Houve apenas duas falhas mecânicas do sistema e uma foi corrigida pela substituição da mesma, trazudindo num índice de sucesso de 95,4% neste trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: Levando em conta exame físico inicial com o exame físico final, bem como pela quantificação de débitos, concluímos que a válvula mostrou-se eficiente e funcionante, e que é segura para o uso em urgências pré-hospitalares.

Modeling and Parameter Estimation of Double-Star Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

The power rating of wind turbines is constantly increasing; however, keeping the voltage rating at the low-voltage level results in high kilo-ampere currents. An alternative for increasing the power levels without raising the voltage level is provided by multiphase machines. Multiphase machines are used for instance in ship propulsion systems, aerospace applications, electric vehicles, and in other high-power applications including wind energy conversion systems. A machine model in an appropriate reference frame is required in order to design an efficient control for the electric drive. Modeling of multiphase machines poses a challenge because of the mutual couplings between the phases. Mutual couplings degrade the drive performance unless they are properly considered. In certain multiphase machines there is also a problem of high current harmonics, which are easily generated because of the small current path impedance of the harmonic components. However, multiphase machines provide special characteristics compared with the three-phase counterparts: Multiphase machines have a better fault tolerance, and are thus more robust. In addition, the controlled power can be divided among more inverter legs by increasing the number of phases. Moreover, the torque pulsation can be decreased and the harmonic frequency of the torque ripple increased by an appropriate multiphase configuration. By increasing the number of phases it is also possible to obtain more torque per RMS ampere for the same volume, and thus, increase the power density. In this doctoral thesis, a decoupled d–q model of double-star permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous machines is derived based on the inductance matrix diagonalization. The double-star machine is a special type of multiphase machines. Its armature consists of two three-phase winding sets, which are commonly displaced by 30 electrical degrees. In this study, the displacement angle between the sets is considered a parameter. The diagonalization of the inductance matrix results in a simplified model structure, in which the mutual couplings between the reference frames are eliminated. Moreover, the current harmonics are mapped into a reference frame, in which they can be easily controlled. The work also presents methods to determine the machine inductances by a finite-element analysis and by voltage-source inverters on-site. The derived model is validated by experimental results obtained with an example double-star interior PM (IPM) synchronous machine having the sets displaced by 30 electrical degrees. The derived transformation, and consequently, the decoupled d–q machine model, are shown to model the behavior of an actual machine with an acceptable accuracy. Thus, the proposed model is suitable to be used for the model-based control design of electric drives consisting of double-star IPM synchronous machines.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Agroecology in Agricultural Production in the United States - A Comparative Analysis.

The world’s population is growing at a rapid rate and one of the primary problems of a growing is food supply. To ensure food supply and security, the biggest companies in the agricultural sector of the United States and all over the world have collaborated to produce genetically modified organisms, including crops, that have a tendency to increase yields and are speculated to reduce pesticide use. It’s a technology that is declared to have a multitude of benefits. During the same time period another set of practices has risen to the horizon by the name of agroecology. It spreads across many different sectors such as politics, sociology, environment, health and so on. Moreover, it involves primitive organic techniques that can be applied at farm level to enhance the performance of an ecosystem to effectively decrease the negative effect on environment and health of individuals while producing good quality foods. Since both the processes proclaim sustainable development, a natural question may come in mind that which one seems more favorable? During the course of this study, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and agroecology are compared within the sphere of social, environmental and health aspects. The results derived upon a comparative analysis of scientific literature tend to prove that GMOs pose a greater threat to the environment, health of individuals and the generalized social balance in the United States compared to agroecological practices. Economic indicators were not included in the study and more studies might be needed in the future to get a broader view on the subject.

Resistência antimicrobiana de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolados de pescado e de cortes e de miúdos de frango

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolados de peixes de água doce e de frangos foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizando quatorze drogas, com o objetivo de determinar e confrontar os padrões de suscetibilidade deste microrganismo. As cepas oriundas de peixes pertenciam à coleção do Laboratório de Bacterioses/IV/UFRRJ. Para o isolamento das cepas, foram selecionados miúdos (fígado) e cortes (coxa e sobrecoxa) de frangos adquiridos em estabelecimentos comerciais no município do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia de isolamento incluiu o enriquecimento em água peptonada, seguido de semeadura em Agar EMB e Agar GSP. Para as cepas oriundas de peixes, procedeu-se à reativação em água peptonada, seguida de reisolamento em Agar EMB. Colônias sugestivas foram transferidas para Agar TSI e LIA para avaliação das características metabólicas. A capacidade de produção de pigmento verde-azulado foi avaliada em Agar Mueller-Hinton e a da enzima citocromo-oxidase, em Agar Nutriente. O teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos realizado nas 63 cepas revelou maiores percentuais de resistência para NAL e NIT (96,8%), TCY (93,6%), AMC (92,1%), CHL (90,5%) e SXT (85,7%), destacando-se a multirresistência dos isolados. A totalidade das cepas oriundas de frangos apresentou sensibilidade a CAZ e IPM e nos isolados de peixes a ATM, CAZ, IPM e AMK.

Soy and Brazil nut beverage: processing, composition, sensory, and color evaluation

Despite its high nutritional value, soymilk consumption in Western countries is limited mainly due to undesirable flavors developed during the traditional elaboration process. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) has pleasant flavor and recognized nutritional value. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate a soy and Brazil nut beverage exploring the use of two national products of high nutritional quality. The process for manufacturing a soy and Brazil nut beverage consisted of elaboration, formulation, and homogenization of soymilk and Brazil nut milk. The addition of five levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of Brazil nut milk to soy beverages was investigated. Although no significant differences in consumer average preference (p > 0.05) were observed among the beverages, analyzing both the consumer preference frequency distribution of the products and the Internal Preference Mapping (IPM), it was possible to conclude that the beverage with 30% of Brazil nut milk reached the most adequate performance demonstrating the sensory benefits Brazil nuts brought to the product. Regarding proximate composition, it did not present a better performance in terms of nutritional value, except for the oil content. The soy and Brazil nut beverage presented visual stability and no phase separation despite the non-stability shown by Brazil nut beverage itself. When Brazil nut milk was added to soy beverage, the final product became whiter than soy beverage, which is appealing to consumers who normally search for a clearer soymilk. The soy and Brazil nut beverage processing can be considered an alternative to increase the use of Brazil nuts in the Brazilian diet.

Application d’une stratégie de lutte intégrée contre le parasite Varroa destructor dans les colonies d’abeilles mellifères du Québec

Le parasite Varroa destructor provoque depuis plus de 30 ans la perte de nombreuses colonies à travers le monde. L’utilisation d’acaricides de synthèse s’est avérée inefficace au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde à la suite de la sélection de varroas résistants. Dans ce contexte, il est devenu impératif de trouver de nouveaux moyens pour contrôler cette peste apicole. Ce travail original de recherche a pour but de déterminer les paramètres fondamentaux d’une lutte intégrée contre la varroase fondée sur l’utilisation périodique de différents pesticides organiques (l’acide oxalique, l’acide formique et le thymol) associée à des seuils d’interventions. Les seuils d’intervention ont été déterminés à l’aide de régressions linéaires entre les taux de parasitisme par V. destructor et la formance zootechnique des colonies d’abeilles mellifères (production de miel et force des colonies). Un total de 154 colonies d’abeilles du Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD) ont été suivies de septembre 2005 à septembre 2006. Les seuils calculés et proposés à la suite de cette recherche sont de 2 varroas par jour (chute naturelle) au début mai, 10 varroas par jour à la fin juillet et de 9 varroas par jour au début septembre. L’efficacité des traitements organiques avec l’acide oxalique (AO), l’acide formique (AF) et le thymol a été vérifiée en mai (avant la première miellée) en juillet (entre deux miellées), en septembre (après la miellée et pendant le nourrissage des colonies) et en novembre (avant l’hivernage). L’acide oxalique a été appliqué en utilisant la méthode d’égouttement (4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v). L’acide formique a été appliquée sous forme de MiteAwayII™ (tampon commercial imbibé d’AF 65% v/v placé sur le dessus des cadres à couvain), Mitewipe (tampons Dri-Loc™ 10/15cm imbibés de 35 mL d’AF 65% v/v placés sur le dessus des cadres à couvain) ou Flash (AF 65% coulé directement sur le plateau inférieur d’une colonie, 2 mL par cadre avec abeilles). Le thymol a été appliqué sous forme d’Apiguard™ (gélose contenant 25% de thymol p/v placée sur le dessus des cadres à couvain). Les essais d’efficacité ont été réalisés de 2006 à 2008 sur un total de 170 colonies (98 appartenant au CRSAD et 72 appartenant au privé). Les résultats montrent que les traitements de printemps testés ont une faible efficacité pour le contrôle des varroas qui sont en pleine croissance durant cette période. Un traitement avec l’AF à la mi-été permet de réduire les taux de parasites sous le seuil en septembre mais il y a risque de contaminer la récolte de miel avec des résidus d’AF. Les traitements en septembre avec le MiteAwayII™ suivis par un traitement à l’acide oxalique en novembre (5 mL par égouttement entre chaque cadre avec abeilles, 4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v) sont les plus efficaces : ils réduisent les niveaux de varroase sous le seuil de 2 varroas par jour au printemps. Nos résultats montrent également que les traitements réalisés tôt en septembre sont plus efficaces et produisent des colonies plus fortes au printemps comparativement à un traitement réalisé un mois plus tard en octobre. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche démontre qu’il est possible de contenir le développement de la varroase dans les ruchers au Québec en utilisant une méthode de lutte intégrée basée sur une combinaison d’applications d’acaricides organiques associée à des seuils d’intervention.

Wahrnehmungspsychologische Evaluation eines dreidimensionalen Visualisierungssystems

Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Evaluationsprozess einer dreidimensionalen Visualisierungstechnik, die am Institut für periphere Mikroelektronik der Universität Kassel entwickelt wurde. Hinter der dreidimensionalen Darstellung mittels Linsenrasterscheibe verbirgt sich eine neue Dimension der Interaktion mit dem Computer. Im Vergleich zu gewöhnlichen dreidimensionalen Darstellungen, bei denen ein 3D-Objekt auf einer 2D-Fläche abgebildet wird und somit nach wie vor nicht aus der Bildschirmebene heraus kann, können bei der stereoskopen Darstellung die Objekte dreidimensional visualisiert werden. Die Objekte tauchen vor, beziehungsweise hinter der Darstellungsebene auf. Da die Linsenrasterscheibe bisher noch nicht wahrnehmungspsychologisch untersucht wurde und auch allgemein auf dem Gebiet der Evaluation von 3D-Systemen nur wenige Untersuchungen mit quantitativen Ergebnissen verfügbar sind (Vollbracht, 1997), besteht hier ein zentrales Forschungsinteresse. Um eine Evaluation dieses 3D-Systems durchzuführen, wird im Theorieteil der Arbeit zunächst der Begriff der Evaluation definiert. Des Weiteren werden die wahrnehmungspsychologischen Grundlagen der monokularen und binokularen Raumwahrnehmung erörtert. Anschließend werden Techniken zur Erzeugung von Tiefe in Bildern und auf Bildschirmen erläutert und die Unterschiede zwischen der technisch erzeugten und der natürlichen Tiefenwahrnehmung näher beleuchtet. Nach der Vorstellung verschiedener stereoskoper Systeme wird näher auf die autostereoskope Linsenrasterscheibe eingegangen. Zum Abschluss des theoretischen Teils dieser Arbeit wird die Theorie des eingesetzten Befindlichkeitsfragebogens veranschaulicht. Gegenstand des empirischen Teils dieser Arbeit sind zwei zentrale Fragestellungen. Erstens soll untersucht werden, ob durch den höheren Informationsgehalt grundlegende Wahrnehmungsleistungen in bestimmten Bereichen positiv beeinflusst werden können. Zweitens soll untersucht werden, ob sich die höhere visuelle Natürlichkeit und die Neuartigkeit der Bildpräsentation auch auf die subjektive Befindlichkeit der Probanden auswirkt. Die empirische Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen erfolgt mittels dreier Experimente. Bei den ersten beiden Experimenten stehen grundlegende wahrnehmungspsychologische Leistungen im Vordergrund, während in der dritten Untersuchung der Bereich der subjektiven Befindlichkeit gemessen wird. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Des Weiteren werden konkrete Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Linsenrasterscheibe aufgezeigt und denkbare nachfolgende experimentelle Vorgehensweisen skizziert.

Digitales stochastisches Magnetfeld-Sensorarray

Digitales stochastisches Magnetfeld-Sensorarray Stefan Rohrer Im Rahmen eines mehrjährigen Forschungsprojektes, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG), wurden am Institut für Mikroelektronik (IPM) der Universität Kassel digitale Magnetfeldsensoren mit einer Breite bis zu 1 µm entwickelt. Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt ein aus diesem Forschungsprojekt entstandenes Magnetfeld-Sensorarray vor, das speziell dazu entworfen wurde, um digitale Magnetfelder schnell und auf minimaler Fläche mit einer guten räumlichen und zeitlichen Auflösung zu detektieren. Der noch in einem 1,0µm-CMOS-Prozess gefertigte Test-Chip arbeitet bis zu einer Taktfrequenz von 27 MHz bei einem Sensorabstand von 6,75 µm. Damit ist er das derzeit kleinste und schnellste digitale Magnetfeld-Sensorarray in einem Standard-CMOS-Prozess. Konvertiert auf eine 0,09µm-Technologie können Frequenzen bis 1 GHz erreicht werden bei einem Sensorabstand von unter 1 µm. In der Dissertation werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Projekts detailliert beschrieben. Basis des Sensors ist eine rückgekoppelte Inverter-Anordnung. Als magnetfeldsensitives Element dient ein auf dem Hall-Effekt basierender Doppel-Drain-MAGFET, der das Verhalten der Kippschaltung beeinflusst. Aus den digitalen Ausgangsdaten kann die Stärke und die Polarität des Magnetfelds bestimmt werden. Die Gesamtanordnung bildet einen stochastischen Magnetfeld-Sensor. In der Arbeit wird ein Modell für das Kippverhalten der rückgekoppelten Inverter präsentiert. Die Rauscheinflüsse des Sensors werden analysiert und in einem stochastischen Differentialgleichungssystem modelliert. Die Lösung der stochastischen Differentialgleichung zeigt die Entwicklung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung des Ausgangssignals über die Zeit und welche Einflussfaktoren die Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit des Sensors beeinflussen. Sie gibt Hinweise darauf, welche Parameter für das Design und Layout eines stochastischen Sensors zu einem optimalen Ergebnis führen. Die auf den theoretischen Berechnungen basierenden Schaltungen und Layout-Komponenten eines digitalen stochastischen Sensors werden in der Arbeit vorgestellt. Aufgrund der technologisch bedingten Prozesstoleranzen ist für jeden Detektor eine eigene kompensierende Kalibrierung erforderlich. Unterschiedliche Realisierungen dafür werden präsentiert und bewertet. Zur genaueren Modellierung wird ein SPICE-Modell aufgestellt und damit für das Kippverhalten des Sensors eine stochastische Differentialgleichung mit SPICE-bestimmten Koeffizienten hergeleitet. Gegenüber den Standard-Magnetfeldsensoren bietet die stochastische digitale Auswertung den Vorteil einer flexiblen Messung. Man kann wählen zwischen schnellen Messungen bei reduzierter Genauigkeit und einer hohen lokalen Auflösung oder einer hohen Genauigkeit bei der Auswertung langsam veränderlicher Magnetfelder im Bereich von unter 1 mT. Die Arbeit präsentiert die Messergebnisse des Testchips. Die gemessene Empfindlichkeit und die Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit sowie die optimalen Arbeitspunkte und die Kennliniencharakteristik werden dargestellt. Die relative Empfindlichkeit der MAGFETs beträgt 0,0075/T. Die damit erzielbaren Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeiten werden in der Arbeit aufgelistet. Verglichen mit dem theoretischen Modell zeigt das gemessene Kippverhalten der stochastischen Sensoren eine gute Übereinstimmung. Verschiedene Messungen von analogen und digitalen Magnetfeldern bestätigen die Anwendbarkeit des Sensors für schnelle Magnetfeldmessungen bis 27 MHz auch bei kleinen Magnetfeldern unter 1 mT. Die Messungen der Sensorcharakteristik in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur zeigen, dass die Empfindlichkeit bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen deutlich steigt aufgrund der Abnahme des Rauschens. Eine Zusammenfassung und ein ausführliches Literaturverzeichnis geben einen Überblick über den Stand der Technik.

Survey of Agricultural Practices and Alternatives to Pesticide Use to Conserve Water Resources in the Mojanda Watershed, Ecuador

Agriculture in the Mojanda Watershed is facing rainfall reductions caused by climate change. Reductions of water availability in the Watershed are also due to constant extension of the agricultural activities into the páramo ecosystem above 3000m a.s.l., with this ecosystem having immanently important functions in the local water balance. The application of pesticides threatens the quality of water and with less precipitation contaminations will further concentrate in the outflow. To analyze problems associated with agricultural practices in the area a questionnaire about agricultural practices (28) was conducted and fields (20) were surveyed for pests and diseases with a focus on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), tree tomatoes (Solanum betaceum Cav.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Potatoes were infected to a low degree with Phytophthora infestans and according to the farmers the Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spec.) caused biggest losses. To combat the weevil the soils are disinfected with toxic Carbofuran (WHO Class 1B). Tree tomatoes showed symptoms of various fungal diseases. Most important was Fusarium solani causing the branches to rot and Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) causing the fruits to rot. Fungicide applications were correspondingly high. Peas were only minorly affected by Ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) and a root rot. Overall 19 active ingredients were applied of which fungicide Mancozeb (WHO class table 5) and insecticide Carbofuran (WHO Class 1B) were applied the most. Approved IPM methods are advised to reduce pesticide use. For tree tomatoes regular cutting of branches infected with F. solani and regular collection and disposal of infected fruits with Anthracnosis are advised. For potatoes plastic barriers around the fields prevent the Andean potato weevil from laying eggs thus reducing infestation with the larvae in the tubers. Local bioinsecticide “Biol” seems effective and without harm to the environment, although not used by many farmers. Organic fertilization promises to restore decreasing soil fertility, water holding capacity and reduce erosion. The here presented alternatives and strategies to reduce pesticide use pose an opportunity to preserve the water resources of the region.

Farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of potato pests and their management in Uganda

As we initiate entomological research on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Uganda, there is need to understand farmers’ knowledge of existing insect pest problems and their management practices. Such information is important for designing a suitable intervention and successful integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. A farm household survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted among 204 potato farmers in six districts of Uganda (i.e., Kabale, Kisoro, Mbale, Kapchorwa, Mubende, and Kyegegwa) during August and September 2013. Diseases, insect pests, price fluctuations, and low market prices were the four highest ranked constraints in potato production, in order of decreasing importance. Cutworms (Agrotis spp.), aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)), and potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)) were the three most severe insect pests. Ants (Dorylis orantalis Westwood), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)), and leafminer flies (Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)) were pests of moderate importance. Major yield losses are predominantly due to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) and reached 100% without chemical control in the districts of Kabale, Kisoro, Mbale, and Kapchorwa. On average, farmers had little to moderate knowledge about pest characteristics. The predominant control methods were use of fungicides (72% of respondents) and insecticides (62% of respondents). On average, only 5% of the 204 farmers knew about insect pests and their natural enemies. This lack of knowledge calls for training of both farmers and extension workers in insect pest identification, their biology, and control. Empowering farmers with knowledge about insect pests is essential for the reduction of pesticide misuse and uptake of more environmentally friendly approaches like IPM. Field surveys would need follow-up in order to assess the actual field infestation rates and intensities of each insect pest and compare the results with the responses received from farmers.

Influence of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage

At the end of the last century, a model to explain clinical observations related to the mandibular growth was developed. According to it, the lateral pterigoid muscle (LPM) was one of the main modulators of the differentiation of mesenquimal cells inside the condyle to condroblasts or osteoblasts, and therefore of the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage (CCM). The main components of the model were the humoral and the mechanical. Nowadays, the humoral would include growth factors such as IGF-I, FGF-2 and VEGF, which seem to be involved in mandibular growth. Since skeletal muscle can secrete these growth factors, there is a possibility that LPM modulates the growth of CCM by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism. The mechanical component derived from the observations that both the blood flow inside the temporomandibular joint (ATM) and the action of the retrodiscal pad on the growth of the CCM, depend, in part, on the contractile activity of the LPM. Despite the fact that there are some results suggesting  hat LPM is activated under conditions of mandibular protrusion, there is no full agreement on whether this can stimulate the growth of CCM. In this review, the contributions and limitations of the works related to mandibular growth are discussed and a model which integrates the available information to explain the role of the LPM in the growth of the CCM is proposed.

Experiencia en el manejo de cancer colorrectal en el hospital universitario mayor - Mederi

Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal es el tercer cáncer más diagnosticado en los hombres y el segundo en las mujeres a nivel mundial. Hasta 1.000 casos nuevos se diagnostican en Colombia cada año, por lo que es importante conocer la experiencia con esta patología en un centro de experiencia recientemente creado en el “Méderi, Hospital Universitario Mayor”. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de la población con diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal atendida entre agosto 2012 y diciembre 2014 que corresponde al tiempo de funcionamiento del servicio de Coloproctología. Resultados: Se atendieron un total de 152 pacientes con cáncer colorrectal en la institución. Se operó el 91% de los pacientes. El estadío más frecuente fue el IV. Solo el 4.9% presentó dehiscencia de anastomosis, datos concordantes con la literatura cuando el manejo es a cargo de expertos. El subtipo histológico más frecuente fue adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado y la mortalidad perioperatoria de 2.63%. Discusión: El cáncer colorrectal es una entidad con alta morbimortalidad lo cual puede cambiar si se realizan pruebas de tamizaje, para realizar un manejo temprano y oportuno. Además juega un papel importante la experiencia del cirujano y la discusión de los pacientes en juntas multidisciplinarias. Palabras clave: cáncer de colon, cáncer de recto, epidemiología, estadificación